Color Research and Application最新文献

{"title":"Ink Trapping Assessment Based on Reflectance Spectra Analysis of Overprint","authors":"Nguyen Thanh Phuong","doi":"10.1002/col.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, a spectral ink trapping evaluation approach based on ΔE_ab color difference between ideal and real colors was developed and systematically compared with the conventional Preucil, Ritz, and Brunner trapping formulas. The results indicate that the calculated (ideal) reflectance spectra show excellent agreement with the measured (real) data. Statistical parameters such as the root mean square error (RMSE) and standard deviation (Std. Dev.) demonstrate that the proposed model provides accurate predictions across different ink volume ratios and printing sequences. The goodness-of-fit coefficient (GFC) values are extremely high (mostly &gt; 0.99), confirming that the calculated spectral shapes closely match those measured by the spectrophotometer. The results showed strong inverse linear correlations between ΔE_ab and conventional ink trapping values for most overprint systems. The obtained results demonstrate the higher sensitivity of the spectral ink trapping approach based on ΔE_ab compared with the conventional Preucil, Ritz, and Brunner formulas. The proposed spectral trapping method demonstrates promising potential for quality control, process monitoring, and color reproduction in offset printing.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148783646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognate Tetrahedral Mapping Algorithm From PRMG to the Target Color Gamut","authors":"Laijin Zuo,&nbsp;Yuanlin Zheng,&nbsp;Zeyu Zhou,&nbsp;Bangyong Sun,&nbsp;Rubai Luo,&nbsp;Qing Hao,&nbsp;Junping Dai,&nbsp;Yali Li","doi":"10.1002/col.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the ICC v4 color management architecture, the gamut mapping algorithm from the Perceptual Reference Medium Gamut (PRMG) to the output medium gamut has not been standardized, resulting in insufficient reproduction performance of the perceptual rendering intent. This paper proposes a gamut mapping algorithm based on the PRMG CIELAB grid. The algorithm constructs the source gamut boundary using the CIELAB grid method and describes the gamut surface via face/vertex encoding. Furthermore, it innovatively adopts cognate tetrahedral mapping to realize the mapping from the PRMG to the output gamut while maintaining consistency with the media-relative colorimetric intent. In the experiments, the widely used FOGRA39 standard printing characterization data set is employed as the output medium gamut, and the proposed algorithm is compared with existing algorithms such as HPMINDE and SGCK through psychophysical experiments. The psychophysical experiment demonstrates that the proposed algorithm provides more visually pleasing reproductions. Objective evaluation based on the CIEDE2000 metric further shows that the proposed method achieves a favorable balance between color fidelity and perceptual image quality. with favorable pleasantness particularly in the highlight and shadow regions of images. This work provides a feasible solution for the implementation of the perceptual rendering intent in ICC v4 output profiles.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skin Impression Modeling Across Different Skin Types Under Different Scenes","authors":"Beijia Qin,&nbsp;Yuechen Zhu,&nbsp;Ming Ronnier Luo","doi":"10.1002/col.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a comprehensive study investigating how facial skin colors influence various impressions across different ethnicities and under different scenes. The data consists of 700 images featuring 20 models under 35 distinct conditions: 21 laboratory settings (covering seven correlated color temperatures [CCT] at three illuminance levels) and 14 real-scene environments. The models represent four ethnic groups and both genders. They were selected to cover a full range of skin lightness levels. Each model was rendered into 32 chromatic variations. A psychophysical experiment was conducted with 20 Chinese observers, who rated the images based on 10 impressions: Preference, Attractiveness, Feminine, Cooperative, Youth, Healthy, Fidelity, Harmony, Fair, and Ruddy. The results were used to establish a 50% acceptability ellipse model for each impression scale across the 35 conditions. The center of each ellipse represents the impression of the strongest intensity, such as most healthy. The effects of these skin colors on model ethnicities, impression scales, and scene are reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"User Preferences for Electric Two-Wheeler Colors: A Multistage Framework Integrating Big Data Mining, Eye-Tracking, and Semantic Differential Methods","authors":"Wei Liu,&nbsp;Xinyi Yang,&nbsp;Yanchao Peng,&nbsp;Hailang Zhou,&nbsp;Wenhao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/col.70115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70115","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Electric two-wheelers are a very popular type of personal transportation solution in China due to their convenience, cost-effectiveness, and low environmental impact. Despite the increasingly fierce market competition, most manufacturers place greater emphasis on technological improvements and design of the product shape, while giving insufficient attention to the color design of the products. This study established a comprehensive method framework integrating color analysis, eye-tracking, and semantic differential hedonic evaluation, and systematically investigated users' preferences for the colors of electric two-wheelers. This study focuses on the plastic body components of electric two-wheelers and adopts a multistage progressive analytical framework. First, a large collection of product images is gathered through data mining, and a quantitative color analysis is conducted. Based on this, color space conversion and feature calculation are performed using Python and OpenCV to identify the color design patterns of existing products. Representative product colors are then extracted based on color clustering patterns to serve as stimuli for an eye-tracking experiment. Eye-tracking is employed to investigate participants' unconscious gaze patterns and color preferences. Meanwhile, subjective evaluations of product colors are collected through questionnaires combined with the semantic differential method. A cross-analysis of objective and subjective data is performed to explore users' preferences for product colors and the underlying psychological factors, revealing the characteristics and intrinsic mechanisms of user color preferences for electric two-wheelers. A pronounced visual preference is observed for high-luminance, low-saturation tones (white, cyan, and light yellow), whereas medium-luminance, high-chroma colors (red, blue, and pure black) elicit moderate visual attention. Conversely, low-luminance achromatic shades (mid-gray and dark-gray) demonstrate minimal visual appeal. This study quantitatively establishes consumer color preferences for electric two-wheelers through eye-tracking technology, providing empirically validated guidance for future color design selection in the electric vehicle industry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Scarf and Skin Color Combinations on Moral Perception","authors":"Chia-I Liao,&nbsp;Wen-Yuan Lee","doi":"10.1002/col.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study employed a psychophysical experiment to examine how scarf-skin color combinations are related to moral perception. A total of 44 scarf-skin color combinations, comprising 11 basic scarf colors and 4 skin color levels, were evaluated using 16 moral perception scales. The results revealed that moral perception was sufficiently represented by three factors: Moral Integrity, Moral Reserve, and Moral Authority. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships between these three moral perception factors and color attributes. Moral Integrity was mainly associated with hue difference and chroma difference between scarf and skin colors. Moral Reserve showed different patterns depending on scarf chroma: for low-chroma scarves, skin lightness showed the strongest positive association, whereas for high-chroma scarves, hue difference showed the strongest positive association. Moral Authority was associated with several color attributes, including hue difference, color difference, lightness sum, scarf chroma, skin hue angle, and skin lightness. These exploratory findings suggest that moral perception of scarf-skin color combinations depends not only on the color attributes of the scarf's color but, more critically, on the relational color attributes between the scarf and the skin.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Dark Category: Psychophysical Thresholds and Semantic Associations","authors":"Qi Xiang,&nbsp;Xu Han,&nbsp;Wenan Li,&nbsp;Luwen Yu","doi":"10.1002/col.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dark colors constitute a perceptually and semantically rich domain, yet their category boundaries remain operationally underspecified. Blackness-scaling studies and lightness-stratified category mappings have established that perceived blackness varies with hue and chroma and that category structure reorganizes at low lightness levels, but these findings yield continuous scales or relative rankings rather than per-hue decision boundaries suitable for color specification. This study characterizes <i>dark</i> as a probabilistic category shaped by the convergence of perceptual and semantic dimensions. A sequential mixed-methods design combined expert interviews (<i>N</i> = 9) with a psychophysical experiment and post-task elicitation (<i>N</i> = 29), first to ground the construct in professional Color, Material, and Finish (CMF) practice and then to derive a multi-cue characterization. Logistic psychometric fits revealed that the 50% membership boundary (<i>L</i>*₅₀) forms an orderly cool-to-warm hierarchy, shifting by approximately 11 <i>L</i>* units—from Purple-Blue (≈30.1) to Yellow (≈41.5). Chroma acted as a hue-contingent modulator: it suppressed category inclusion for most hues (e.g., odds ratio [OR] = 0.70 for Blue-Green) yet enhanced it for Yellow (OR = 1.17), a reversal consistent with a chromatic-weight interpretation. Post-task verbal protocols showed that borderline decisions co-occur with semantic associations—impressions of elegance, seriousness, or material density—that participants report as accompanying membership judgments despite ambiguous photometric cues. These findings demonstrate that <i>dark</i> is jointly conditioned by lightness, chroma, hue, and affective meaning. The resulting hue-specific parameters (<i>L</i>*₅₀, Δ<i>L</i>*, chroma ORs) provide perceptually aligned targets and tolerances for industrial color specification and cross-material matching.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Color Appearance of Self-Luminous Highlights Under HDR Scenes, Part II: Chromatic Stimuli","authors":"Hongbing Wang,&nbsp;Yuetong Shen,&nbsp;Minchen Wei","doi":"10.1002/col.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our recent experiment investigated the characterization of lightness for highlight stimuli under HDR scenes. In this experiment, we further investigated the characterizations of color appearance for chromatic highlights. The human observers performed a similar task, adjusting the color appearance of a stimulus so that its appearance was in the middle of a given highlight stimulus and a black stimulus. The adjustments were made under five diffuse white luminance from 50 to 10 000 cd/m², with the stimulus luminance ratio ranging between 12 and 17 837. The results suggest that none of the color appearance models or uniform color spaces that are widely used has optimal performance. CIELAB, IPT, Y′C′_BC′_R, and CIECAM02 have relatively better performance in lightness and chroma characterizations than the others, but they need further improvements. The significant variations in the magnitudes of lightness and chroma characterizations among the different models and the mismatch between the lightness and chroma scales of each model need further investigations.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Well Do Human Perceive Non-Uniform Surface Noise Variation?","authors":"Hermine Chatoux,&nbsp;Susan Farnand,&nbsp;Noël Richard","doi":"10.1002/col.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since 1976, the CIELAB color space has been used to measure the perceptual difference between uniform patches. Several updates improved the measurements, but all of them focus on uniform color patches. In this article, we explore the impact of the non-uniform aspect (also called texture) of human perception. This paper provides results on the required level of variation for humans to perceive two non-uniform surfaces as being different. The first step was to define the non-uniform image to use. As the focus was on vision and not brain analysis, the images had to be non-semantic. We chose to generate images from 3D Gaussian noise. Then, a psychophysical experiment was conducted presenting two images. The observer needed to choose the more textured one. The results show that, on average, humans are sensitive to the smallest variation of noise in the image.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Kubelka–Munk Theory in Jade Color Evaluation","authors":"Jinbi Jiang,&nbsp;Qinxin He,&nbsp;Stephen Westland","doi":"10.1002/col.70109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated the applicability of Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory to the color evaluation of semi-translucent green jade. Reflectance spectra of 12 polished jade samples over black and white backgrounds were measured under controlled conditions using a noncontact spectroscopic method, from which the absorption coefficient <i>K</i>, scattering coefficient <i>S</i>, <i>K</i>/<i>S</i> ratio, and opacity factor were further derived to characterize the optical behavior of the samples. The results show that, when relying on reflectance data alone, several important spectral features are not readily identified. By contrast, the <i>K</i>, <i>S</i>, and <i>K</i>/<i>S</i> curves obtained through K–M inversion reveal the wavelength-dependent absorption–scattering behavior of the samples more clearly. Most samples exhibited a broadly consistent two-peak, one-valley structure in their <i>K</i>/<i>S</i> spectra. In addition, the absolute magnitudes of <i>K</i> and <i>S</i>, together with the opacity factor, further revealed differences among the samples in translucency, internal scattering, and background sensitivity. A supplementary CIECAM16-based analysis was further conducted to examine appearance-related variation under different illuminants and background conditions. The results indicate that illuminant-dependent changes are manifested mainly in hue- and colourfulness-related dimensions, whereas lightness changes are comparatively smaller. A10 and HOR 10 (SPL) generally produced the largest deviations from the daylight reference, while some samples with larger opacity factors showed relatively smaller appearance shifts under illuminant variation. Overall, the findings suggest that the color appearance of jade is determined not by the material alone, but by the combined effects of its internal absorption–scattering properties, background condition, and illumination. This paper provides a physically meaningful framework for the quantitative characterization and comparison of jade color by combining K–M theory and supplementary appearance analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Color of Power and Order: A Color Analysis of Spatial Hierarchy and Color Transitions in the Joseon Royal Procession","authors":"Mira Shin,&nbsp;Jee Hyun Lee","doi":"10.1002/col.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study quantitatively investigates color as a visual language of power in the Joseon royal procession by integrating data-driven analysis with traditional East Asian color philosophy. Focusing on the Yin–Yang and Five-Element system, we analyzed Munsell data from 1299 participants aggregated into 241 group units. We examined chromatic distributions, radial structures, and transition sequences to reveal how metaphysical symbolism manifested in ceremonial space. Results indicate a structured chromatic hierarchy: red, symbolizing supreme authority, is concentrated at the center, while cool hues increase toward the periphery, reflecting symbolic principles of the Five-Element system. Transition analyses reveal rhythmic warm-cool alternations, while participant-weighted sequences highlight red dominance preceding the king, serving as visual foreshadowing. These findings demonstrate that color systematically mediates spatial hierarchy and narrative progression as a strategic visual device. This study introduces an integrative methodological framework for heritage color analysis, bridging the gap between conceptual color theory and quantitative interpretation to uncover the structural flow of cultural symbolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}