Color Research and Application最新文献

{"title":"Black in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: Art, Color Vision, and Psychophysics","authors":"John S. Werner","doi":"10.1002/col.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From Paleolithic cave art to modern abstraction, artists have used black not merely as a neutral tone, but as a powerful perceptual tool. Among the earliest paintings, simple black outlines on cave walls prefigured a long tradition in which black provided structure, contrast, and expressive force. Impressionists and Post-Impressionists took divergent approaches: Renoir championed black as the “Queen of Colors” for its ability to intensify adjacent hues, while Divisionists such as Pissarro avoided it to encourage optical mixing. Van Gogh used black contours to define and energize forms by enhancing hue and saturation, and Malevich's <i>Black Square</i> made achromatic contrast itself the subject of painting. These artistic choices can be understood through contemporary vision science. Black is not the absence of light, but the result of active neural contrast mechanisms that require preceding or surrounding illumination. Black and white form a unique achromatic axis, behave differently from chromatic colors, and are processed through parallel channels in the visual system. Dark borders—whether painted contours or physical frames surrounding an entire canvas—shape color appearance by preventing color spreading and isolating the artwork from its environment. By integrating art history with vision science, we show that Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists have harnessed the same principles that vision research has described psychophysically.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Lightness Differences in Complex Scenes","authors":"Jiaying Wu,&nbsp;Renzo Shamey","doi":"10.1002/col.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psychophysical experiments were conducted to quantify perceived lightness differences between stimuli presented on three background types: a checkerboard pattern, a color-averaged version of the checkerboard, and a uniform gray background. Color normal observers reported perceived differences between paired stimuli positioned either adjacent or separated by 3° or 8° visual angle. Significant effects of both background type and spatial separation were observed. The gray background produced noticeably smaller perceived lightness differences than either the checkerboard or color-averaged backgrounds. Moreover, for the gray background, placing the stimuli at a larger distance substantially decreased perceived differences. This gap effect was less pronounced for the checkerboard or color-averaged backgrounds, likely due to simultaneous contrast effects. The ability of several color difference models to predict the perceptual data was assessed using the Standardized Residual Sum of Squares (STRESS) index. All evaluated models yielded relatively high STRESS values (33.12–45.10, on a scale of 0–100), indicating limited agreement with observer judgments and underscoring the need for improved predictive models for complex visual scenes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Idioms of Estonian, Swedish, and Turkish: A Comparative Analysis Based on Empirical Data","authors":"Merle Oguz","doi":"10.1002/col.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research on Estonian, Turkish, and Swedish color idioms suggests a prevalence of similarities over differences in the figurative usage of colors in these languages. Previous studies have looked at data collected from dictionaries and web corpora. Grounded in conceptual metaphor theory, the current study extends these findings through an empirical approach, employing a free-listing task where native speakers of Estonian, Swedish, and Turkish were asked to list color idioms in their language. This empirical approach provides nuanced insights into speakers' mental representations of the world. Directly engaging native speakers helps capture idioms that might be absent from dictionaries, revealing their cognitive salience. The results showed that Estonian and Swedish color idioms share significantly more similarities with each other than either does with Turkish. The finding reflects that while the human experience is largely universal, the cultural experience can be distinct and varied.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of Luminous Color and Interior Surface in Multifunctional Workspaces With Different Task Types","authors":"E. Mochizuki","doi":"10.1002/col.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent trends in telecommuting have increased the need for workspaces that support multiple task types within a single physical environment. Lighting design plays an important role not only in ensuring visual performance but also in supporting occupants' comfort and well-being. This study conducted a subjective experiment to investigate the potential of luminous color, in interaction with interior surface conditions, as a means of gently differentiating zones within a multifunctional workspace. Fourteen lighting conditions were evaluated by combining four luminous colors with two wall-surface finishes. Task performance, subjective evaluations, and physiological responses were measured. Although the results should be regarded as exploratory rather than conclusive, subjective evaluations indicated that certain lighting and wall-surface combinations influenced perceived workspace suitability. In particular, white light combined with low-reflectance woodgrain-pattern textiles was consistently rated as suitable for both individual tasks and group discussions. These findings suggest that luminous color may influence perceived workspace quality through interaction with interior surface properties, even though its effects on objective performance measures were limited under the present experimental conditions. Further research in larger and more realistic office environments is required.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Michael Henry Brill","authors":"Ellen C. Carter,&nbsp;Jack A. Ladson,&nbsp;Robert C. Carter","doi":"10.1002/col.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Michael H. Brill generously shared his knowledge, understanding and friendship. (photo credit to Datacolor Inc.) \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning–Based Modeling of Angular Color Variations on Surfaces Using RGB-D Imaging","authors":"Wei-Chun Hung,&nbsp;Pei-Li Sun","doi":"10.1002/col.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a deep learning–based framework for modeling angular color variations on three-dimensional surfaces under a standard lightbox using low-cost RGB-D imaging. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is employed to address multi-angle color inconsistency by integrating nine-dimensional feature information, including RGB sensor responses, spatial coordinates and surface normal to infer the CIE <i>L</i>*<i>a</i>*<i>b</i>* values of the color samples under nearly 0°:45° measurement geometry. The proposed method effectively captures high-dimensional, nonlinear reflection behavior that cannot be fully predicted by traditional polynomial regression (PR) models. Experimental results demonstrate that the MLP forward model achieves an average color difference of 0.81 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, significantly outperforming the PR model, which exhibits an average color difference of 6.39 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. The inverse model, which predicts object color variations under the lightbox by using 0°:45° colorimetric data as input, achieves an average color difference of 1.02 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. The proposed framework demonstrates robust performance under extreme measuring geometries and shows strong potential for applications that require simultaneous and accurate color measurement across multiple local regions of a 3D object.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Italian Basic Terms Blu and Azzurro: Semantic Power Assessed in the Stroop Task","authors":"Galina V. Paramei,&nbsp;Giulia Paggetti,&nbsp;Dan P. A. Clark,&nbsp;Gloria Menegaz","doi":"10.1002/col.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We explored the semantic power of two Italian basic “blue” terms, <i>blu</i> “dark blue” and <i>azzurro</i> “light/medium blue,” using the Stroop task. Across three experiments with Italian speakers, color word sets and ink colors varied; in a control condition, “X” strings were presented. Experiment 1 employed words ROSSO “red,” GIALLO “yellow,” BLU, and VIOLA “purple” presented in six ink colors, including both dark blue and light blue inks. In Experiment 2, six color words, including BLU and AZZURRO, as well as ROSA “pink” were displayed in six corresponding ink colors. Response speed (absolute RTs) was found to be significantly longer for BLU—light blue ink and AZZURRO—dark blue ink combinations compared to congruent combinations. However, BLU revealed no significant Stroop effects (related to control RTs). In contrast, AZZURRO showed strong Stroop interference (195 ms) and facilitation (46 ms). In Experiment 3, to probe the lightness effect of the ink, BLU was replaced by VERDE “green” rendered in dark green and light green ink: no Stroop effects were found. Projected to the “blue”-pairings, this implies no perceptual factor in the AZZURRO Stroop effects. In addition, across Experiments 1–3, response speed was examined in (in)congruent “red”-pairings, for ROSSO and ROSA: similarly to the “blue”-pairings, these differ in lightness of their denotata and, also, in the terms' basic status (primary vs. secondary). Stroop interference was demonstrated for ROSSO—pink ink combination only, when ROSA was part of the word set (Experiment 2), indicating that informational conflict is amplified due to the response set membership effect. For the two “Italian blues,” the Stroop effects revealed an asymmetry of their semantic power: although <i>blu</i> is a primary term and has higher frequency in modern Standard Italian, <i>azzurro</i> (Italian “blue” <i>arcilessema</i>), revealed greater interference manifesting its stronger ideation and greater processing automaticity, which conceivably reflect its deep entrenchment in Italian.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Multisensory Attributes on Emotional Responses Across Fashion Fabrics: Integrating Color Visual and Material Tactile Perception","authors":"Xu Han,&nbsp;Qi Xiang,&nbsp;Liting Li,&nbsp;Jiugang Yuan,&nbsp;Kaida Xiao,&nbsp;Luwen Yu","doi":"10.1002/col.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates how visual and tactile properties of fabrics independently and interactively influence emotional responses across four perceptual dimensions: warm–cool, calm–activity, masculine–feminine, and dislike–like. Sixty fabric samples were evaluated using CIE <i>L</i>*<i>a</i>*<i>b</i>* color parameters and PhabrOmeter-based tactile measurements. Twenty-five participants with backgrounds in design, textiles, or related fields assessed the samples under three perceptual conditions: visual-only, tactile-only (blind touch), and combined visual-tactile. Emotional responses were rated using semantic differential scales. Regression analyses showed that color attributes were dominant predictors in most dimensions. Tactile properties—such as smoothness and resilience—exerted significant effects in the warm–cool and masculine–feminine dimensions, either complementing or modulating visual impressions. Integrated models combining visual and tactile inputs improved predictive accuracy substantially for temperature and gender perceptions. Notably, exploratory interaction effects such as <i>a</i>* × resilience revealed how tactile cues can alter the emotional impact of color in material-dependent ways. In contrast, perceptions of activity and preference remained largely governed by visual input alone. These findings provide a layered understanding of emotional fabric perception, suggesting that while color primarily guides overall impressions, tactile attributes selectively refine or reshape affective responses. The study contributes to multisensory perception theory and offers practical guidance for emotionally informed textile and product design.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Saturation Structural Color Thin Films Based on Composite Structure","authors":"Haiping Dong,&nbsp;Wenlong Lin,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Min Huang,&nbsp;Yeqi Wang,&nbsp;Haochuan Xu,&nbsp;Xiu Li","doi":"10.1002/col.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In order to modulate the hue of periodic structures via laser post-processing and enhance the saturation of structural colors through the incorporation of waveguide layers, a two-dimensional photonic crystal substrate was fabricated using self-assembly at the gas–liquid interface, followed by deposition of a gold film on its surface. The sample was subsequently subjected to laser post-processing and augmented with a waveguide layer to achieve a high-saturation structural color effect. After coating with the Au thin film, the two-dimensional colloidal crystal substrate exhibited a red shift in color as the detection angle increased, resulting in a series of hue variations from blue and blue-green to orange and orange-red. Following processing with a 532 nm pulsed laser, the diffraction spectrum of the sample red-shifted with increasing scanning speed. The subsequent addition of a waveguide layer further enhanced color saturation, enabling a transition across light blue, cyan purple, blue-green, orange yellow, and red. The combined approach of laser post-processing and waveguide integration allows precise control over both the hue and saturation of two-dimensional photonic crystals. This strategy holds significant promise for applications in optical anti-counterfeiting, printing, and packaging. Future work may explore the extension to diverse waveguide materials, three-dimensional control, and compatibility with flexible substrates.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Saturation Structural Color Thin Films Based on Composite Structure","authors":"Haiping Dong,&nbsp;Wenlong Lin,&nbsp;Yang Yang,&nbsp;Min Huang,&nbsp;Yeqi Wang,&nbsp;Haochuan Xu,&nbsp;Xiu Li","doi":"10.1002/col.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In order to modulate the hue of periodic structures via laser post-processing and enhance the saturation of structural colors through the incorporation of waveguide layers, a two-dimensional photonic crystal substrate was fabricated using self-assembly at the gas–liquid interface, followed by deposition of a gold film on its surface. The sample was subsequently subjected to laser post-processing and augmented with a waveguide layer to achieve a high-saturation structural color effect. After coating with the Au thin film, the two-dimensional colloidal crystal substrate exhibited a red shift in color as the detection angle increased, resulting in a series of hue variations from blue and blue-green to orange and orange-red. Following processing with a 532 nm pulsed laser, the diffraction spectrum of the sample red-shifted with increasing scanning speed. The subsequent addition of a waveguide layer further enhanced color saturation, enabling a transition across light blue, cyan purple, blue-green, orange yellow, and red. The combined approach of laser post-processing and waveguide integration allows precise control over both the hue and saturation of two-dimensional photonic crystals. This strategy holds significant promise for applications in optical anti-counterfeiting, printing, and packaging. Future work may explore the extension to diverse waveguide materials, three-dimensional control, and compatibility with flexible substrates.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}