Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Simplified Chinese Version of Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6.","authors":"Jiayi Liu, Rui Zhao, Jinyun Cai, Zengyu Wang, Menglin Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang, Joseph A Stone, Martyn Rothwell, Zhanyu Huang","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the latest Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6) into simplified Chinese.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This study adopted a mixed design with both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative part of the study adopted a repeated measures design.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>The translation and revision process were completed through online communications. The validation process was performed in person at the athletes' normal training facilities.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Thirty-two healthcare professionals and twenty-one athletes were invited into the expert panel and end-user panel for the qualitative part of the study. Thirty-nine elite or collegiate athletes were included in the quantitative part of the study.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>No independent variables were assumed in the translation and the expert appraisal processes. Administrators were the independent variables for the inter-rater study and the testing sessions for the test-retest study.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Expert opinions were collected during the translation and appraisal process. Testing scores and time of completion were obtained from test-retest study and inter-rater examinations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Revision and alterations of the Chinese SCAT6 and supplementary materials were made according to the reviews from experts and end users. The internal consistency and the inter-rater reliability of the simplified Chinese SCAT6 for all subscales were excellent [intraclass correlation (ICC) ranged from 0.83 to 0.999], the test-retest reliability for all subscales were moderate to excellent (ICC ranged from 0.51 to 0.92). The average time to complete was 20.2 ± 3.5 minutes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The simplified Chinese SCAT6 is a valid sport concussion assessment instrument for mainland China end users.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Management: Guidelines to Perform the Pediatric Concussion Treadmill Test.","authors":"Cathlyn Corrado, Alexander P Peters, Haley M Chizuk, John J Leddy, Mohammad N Haider","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001353","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Graded exertion testing has diagnostic utility in the management of athletes with sport-related and recreation-related concussions, the results of which are used to prescribe individualized aerobic exercise treatment that facilitates recovery from sport-related concussion and reduces the incidence of symptoms persisting beyond 1 month. Current exertion protocols, such as the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test, however, are recommended for patients aged 13 years and older and are not appropriate for younger children with concussion. This practical management article describes a pediatric exertion test protocol using a standard, commercially available treadmill that is designed for patients aged 5 to 12 years with concussion. The Pediatric Concussion Treadmill Test (PCTT) uses age-appropriate walking speeds and symptom-reporting scales and provides additional guidelines on how to perform the test safely in younger children. The PCTT is intended to identify the presence and severity of concussion-related exercise intolerance and can function as an important component of a comprehensive medical evaluation of concussion in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sacroiliac Joint Pain in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Niloofar Mirdamadi, Mohamad Mehdi Khadembashiri, Navid Moghadam, Ramin Kordi","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal condition, often mechanical in nature, affecting millions globally. Mechanical LBP originating from sacroiliac joint (SIJ) discomfort is common but underappreciated. Determining sacroiliac joint pain or dysfunction (SIJP/D) prevalence poses challenges because of varied diagnostic criteria and characteristics. This systematic review aims to explore SIJP/D risk factors, biomechanics, and prevalence, in athletic populations, to inform preventive strategies.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases up to February 2024. Eligible studies reported sacroiliac joint pain or dysfunction in athletes in English. Data extraction included prevalence and risk factors. NIH quality assessment tool was used for bias assessment. Proportional meta-analysis was used, and forest plots were generated using STATA 18 and SPSS-25.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>A systematic review identified 1515 studies, of which 913 were excluded after screening titles and abstracts. Full-text evaluation led to the inclusion of 13 studies. These studies involved 2842 athletes from various sports, predominantly males. The prevalence of SIJP/D varied widely across studies, with mean prevalence of 10.72% among all athletes, 5.61% among injured athletes, 32.39% among athletes with low back pain, and 35.99% among those with pelvic or pubis pain. Risk factors for SIJP/D included stress injuries, biomechanical movements, and years of experience, with exercise showing potential for prevention. Methodological quality ranged from low to moderate, with bias mainly due to lack of exposure confirmation and sample size justification.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the current literature assessed in this review, we cannot report an accurate prevalence of SIJ pain or dysfunction in athletes. Owing to heterogeneity of the available data, further evaluation is necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Clay Shoveler's Fracture in a Professional Swimmer: A Case Report.","authors":"Marc Boutros, Tarek Costa, Tina Haddad, Antoine Chartouni, Ahmad Assi, Aren Joe Bizdikian, Rami El Rachkidi","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001354","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This report details the first documented instance of a clay shoveler's fracture in a professional swimmer, underscoring an uncommon injury pattern in a sport typically associated with minimal impact. Initially managed with conventional interventions, the case progressed to reveal complications such as nonunion and a subsequent fracture upon reassessment. This discovery underscores the imperative for comprehensive evaluation and vigilance in sports medicine, challenging prevailing assumptions about the safety of swimming. Highlighting the need for meticulous follow-up and refined treatment strategies, this case enhances our understanding of athlete care and informs proactive measures to mitigate risks in similar athletic settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Number of Symptoms During the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Athletes Is Associated With Multiorgan Involvement: AWARE III.","authors":"Carolette Snyders, Marlise Dyer, Esme Jordaan, Leonie Scholtz, Andre Du Plessis, Martin Mpe, Kelly Kaulback, Martin Schwellnus","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Acute respiratory infections (ARinf), including SARS-CoV-2 infection, can affect multiple organ systems that may influence return to sport (RTS) in athletes. Factors associated with multiorgan involvement in athletes with ARinf are lacking. The aim of this study was to explore whether factors such as demographics, sport participation, history of comorbidities/allergies, and number of acute symptoms are associated with multiorgan involvement in athletes with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study with cross-sectional analysis.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Institutional clinical research facilities.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Ninety-five athletes (18-60 years) underwent a comprehensive medical assessment 10 to 28 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Independent factors: </strong>Demographics, sport participation, history of comorbidities/allergies, and the number of acute symptoms (in 3 subgroups:1 = ≤5, 2 = 6-9, or 3 ≥ 10).</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Number of organs involved in athletes with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The number of organ systems involved was not associated with demographics (age, sex), sport participation (level and type), or history of comorbidities and allergies. However, the number of organ systems involved was significantly higher in athletes with 6 to 9 symptoms (subgroup 2) compared with those with ≤5 symptoms (subgroup 1) and this was more pronounced when comparing athletes with ≥10 symptoms (subgroup 3) with those with ≤5 symptoms (subgroup 1) (P < 0.0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Total number of acute symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to number of organ systems involved, which is a measure of disease severity, and could therefore influence RTS decision making. Future studies should explore whether this observation holds for athletes with ARinf caused by other pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Promising Nonsurgical Solution for Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis.","authors":"Samuel Ivan Bartlett, Chad David Hulsopple","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition that can cause significant pain and functional limitations. Although mild-to-moderate CMCJ OA symptoms can be managed with conservative measures, effective nonsurgical options for patients with moderate-to-severe OA unresponsive to conservative measures are limited. This case report introduces a novel approach involving intra-articular incobotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA) injection for CMCJ OA, resulting in significant and prolonged pain relief and enhanced functionality. This groundbreaking intervention effectively bridges the gap between nonsurgical and surgical treatments, offering a promising alternative for individuals with CMCJ OA.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Predictors of Brace-Wearing Adherence in Non-Surgical Treatment of Acute Knee Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries.","authors":"Dana J Hunter, Amanda M Black, S Nicole Culos-Reed, Victor M Y Lun, Nicholas G Mohtadi","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001315","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>(1) To estimate adherence to brace wearing for medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries across 3 phases of conventional treatment and (2) to explore predictors of adherence for each phase.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Exploratory cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Primary care center.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Fifty-nine patients aged 18 to 65 (27 men, 32 women) from a randomized clinical trial examined the effectiveness of 2 bracing techniques (0-90 degrees or 30-90 degrees) for acute isolated MCL or combined anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Patients were prescribed a 6-week bracing protocol and were followed for 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Patients were prescribed constant brace wearing for 4 weeks (∼23 h/d), then daytime wear only (∼15 h/d) until brace discontinuation at 6 weeks. Rehabilitation exercises were prescribed from 2 weeks onward. Adherence to the protocol was assessed through daily self-reported logs. Clinical and patient-reported outcomes were collected throughout the randomized clinical trial (baseline, 2, 4, and 6 weeks). This study interpreted them as predictor variables of treatment adherence alongside patient and treatment characteristics.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Adherence to each 2-week phase, interpreted dichotomously (adherer or nonadherer). Adherers were identified as those who wore their brace according to the protocol.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Adherence and pain decreased, while overall knee ratings improved throughout the treatment. Pain, affected knee, and brace range-of-motion settings were significant predictors of adherence in the exploratory logistic regressions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pain, affected knee, and brace range-of-motion settings were the primary predictors of brace wearing in the first 4 weeks of treatment. This study is the first to provide insight into MCL bracing adherence, potentially aiding clinicians in treatment management.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Brain Health Outcomes in Females With a History of Contact Sports: A Cross-Sectional Survey Analysis.","authors":"Grant H Rigney, John E Dugan, Anthony E Bishay, Jacob Jo, Soren Jonzzon, Kristen L Williams, Scott L Zuckerman, Douglas P Terry","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess whether female sex is associated with higher lifetime concussion risk and if years of contact sport participation and/or concussion history are associated with negative long-term cognitive and psychiatric difficulties in females compared with males.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional survey.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>ResearchMatch, a national health-based volunteer registry.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A total of 330 participants (111 females) with contact sport exposure.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Participants reported lifetime concussion history, age of first exposure, and duration of contact sport exposure.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Lifetime concussion history, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), and cognitive symptoms (BC-CCI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 330 participants (N = 111 females), 57.1% of females reported at least one concussion. Females had fewer years of contact sport exposure than males (6.0 ± 4.5 vs 8.5 ± 8.9 years; P < 0.001). Age of first exposure was similar between sexes (females: 11.7 ± 8.9 years; males: 11.5 ± 5.3 years; P = 0.779). Female sex was not associated with a positive lifetime concussion history (OR = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.66-1.93; P = 0.662). Total years of contact sport exposure did not predict lifetime concussion history in females (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.94-1.11; P = 0.667) but did in males (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.10; P = 0.020). Increased lifetime concussions predicted increased late-life depressive, anxiety, and cognitive symptoms in both sexes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Female sex was not associated with a higher likelihood of having a lifetime concussion history. Total years of contact sport exposure did not predict lifetime concussion risk in females but did in males. Increased lifetime concussions were associated with higher late-life depressive, anxiety, and cognitive symptoms in both sexes.</p><p><strong>Clinical relevance: </strong>These findings highlight the importance of considering sex-specific differences in assessing long-term cognitive and psychiatric risks in former athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who Is Keeping Score: The Effect of a Mercy Rule on Head Impact Rates in Canadian High School Tackle Football Games.","authors":"Mark Patrick Pankow, Reid Syrydiuk, Ash T Kolstad, Christopher R Dennison, Martin Mrazik, Brent E Hagel, Carolyn Emery","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the association between the Mercy Rule (MR) and head impact incidence rates (IRs) in Canadian high school football games.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Calgary, Canada.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Two high school football teams (ages 15-16 years) had a total of 16 team-games videorecorded and analyzed.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>The MR mandates continuous running time in the second half of games when the score differential is 35 points or greater.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Head impact IRs and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were used to compare head impact rates in MR and non-MR games.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mercy Rule games had 28% fewer plays, and the head impact IR per team-game was 27% lower [IRR, 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61-0.89] in MR games (IR, 241.67; 95% CI, 199.24, 293.13) than in non-MR games (IR, 328.91; 95% CI, 313.04, 345.57). Across all games (MR and non-MR), running plays accounted for more than half of all head impacts, and the head impact rates for running plays exceeded all other play types except for a sack of the quarterback. Players engaged in blocks (blocking or being blocked) accounted for 68.90% of all recorded head impacts. The highest proportion of impacts involved the front of the helmet (54.85%). There was no difference in head impact rates by player-play comparing MR and non-MR games (IRR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.85, 1.19).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the concerns for potential long-term consequences of repetitive head impacts, the MR is a prevention strategy by which head impact rates can be significantly lowered when a significant score differential exists.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Higher Education Athletic Department COVID-19 Testing: A Comparison of Screening Versus Testing-Based Protocols.","authors":"Kasey Stickler, John Castillo, Andy Gilliland, John Roth, Andrew Brown, Adam M Franks, David Rupp","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine efficacy of screening-based versus testing COVID-19 management protocols.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective analysis.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Athletic departments of a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institution.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>All student-athletes (n = 303 and 437) and staff (n = 34 and 291) within the NAIA and NCAA athletic departments. Total cohort (n = 1065).</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>The authors analyzed the independent variables of screening and testing rates.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Dependent variables of positive rates, percent positive rates, competition missed, and cost were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The screening-based protocol (n = 20 798) generated 139 tests and a percent positive rate of 10.07% for student-athletes. Half of the staff (17 of 34) also had positive results. Protocol costs were $45,038 and 29 games were missed among all teams. The testing-based protocol did not screen but tested student-athletes 14 837 times, which resulted in 158 positives (P < 0.00001) and a percent positive rate of 1.06%. Only 14.37% (43 of 291) of staff tested positive (P < 0.00001). Protocol costs were $1,616 570 and 43 games were missed among all teams.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The testing-based protocol protected student-athletes and staff better than the screening-based protocol, but at >35 times the cost. Neither protocol resulted in severe infections necessitating hospitalizations, and fewer games were missed in the screening-based protocol. Because institutions have different levels of financial support, varied but viable protocols are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}