Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03690-w
{"title":"The animal agriculture industry, US universities, and the obstruction of climate understanding and policy","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03690-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03690-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The 2006 United Nations report “Livestock’s Long Shadow” provided the first global estimate of the livestock sector’s contribution to anthropogenic climate change and warned of dire environmental consequences if business as usual continued. In the subsequent 17 years, numerous studies have attributed significant climate change impacts to livestock. In the USA, one of the largest consumers and producers of meat and dairy products, livestock greenhouse gas emissions remain effectively unregulated. What might explain this? Similar to fossil fuel companies, US animal agriculture companies responded to evidence that their products cause climate change by minimizing their role in the climate crisis and shaping policymaking in their favor. Here, we show that the industry has done so with the help of university experts. The beef industry awarded funding to Dr. Frank Mitloehner from the University of California, Davis, to assess “Livestock’s Long Shadow,” and his work was used to claim that cows should not be blamed for climate change. The animal agriculture industry is now involved in multiple multi-million-dollar efforts with universities to obstruct unfavorable policies as well as influence climate change policy and discourse. Here, we traced how these efforts have downplayed the livestock sector’s contributions to the climate crisis, minimized the need for emission regulations and other policies aimed at internalizing the costs of the industry’s emissions, and promoted industry-led climate “solutions” that maintain production. We studied this phenomenon by examining the origins, funding sources, activities, and political significance of two prominent academic centers, the CLEAR Center at UC Davis, established in 2018, and AgNext at Colorado State University, established in 2020, as well as the influence and industry ties of the programs’ directors, Dr. Mitloehner and Dr. Kimberly Stackhouse-Lawson. We developed 20 questions to evaluate the nature, extent, and societal impacts of the relationship between individual researchers and industry groups. Using publicly available evidence, we documented how the ties between these professors, centers, and the animal agriculture industry have helped maintain the livestock industry’s social license to operate not only by generating industry-supported research, but also by supporting public relations and policy advocacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139968799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03710-9
Tanea Coronato, Pablo G. Zaninelli, Rita Abalone, Andrea F. Carril
{"title":"Climate change projections for building energy simulation studies: a CORDEX-based methodological approach to manage uncertainties","authors":"Tanea Coronato, Pablo G. Zaninelli, Rita Abalone, Andrea F. Carril","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03710-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03710-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We propose a comprehensive methodological approach to address uncertainties in building energy simulation (BES) studies within a climate change context. Drawing upon expertise from the climate community, our approach aims to improve the reliability of climate-dependent BES for sustainable building design studies. The methodology focuses on creating weather files that accurately retain the climate variability from CORDEX high-frequency climate data, and performing multiple BES (conducted with climatologies from various climate models and emissions scenarios) while removing the climate models biases. The robustness of the results is assessed through statistical analysis, and an uncertainty range is attributed to future energy demand estimations. This approach is illustrated using a representative prototype of a social house located in central-eastern Argentina. The evaluation specifically focuses on assessing the influence of climate change projections on cooling and heating energy demand. We systematically assessed uncertainties related to climate scenarios, seasonality, and building design sensitivity. Our exercise highlight that uncertainty levels rise with higher emissions scenarios. Within our case study, the cooling (heating) energy demand exhibits substantial variations, ranging from 27-37 (303-330) MJ/m² in a moderate emissions context to 51-70 (266-326) MJ/m² in a high emissions scenario. Notably, improvements in building efficiency correlate with reduced uncertainty and, in the context of higher emissions, the projected energy demand can range between 24-37 (201-243) MJ/m². Finally, a discussion is provided on the added value of the proposed methodology compared to solely utilizing a single climate projection file in BES, when uncertainties within climate projections remain unassessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139969041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-26DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03696-4
Paul Lachapelle, Patrick Belmont, Marco Grasso, Roslynn McCann, Dawn H. Gouge, Jerri Husch, Cheryl de Boer, Daniela Molzbichler, Sarah Klain
{"title":"Academic capture in the Anthropocene: a framework to assess climate action in higher education","authors":"Paul Lachapelle, Patrick Belmont, Marco Grasso, Roslynn McCann, Dawn H. Gouge, Jerri Husch, Cheryl de Boer, Daniela Molzbichler, Sarah Klain","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03696-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03696-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Higher education institutions have a mandate to serve the public good, yet in many cases fail to adequately respond to the global climate crisis. The inability of academic institutions to commit to purposeful climate action through targeted research, education, outreach, and policy is due in large part to “capture” by special interests. Capture involves powerful minority interests that exert influence and derive benefits at the expense of a larger group or purpose. This paper makes a conceptual contribution to advance a framework of “academic capture” applied to the climate crisis in higher education institutions. Academic capture is the result of the three contributing factors of increasing financialization issues, influence of the fossil fuel industry, and reticence of university employees to challenge the status quo. The framework guides an empirical assessment evaluating eight activities and related indices of transparency and participation based on principles of climate justice and the growing democracy-climate nexus. The framework can be a helpful tool for citizens and academics to assess the potential for academic capture and capacity for more just and democratic methods of climate action in higher education. We conclude with a series of recommendations on how to refine and apply our framework and assessment in academic settings. Our goal is to further the discussion on academic capture and continue to develop tools that transform higher education institutions to places of deep democracy and innovative climate education, research, and outreach to meet the challenges of the Anthropocene.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139968793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-24DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03694-6
Wouter K. Smits, Emmanuel M. N. A. N. Attoh, Fulco Ludwig
{"title":"Flood risk assessment and adaptation under changing climate for the agricultural system in the Ghanaian White Volta Basin","authors":"Wouter K. Smits, Emmanuel M. N. A. N. Attoh, Fulco Ludwig","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03694-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03694-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>In the context of river basins, the threat of climate change has been extensively studied. However, many of these studies centred on hazard analysis while neglecting the need for comprehensive risk assessments that account for exposure and vulnerability. Hazard analysis alone is not adequate for making adaptive decisions. Thus, to effectively manage flood risk, it is essential to understand the elements that contribute to vulnerability and exposure in addition to hazard analysis. This study aims to assess flood risk (in space and time until the year 2100) for the agricultural system, in the White Volta Basin in northern Ghana. Employing the impact chain methodology, a mix of quantitative and qualitative data and techniques were used to assess hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Multi-model climate change data (RCP 8.5) from CORDEX and observation data from the Ghana Meteorological Agency were used for hazard analysis. Data on exposure, vulnerability, and adaptation were collected through structured interviews. Results indicate that flood hazard will increase by 79.1% with high spatial variability of wet periods but the flood risk of the catchment will increase by 19.3% by the end of the twenty-first century. The highest flood risk is found in the Upper East region, followed by North East, Northern, Savannah, and Upper West for all four analysed periods. Adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure factors are driven by poverty, ineffective institutional governance, and a lack of livelihood alternatives. We conclude that the region is highly susceptible and vulnerable to floods, and that shifting from isolated hazard analysis to a comprehensive assessment that considers exposure and vulnerability reveals the underlying root causes of the risk. Also, the impact chain is useful in generating insight into flood risk for policymakers and researchers. We recommend the need to enhance local capacity and foster social transformation in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139946726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-23DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03695-5
{"title":"Morality meets menu: investigating the impact of moral appeals on vegetarianism through a conjoint survey experiment","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03695-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03695-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Can moral appeals motivate individuals to choose less carbon-intensive diets? In a survey-embedded forced-choice conjoint experiment involving 1520 US respondents, we asked participants to compare two menus across six dimensions: (1) burger/sandwich patty type and its corresponding carbon footprint value, (2) calories, (3) protein, (4) price, (5) ingredient origin, and (6) farming method. Within each menu, the values for these dimensions varied randomly. Further, respondents were randomly assigned to three frames: a reference frame that highlighted the scientific rationale for pro-climate action, and treatment frames with a moral-secular and a moral-religious framing of pro-climate action. We found that moral appeals did not influence individuals to make low-carbon food choices. Across the entire sample, respondents tended to favor non-vegetarian options with higher carbon footprints. Those who prioritized taste were less inclined to choose the vegetarian menu. However, some subgroups did show a preference for the vegetarian menu, including women, those with pro-climate attitudes and prior exposure to a vegetarian diet, and those who considered the health impact of their food choices. In conclusion, it appears that moral appeals are unlikely to drive significant changes in individual food choices toward a more climate-friendly food system. Instead, dietary preferences are primarily shaped by individuals’ pre-existing climate attitudes and demographics.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139956816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03687-5
Haiyan Hao, Yan Wang
{"title":"The emerging “evident” role of climatic risk on migration: a study of four U.S. metropolitans","authors":"Haiyan Hao, Yan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03687-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03687-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing public awareness of climate risks and increased investments in climate adaptation may trigger resettlements, redistributing climate risks among population groups, and resulting in social consequences like segregation and gentrification. Previous studies have empirically examined the influences of climate risks on migrants’ destination choices, however, few have conducted research at the intra-municipal level, and even fewer have considered the associated social impacts. The research supplements empirical evidence on climate migration by examining the influence of climate risks on migrants’ destination choices within vulnerable municipalities. Specifically, we calibrated place-specific Bayesian Networks with migration data collected from four U.S. metropolitans with known climate risks. We then explained how climate risks influence migrants’ destination choices for the four study cases referring to the developed models. The modeling results reveal distinct main drivers influencing migrants’ choices of move-in neighborhoods across the study cases. In New Orleans, Louisana, high-elevation neighborhoods may experience gentrification due to the influx of educated migrants. In the other cases, the heterogeneous socio-demographic flows influenced by climate risks are likely to compound pre-existing injustices including social segregation and economic divide. The study contributes to the needing empirical evidence regarding the impact of climate risks on migration, which may exacerbate or raise social issues over the long term. The research findings also inform future climate adaptation efforts for building more inclusive receiving communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139946728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-22DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03692-8
Evren Damar, Ian Lange, Caitlin McKennie, Mirko Moro
{"title":"Banking deregulation and consumption of home durables","authors":"Evren Damar, Ian Lange, Caitlin McKennie, Mirko Moro","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03692-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03692-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We exploit the introduction of interstate banking deregulation across the U.S. to study the relationship between credit constraints and consumption of durables and energy use. Using the American Housing Survey, we link the timing of these reforms with evidence of a credit expansion and household responses on many margins. We find evidence that low-income households are more likely to purchase new appliances after the deregulation; however, this did not increase energy consumption. The results are informative for policymakers who would like households to purchase new durable goods that use less energy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"141 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139946644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03697-3
Peter Busch Nicolaisen
{"title":"Orchestrating the climate choir: the boundaries of scientists’ expertise, the relevance of experiential knowledge, and quality assurance in the public climate debate","authors":"Peter Busch Nicolaisen","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03697-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03697-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Scientific knowledge is at the heart of discussions about climate change. However, it has been proposed that the apparent predominance of climate science in the societal debate should be reconsidered and that a more inclusive approach is warranted. Further, the introduction of new communication technology has made the information environment more fragmented, possibly endangering the quality of societal deliberation on climate change concerns. Using focus group methodology, this paper explores how climate scientists, climate journalists, and citizens perceive scientific experts’ mandate when they communicate publicly, the role of experiential knowledge in discussions of climate-related issues, and who the three actors prefer to guard the quality of the climate information exchanged in the public sphere. The findings show that scientific experts are perceived to carry a high degree of legitimacy, but only within their own narrow specialty, while experiential knowledge was seen as more useful in applied domains of science than in arcane research fields. In the new media landscape, journalists are still generally preferred as gatekeepers by all three actor types.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139924367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-15DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03688-4
Adam Khan, Feng Chen, Heli Zhang, Sidra Saleem, Hamada E. Ali, Weipeng Yue, Martín Hadad
{"title":"A warm-season drought reconstruction in central-northern Pakistan inferred from tree rings since 1670 CE and its possible climatic mechanism","authors":"Adam Khan, Feng Chen, Heli Zhang, Sidra Saleem, Hamada E. Ali, Weipeng Yue, Martín Hadad","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03688-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03688-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding past warm-season drought variability and its underlying climatic mechanisms is crucial for effective drought management and climate adaptation strategies. In this study, we develop a regional chronology (RC) spanning from 1620 to 2017 CE by utilizing dendrochronological techniques and tree-ring data from two stands of <i>Abies pindrow.</i> The RC reveals a significant positive correlation (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) and precipitation and a significant negative correlation with temperature. We use a simple linear regression model between RC and climate data to reconstruct a 348-year-long (1670–2017 CE) warm-season (April-July) drought variability from central-northern Pakistan. The reconstructed scPDSI reveals a 44% variance of the scPDSI during the common calibrated period 1950–2017 CE. Spatial correlation shows a positive field correlation with central-northern Pakistan, extending predominantly to neighboring regions. MTM (multi-taper method) spectral analysis reveals inter-annual cycles (6.8, 3.2, 2.7, 2.5, and 2.3 years) and multi-decadal cycles (11.7, 15.2, 16.2, 17.9, and 128 years). The internal-annual cycles demonstrate a possible linkage between reconstructed scPDSI and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The reconstructed scPDSI agrees well with the moisture-sensitive tree-ring records from northern Pakistan and neighboring regions. Our reconstruction shows a significant correlation with the South Asia Summer Monsoon Index (SASMI), Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), ENSO, Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and solar activity, emphasizing that all these factors have some influence on the drought variability in central-northern Pakistan. This study has important implications for disaster management and proactive measures for mitigating the impact of drought on both natural ecosystems and human populations in central-northern Pakistan and associated regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139759596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climatic ChangePub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.1007/s10584-024-03682-w
Graeme Reed, Nicolas D. Brunet, Deborah McGregor, Curtis Scurr, Tonio Sadik, Jamie Lavigne, Sheri Longboat
{"title":"There is no word for ‘nature’ in our language: rethinking nature-based solutions from the perspective of Indigenous Peoples located in Canada","authors":"Graeme Reed, Nicolas D. Brunet, Deborah McGregor, Curtis Scurr, Tonio Sadik, Jamie Lavigne, Sheri Longboat","doi":"10.1007/s10584-024-03682-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03682-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Support for nature-based solutions (NbS) has grown significantly in the last 5 years. At the same time, recognition for the role of Indigenous Peoples in advancing ‘life-enhancing’ climate solutions has also increased. Despite this rapid growth, the exploration of the intersection of NbS and Indigenous Peoples has been much slower, as questions remain about the ability of NbS to be implemented while respecting Indigenous rights, governance, and knowledge systems, including in their conceptualizations. To address this knowledge gap, we draw on 17 conversational interviews with Indigenous leaders, including youth, women, technicians, and knowledge keepers from what is currently known as Canada to explore Indigenous conceptualizations of nature, nature-based solutions, and the joint biodiversity and climate crisis. Three drivers of the biodiversity and climate crisis were identified: structural legacy of colonization and capitalism, a problem of human values, and climate change as a cumulative impact from industrial disturbances. Building on this understanding, our findings indicate that shifting towards Indigenous conceptualizations of NbS as systems of reciprocal relationships would: challenge the dichotomization of humans and nature; emphasize the inseparability of land, water, and identity; internalize the principle of humility and responsibility; and invest in the revitalization of Indigenous knowledge systems. As the first exploration of Indigenous conceptualizations of nature within NbS literatures, we close with four reflections for academics, advocates, leaders, activists, and policymakers to uplift Indigenous climate solutions for a just, equitable, and resilient future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10372,"journal":{"name":"Climatic Change","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139759401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}