Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry最新文献

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Approaches to Enhance Dental Aesthetics and Patient Satisfactions Using Digital Smile Design: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Faris Hernando Reviansyah, Azzahra Delvyra Ristin, Wirya Haviz Almughni, Yolanda Yolanda, Veni Takarini, Sri Susilawati, Maria Komariah","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S535436","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S535436","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Aesthetic outcomes are increasingly vital in dental care, especially in achieving harmony between facial and dental features. Traditional smile design methods rely heavily on clinician judgment, which introduces subjectivity and variability. Digital Smile Design (DSD) offers an eco-friendly and standardized alternative, promoting improved aesthetic outcomes with reduced environmental impact. This systematic review aims to synthesize current evidence regarding the effectiveness and sustainability of DSD in enhancing dental aesthetics and patient satisfaction compared to conventional approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, and ScienceDirect using pre-defined keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and experimental studies published between 2019 and 2024. This review synthesizes evidence regarding the clinical effectiveness and eco-friendly implications of Digital Smile Design (DSD) compared to conventional smile planning, focusing on aesthetic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and environmental sustainability. Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, DSD consistently improved smile aesthetics through enhanced alignment, tooth shape harmony, and lip symmetry. Patient satisfaction was also generally higher with DSD due to its precision, reduced chair time, and less invasive procedures. Many studies also emphasized the eco-friendly benefits of DSD, such as minimized material waste and reduced need for multiple visits.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>DSD is an effective and sustainable approach for enhancing dental aesthetics and patient experience. Its adoption in clinical practice may support a shift toward more precise, patient-centered, and environmentally conscious dentistry. However, variations in study design and reporting highlight the need for further standardized research.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"391-404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12396229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144945304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of Oral Lichen Planus; Unresponsive to Dental Metals Removal Despite the Suspected Diagnosis of Metal Allergy.","authors":"Koji Morita, Chihiro Yoshiga, Hotoshi Abekura, Kazuya Doi, Kazuhiro Tsuga","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S523170","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S523170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metal allergies can cause mucosal inflammation when triggered by dental materials. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder with multiple causes, including autoimmune factors, stress, and allergic reactions to dental metals. Differentiating between OLP and metal allergies in the oral cavity can be clinically challenging. This report presents a case initially suspected to be metal allergy but later confirmed as OLP.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A 55-year-old female presented with redness and pain near the buccal gingiva of the right mandibular first molar, along with white lace-like patches. Intraoral examination revealed multiple metal restorations, and element analysis identified Zn and Co in several crowns. Based on these findings, a metal allergy was diagnosed. All metal crowns were replaced with zirconia. However, symptoms persisted. A biopsy later confirmed OLP, and steroid therapy was initiated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Despite removal of the suspected allergenic metals, the inflammation did not resolve, suggesting metal allergy was not the primary cause. Subsequent treatment with steroids led to gradual resolution, supporting the diagnosis of OLP as the primary condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This case highlights the diagnostic difficulty in differentiating between metal allergy and OLP. Clinicians should consider OLP when symptoms persist despite metal replacement. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to achieve accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"375-380"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12358114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical Markers in the Early Identification of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Abdullah F Alshammari, Ahmed A Madfa, Bassam A Anazi, Ghorashy E Mohammed, Khlood Abdulkader Alkurdi","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S542349","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S542349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy of the head and neck, often only diagnosed at advanced stages due to the limitations of conventional diagnostic tools. Early detection is crucial for improving survival rates, minimising treatment-related morbidity, and enhancing patient outcomes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers have emerged as potential tools for identifying early molecular changes associated with malignant transformation in oral epithelial cells.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of IHC markers in the early detection of OSCC, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity and clinical applicability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature search was conducted for relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025. After removing duplicates using Mendeley Software, 412 studies were identified. A total of 168 studies were excluded following title screening, and 181 were excluded based on abstract screening. Sixty-three full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility. An additional 20 studies were identified through reference list screening. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 studies were included in the final analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The review identified several IHC markers, including p53, Ki-67, EGFR, and p16, as frequently associated with early dysplastic changes and malignant transformation in the oral mucosa. While many markers showed high sensitivity and specificity, variability in study design, antibody clones, interpretation criteria, and staining protocols limited the generalisability of the findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>IHC markers demonstrate considerable potential for the early identification of OSCC. However, standardised protocols, large-scale multicentre validation studies, and integration with molecular diagnostics are needed to establish their clinical utility. The findings of this review support the incorporation of IHC markers into evidence-based diagnostic approaches to improve early detection and patient prognosis in OSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"363-373"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental Professionals' Attitudes and Knowledge on Radiographic Prescriptions and Biological Considerations in Implant Therapy.","authors":"Ahmad H Almehmadi","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S530135","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S530135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to assess the attitudes and practices of dental professionals regarding radiographic prescriptions during implant treatment and evaluate their knowledge of critical biological considerations in implant therapy.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted with surveying 70 dental professionals to evaluate their clinical practices and knowledge regarding implant radiography and biological considerations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed notable trends: the predominant use of CBCT for both single (61.4%) and multiple implant therapies (98.6%), highlighting its status as the preferred imaging modality for accuracy and detailed planning. Occupational influence on radiographic choices was significant; specialists such as Implantologists and Periodontists predominantly favored CBCT, whereas Prosthodontics professionals exhibited varied preferences. Radiographs during implant placement showed strong adherence to best practices, with 81% taking radiographs with guide pins and 97.6% confirming implant position post-placement. Knowledge of biological parameters was generally high, with over 81% correctly identifying the optimal 3 mm biological distance between implants, and 74.3% recognizing 1.5 mm as the ideal width between tooth and implant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite these positive indicators, variability in responses underscores the need for standardized training and guidelines to optimize implant outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"349-361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357353/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144871787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Vitamin E, Β-Carotene, and Acidophilus Probiotics on The Salivary Gland Flow Rate in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats: An in-vivo Study.","authors":"Mutaz Fahad Felemban, Azizah F Bin Mubayrik, Ohoud Alotaibi","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S528114","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S528114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diabetes is closely linked to reduced salivary flow rate, contributing to oral complications such as infections, dental caries, and periodontal disease. Vitamin E, β-carotene, and probiotics may help counteract these effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species, reducing cellular damage, and preserving glandular function. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the effect of vitamin E, β-carotene, and probiotics blend on the salivary glands of rats with Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes, addressing gaps in current research.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty rats were induced with diabetes using a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). They were randomly divided into control and experimental groups, which were further subdivided into ten subgroups: 2-week and 4-week saline, oil, vitamin E, β-carotene, and Probiotic Blend. Supplementation was administered daily via oral gavage. Salivary flow rate (SFR) was measured at three time points: before diabetes induction, after induction, and following supplementation, using pre-weighed cotton balls. Data were analyzed using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant reduction in SFR after diabetes induction (pre-diabetes: M=1.1 mL, SD=0.42; post-diabetes: M=0.6 mL, SD=0.24; <i>t</i>=12.925, <i>p</i>=0.000). On the day of sacrifice, Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-tests showed significant differences in SFR between groups (<i>p</i>=0.000). The Kruskal-Wallis test also indicated significant differences across all groups (<i>p</i><0.001). After 2 weeks, the highest SFR was observed in the vitamin E group (1.0 mL), followed by β-carotene (0.9 mL) and probiotics (0.8 mL), while the saline group recorded the lowest (0.3 mL). After 4 weeks, vitamin E again showed the highest SFR (1.1 mL), followed by β-carotene (0.9 mL), probiotics (0.7 mL), and oil (0.7 mL), with saline remaining the lowest (0.4 mL).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the potential of vitamin E, β-carotene, and probiotics as alternative therapies for managing diabetes-related hyposalivation. Further research is required to validate their role in improving oral health among diabetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"335-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12335839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144815927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retention of CAD-CAM Implant-Supported Ceramic Restorations Luted to Titanium Bases: A Systematic Review of in-vitro Studies.","authors":"Rola Muhammed Shadid","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S540951","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S540951","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review aimed to compare the results of laboratory studies performed on adhesion methods of CAD-CAM implant-supported ceramic restorations to titanium-bases to analyze the factors that could affect this bond strength. The review was directed according to the guidelines delineated in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis statement. Three databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were investigated to identify related in vitro studies that mimicked clinical settings and published in international peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and September 2024. The search yielded 5191 records; of these, 51 full-text articles were evaluated based on eligibility criteria. Ultimately, 31 studies were included. Different factors were assessed as possible influencers on ceramic/Ti-base bonding stability and strength. These include Ti-base height, different mechanical and chemical surface pretreatments of bonding surfaces, ceramic restoration material, luting system, and others. Ti-base abutment height is an important factor and thus it is recommended to use adequate Ti-base abutment height, whereas 3-mm-height should be used cautiously in posterior region. Combination of mechanical and chemical pretreatments of both bonding surfaces seems to enhance the bond strength; however, smooth Ti-bases rather than micro-grooved ones most likely benefit from sandblasting pretreatment. While the type of resin bonding system may affect the bonding performance, the interaction of some cements with definite ceramic materials could enhance the bond strength. The clinician must consider all those factors to have an effective bonding.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"305-333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12323870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144788421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Substance Use and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data on Marijuana, Hashish, and Cocaine.","authors":"Eman Aljoghaiman","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S536382","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S536382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aimed to examine the association between the use of marijuana, hashish, cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin with the severity of periodontal disease in adults.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 cycles, from 3609 participants, including demographic information, clinical examinations, and questionnaires. Key covariates assessed in the analysis included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, socioeconomic status, poverty/income ratio, marital status, occupation, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), dental insurance coverage, and frequency of dental visits. Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the association between drug use and periodontitis, adjusting for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 3690 participants, 54% reported using marijuana or hashish, while 16% had tried cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine. Marijuana or hashish use was significantly associated with severe periodontitis, affecting 39% of users (OR: 4.276; 95% CI: 3.682-4.967; p = 0.001). Cocaine use was also linked to increased periodontitis, with most users presenting with mild disease. Alcohol consumption was positively associated with periodontitis (OR: 1.255; 95% CI: 1.066-1.477; p = 0.006). No significant associations were found for heroin or methamphetamine use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the limitations of this study, marijuana, hashish, and cocaine users were found to have significantly higher odds of developing periodontitis. However, no clear relationship was established between the use of methamphetamine or heroin and periodontal disease. These findings suggest the need for public health interventions targeting substance users to mitigate the risk of periodontal disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"293-304"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12324958/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144793636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of <i>Quercus robur</i> Bark on Oral Candidiasis Caused by <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Candida glabrata</i> Isolated from a Pediatric Oral Infection as Comparison to Azole Antifungal.","authors":"Sura Sabah Naji, Maha Abdul-Kareem Mahmood, Hashim Mueen Hussein, Athraa Ali Mahmood, Hayder Sadiq Baker","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S527034","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S527034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The original diversity of <i>Quercus rubra</i> L. (oak) is in eastern America and then distributed to European districts. Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among humans. Azole antifungal drugs can be used to treat Candida infection. <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>Candida glabrata</i> have emerged as the most common pathogenic yeasts in cases of oral candidiasis.</p><p><strong>Aim of the study: </strong>This study aimed to explore the genotype <i>Candida</i> spp. and evaluate the antifungal activity of hot water extract of oak bark against <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i> as an alternative pharmacotherapy compared to azole antifungal agents.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The sample was isolated from an 8-year-old child with aggressive oral candidiasis and identified by culturing on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) CHROMagar. Genotyping of <i>Candida</i> spp. was performed using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Standard discs of the antifungal's fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole 10 mg/L for each, amphotericin 100, nystatin 50 mg/L, and hot water oak bark extract were administered to <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i> in vitro.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genotyping of <i>Candida</i> spp. showed that 98% of oral candidiasis cases were <i>C. glabrata</i> which had an 870 bp genotype, while 2% were <i>C. albicans</i> which had a 550 bp genotype based on ITS barcoding region size. The findings that the oak bark extract had high antifungal activity against <i>C. glabrata</i> showed an inhibition zone diameter of 3.067 mm compared to high resistance to antifungals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oak extract is considered a successful alternative for the treatment of oral candidiasis infections by antifungals such as azole and nystatin in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"285-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12275016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144674023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Residual Ridge Resorption in Mandible of Edentulous Patients.","authors":"Abdul Razzaq Ahmed, Ayesha Bashir, Muhammad Waqas, Sajjad Ali Darvesh, Gotam Das, Waled Abdulmalek Alanesi, Saurabh Chaturvedi","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S516058","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S516058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Residual Ridge Resorption (RRR) is a common and often incapacitating problem, particularly in edentulous mandible. Reduction of residual ridges needs to be recognized for what it is: A major unsolved oral disease that causes physical, psychological, and economic problems for millions of people all over the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual ridge resorption in mandible of edentulous patients. To find the mean residual ridge resorption in mandible of edentulous patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and underwent prosthodontic rehabilitation at Fatima Memorial Dental Hospital, Lahore were included in the study. After ethical approval, informed and written consent was taken. A brief history was taken, clinical examination conducted and the residual ridge resorption (RRR) of the mandible was evaluated on 3D Cone Beam Computerized Tomography CBCT to assess the outcome that is mean RRR of the mandible.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 60 edentulous patients were included. 37 (61.7%) patients were males while 23 (38.3%) were females with the mean age of 59.1167+5.489 years. The mean ridge residual resorption was 24.283+3.975 mm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The residual ridge resorption increased with increase in age, duration of edentulism and was more in males than in females.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"277-284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12206599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Enamel Microhardness: An in vitro Study.","authors":"Tesa Waluya, Irmaleny, Denny Nurdin","doi":"10.2147/CCIDE.S526038","DOIUrl":"10.2147/CCIDE.S526038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Remineralization counteracts demineralization, which is the loss of mineral ions from dental enamel, by restoring the mineral. Remineralization itself could be enhanced by external factors such as fluoride contained in fluoride varnish. This study aimed to determine the difference in enamel microhardness before and after applying 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) fluoride varnish.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This experimental laboratory in vitro study used 40 premolar crowns as samples. All samples were demineralized in a pH 4 demineralizing solution for 6 hours. The samples were split into two groups, each containing 20 samples. Group I (Control) acted as a control and Group II (Fluoride Varnish) was treated with 5% NaF (fluoride varnish). Then all samples were immersed in artificial saliva for seven days. A Vickers microhardness tester measured the samples' pre-demineralization, post-demineralization, and post-remineralization microhardness. The dependent sample <i>t</i>-test analysis was used to determine the difference in microhardness in each group. The two sample <i>t</i>-test analysis was used to determine the difference in microhardness between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings indicated that fluoride varnish application increases the demineralized enamel microhardness in Group II (Fluoride Varnish) from 174.63 VHN (SD = 23.12; 95% CI: 163.81-185.44) to 270.58 VHN (SD = 26.52; 95% CI: 258.17-282.99) (p-value = 0.000). The increase in Group II (Fluoride Varnish) was higher than in Group I (Control) after remineralization of seven days (p-value = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings show a significant increase in enamel microhardness following fluoride varnish application, measured on the seventh day (p-value 0.000). This demonstrates the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in increasing enamel hardness under these in vitro experimental conditions. This study can serve as a reference for clinicians selecting fluoride varnish as a caries prevention effort.</p>","PeriodicalId":10445,"journal":{"name":"Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry","volume":"17 ","pages":"269-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12170819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144316042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}