Kasey Stickler, John Castillo, Andy Gilliland, John Roth, Andrew Brown, Adam M Franks, David Rupp
{"title":"Analysis of Higher Education Athletic Department COVID-19 Testing: A Comparison of Screening Versus Testing-Based Protocols.","authors":"Kasey Stickler, John Castillo, Andy Gilliland, John Roth, Andrew Brown, Adam M Franks, David Rupp","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine efficacy of screening-based versus testing COVID-19 management protocols.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective analysis.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Athletic departments of a National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I institution.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>All student-athletes (n = 303 and 437) and staff (n = 34 and 291) within the NAIA and NCAA athletic departments. Total cohort (n = 1065).</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>The authors analyzed the independent variables of screening and testing rates.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Dependent variables of positive rates, percent positive rates, competition missed, and cost were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The screening-based protocol (n = 20 798) generated 139 tests and a percent positive rate of 10.07% for student-athletes. Half of the staff (17 of 34) also had positive results. Protocol costs were $45,038 and 29 games were missed among all teams. The testing-based protocol did not screen but tested student-athletes 14 837 times, which resulted in 158 positives (P < 0.00001) and a percent positive rate of 1.06%. Only 14.37% (43 of 291) of staff tested positive (P < 0.00001). Protocol costs were $1,616 570 and 43 games were missed among all teams.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The testing-based protocol protected student-athletes and staff better than the screening-based protocol, but at >35 times the cost. Neither protocol resulted in severe infections necessitating hospitalizations, and fewer games were missed in the screening-based protocol. Because institutions have different levels of financial support, varied but viable protocols are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel M Cushman, Andrew S Nowak, W Reed Cone Le Beaumont, Derek Stokes
{"title":"Phenotype of Achilles Tendon Ultrasonographic Abnormalities and Their Relationship to Future Time-Loss Injury.","authors":"Daniel M Cushman, Andrew S Nowak, W Reed Cone Le Beaumont, Derek Stokes","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001342","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify specific tendon morphologies on ultrasonography of the Achilles tendon (AT) that later develop time-loss injury.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Blinded post hoc analysis of a 2-year prospective, observational study of 944 AT sonographic videos to identify morphologic characteristics of diagnosed Achilles tendinopathies associated with future time-loss injury. The second year was used to validate the findings from the first year.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Patients/participants: </strong>Four hundred seventy-three National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes from 3 institutions over 2 years of data collection (57.7% females; 20.1 ± 1.6 years of age; 23.1 ± 2.8 kg/m2 of body mass index; 9.4 ± 3.6 years of sport experience).</p><p><strong>Interventions/assessment of risk factors: </strong>Particular tendon morphologies were used to develop 3 ultrasonographic imaging rules that were used to predict AT injury leading to time loss in sport.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive values of particular tendon morphologies associated with the development of time-loss injury within 1 year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>One of 3 morphologies, a deep mid-substance focal hypoechogenic area, was validated on 2 separate data sets and found to have a 33.3% PPV in both years for the development of time-loss injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results suggest a specific phenotype of sonographic abnormality of the AT that suggests a 1-in-3 chance of developing time-loss injury within a year. Detecting abnormality of future AT before symptoms develop may allow for rehabilitation strategies to prevent or reduce time-loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143604147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phoebe Runciman, Lovemore Kunorozva, Ali Ganai, Wayne Derman
{"title":"Ocular Pathologies Affecting Winter Sport in Para Athletes: A Cohort Study of the Sochi 2014 and Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games.","authors":"Phoebe Runciman, Lovemore Kunorozva, Ali Ganai, Wayne Derman","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of the present study was to describe eye illness among athletes with disability.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Sochi 2014 and Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Five hundred forty-seven athletes over 12 days (6564 athlete days) at Sochi 2014 and 567 athletes over 12 days (6804 athlete days) at Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>All athletes with eye illnesses presented themselves to the team physicians via the WEB-IISS and/or polyclinic staff via the local polyclinic services (ATOS system).</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Incidence of eye illnesses per 1000 athlete days. Descriptive statistics, including the number and proportion of illnesses, broken down by sport, age, sex, type of impairment, medical diagnosis, medical decision, and anticipated time loss (in days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy five percent of eye illnesses were reported in male Para athletes. Athletes participating in Ice hockey (61%) accounted for two-thirds of all eye illnesses across all sports reported during the 2 Winter Games. Most eye illnesses were reported in athletes with limb deficiency (66%), visual impairment (21%), and spinal cord injury (10%). Environmental eye illnesses (24%), allergic conjunctivitis (21%), corneal erosion (7%), and infective conjunctivitis (7%) were the most frequently reported diagnoses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Eye illnesses are prevalent in the Paralympic Winter Games across athletes of various ages and genders, with a higher incidence observed among male Para athletes. Ice hockey was highlighted as the sport with the highest reported cases of eye illnesses, with conditions affecting various anatomical areas of the eye.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morgan R Hadley, Olivia K Pruss, Jonathan R Warren, Brian S Harvey, Donna M Pacicca
{"title":"Are Elbow Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions Different for Gymnasts and Baseball Players?","authors":"Morgan R Hadley, Olivia K Pruss, Jonathan R Warren, Brian S Harvey, Donna M Pacicca","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001336","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Gymnasts and baseball players have different mechanisms of loading their elbows, and there is little data comparing osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions between these 2 sports. Our objective is to compare the clinical and imaging characteristics of elbow OCD lesions between weight-bearing and throwing athletes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Review from 2015 to 2022.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Sports medicine clinics at a large academic center.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Thirty-four patients were included.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Patients were divided into 2 groups: gymnastics and baseball.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Location of elbow OCD lesion on the capitellum, stability of lesion, lesion size, and the presence of a radial head deformity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two (65%) baseball players and 12 (35%) gymnasts were included with 97% (33/34) of athletes presenting with a capitellar lesion. Seventy-six percent of athletes had a radial head deformity with no difference in frequency between groups ( P = 0.61). There was also no difference in frequency of lesion instability ( P = 0.56) or lesion size. Baseball players had a higher frequency of lesions located anteriorly on the capitellum compared with gymnasts (28% vs 0%, P = 0.02), and gymnasts had a higher frequency of lesions located centrally (24% vs 58%, P = 0.02). Gymnasts had significantly different presenting symptoms ( P = 0.03) with a higher frequency of isolated pain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There are no significant differences in the size, stability, or location of OCD lesions in weight-bearing and throwing athletes. The presence of an associated radial head deformity was seen on most radiographs without any difference between sport. Lesion location and symptoms at presentation are significantly different between gymnastics and baseball.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>III.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taylor M Price, Stephen W West, Isla J Shill, Sharief Hendricks, Keith A Stokes, Carolyn A Emery
{"title":"A Comparison of Suspected Injuries, Suspected Concussions, and Match Events in Male and Female Canadian High School 15s and 7s Rugby.","authors":"Taylor M Price, Stephen W West, Isla J Shill, Sharief Hendricks, Keith A Stokes, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare match event rates and suspected injury and concussion rates between 7-a-side (7s) and 15-a-side (15s) female and male high school rugby union players using video analysis (VA).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional video analysis study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Alberta high school rugby competitions.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Senior high school rugby players (ages 14-18 years) in Calgary, Alberta, participating in the March to June 2022 season.</p><p><strong>Assessment of risk factors: </strong>Video analysis of high school rugby matches in 7s and 15s.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Univariate Poisson regression analyses were used to determine rates of match events, video-identified suspected injuries, and suspected concussions per 1000-player-hours. Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were used to compare between 7s and 15s (15s referent group) and females and males (male referent group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Suspected injury rates ranged from 115.0 to 223.6/1000 match hours, while suspected concussion rates ranged from 61.5 to 93.2/1000 hours. The male 7s cohort reported the highest suspected injury and suspected concussion rate, with no significant differences between male or female cohorts across formats. The tackle accounted for 84.6% of all injuries. Despite 30% more tackles in female compared with male 15s, tackle-related injury rates were similar between sexes [IRR = 1.1 (95% CIs: 0.7-1.6)].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study did not find any differences in suspected injury or suspected concussion rates between sexes or formats of the game. The proportion of injuries recorded in the tackle and the high reported suspected injury rates does suggest the need for further investigation into tackle proficiency, injury prevention intervention evaluation, and potential law changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kabir Singh, Nikos Malliaropoulos, Mike Callan, Akira Ikumi, Nicola Maffulli
{"title":"Loss of Consciousness in Judo: Not Always a Concussion.","authors":"Kabir Singh, Nikos Malliaropoulos, Mike Callan, Akira Ikumi, Nicola Maffulli","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001281","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001281","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"101-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142459588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrasound-Guided Intraosseous Injection of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate for a Basketball Player With Bilateral Tibial Nonunion Fractures.","authors":"Farah S Hussain, Oluseun A Olufade","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001328","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>We present a case of a professional basketball player who suffered from nonunion bilateral chronic tibial fractures, successfully treated with ultrasound-guided intraosseous injection with bone marrow aspirate concentrate. The patient was able to return to play full time after recovery from the procedure.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"246-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142906795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Midterm Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Respiratory Function in Judokas With and Without Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction: A Retrospective Study.","authors":"Özgür Bostancı, Emre Karaduman, Ali Kerim Yılmaz, Menderes Kabadayı, Sait Bilgiç","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001312","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The clinical consequences of coronavirus infection in elite judokas with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are unclear. We aimed to determine potential respiratory function abnormalities and recovery in athletes with and without EIB after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Türkiye Olympic Preparation Centre.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>This retrospective study analyzed data collected from 25 consecutive elite judokas diagnosed with and without EIB and SARS-CoV-2 infection, routinely followed at an Olympic Sports Center between September 2020 and 2021.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function data were collected before and up to 90 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Measurements included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV 1 /FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Infected athletes with EIB had more markedly reduced respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function than those without EIB. Maximal inspiratory pressure was decreased by 14% and MEP by 8% from baseline in infected athletes with EIB during follow-up. Likewise, FEV 1 and FVC decreased by 4%. Maximal inspiratory pressure, MEP, FEV 1 , and FVC remained abnormal after 90 days of SARS-CoV-2 infection in EIB athletes but normalized rapidly in non-EIB athletes. Peak expiratory flow seemed unaffected during follow-up. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction severity was moderately correlated with the maximum fall in MEP during follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection notably decreases respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary function in judokas, especially those with pre-existing EIB, thereby prolonging spontaneous recovery time.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"162-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142765893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olena Mahneva, Tamara R Fakhoury, Sukhwinder Singh Hanspal, Juan O Gonzalez Velazquez, Nikhil Patel, Milena J Henzlova
{"title":"Systematic Review of COVID-19 and COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Myocarditis in Athletes: Incidence, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Return-to-Play Principles.","authors":"Olena Mahneva, Tamara R Fakhoury, Sukhwinder Singh Hanspal, Juan O Gonzalez Velazquez, Nikhil Patel, Milena J Henzlova","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001320","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the original peer-reviewed studies on athletes who developed myocarditis after coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection or after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Both entities likely have an immunologic component. We discuss elite, professional, college, and adolescent athletes. The athletes are generally young and healthy, representing a distinctive population group that differs from the general population. This review includes diagnosis of myocarditis, incidence, complications, prognosis, and return-to-play guidance for sports medicine clinicians and coaches.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>We surveyed the PUBMED, Embase, and Web of Science databases for the relevant peer-reviewed articles in the English language published from the onset of the pandemic until April 2023. Included were original observational studies and case series. Excluded were individual case reports and a small series with incomplete data. The resulting search yielded 30 original articles.</p><p><strong>Main results: </strong>Reported myocardial abnormalities in athletes were rare after COVID-19 infection and even less frequent after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. True incidence, however, may be higher because of under-reporting and frequent asymptomatic presentation. Male gender was prevalent for both manifestations; postvaccination myocarditis occurrence was the highest after the second vaccine dose. Diagnostic and return-to-play algorithms were developed and should be adopted and followed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The risk of myocarditis from COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is very low. The long-term prognosis and evolution of the observed cardiac magnetic resonance abnormalities are currently unknown. Although inferences can be made from the published data, COVID-19 and postvaccine myocarditis in athletes may represent only a small fraction of the true incidence of those who have been affected worldwide and not evaluated.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"191-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142945784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Questionnaire-Based Analysis of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychological Health of Key Stakeholders Within an Elite Sports Organization.","authors":"Richard Collinge, Matt Springham","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001317","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001317","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of key stakeholders within an elite UK sports organization.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) was sent electronically to 500 employees, and 8 face-to-face interviews were conducted at an elite-level professional football club.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>English Premier League (EPL) Football Club.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Office/stadium staff, coaching/backroom staff, players from the male U23, women's and men's senior teams.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Stakeholder groups that were invited to participate in the study: office/stadium staff, coaching/backroom staff, players from the U23, women's and men's senior teams, and variables of age and gender.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>WEMWBS scores across the office/stadium staff, coaching/backroom staff, and player cohort.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 122 responses (24% response rate) and 8 face-face interviews, the average WEMWBS score was 51.2 (SD ±8.4) and 14% of the cohort presented with scores suggestive of a higher risk of depression. The main findings were moderate effect size differences in WEMWBS scores with the players scoring higher than both the office/stadium staff ( P = 0.01) and the coaching/backroom staff ( P = 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Office/stadium staff experienced greater compromising mental health effects from the COVID-19 pandemic, as compared with the coaching/backroom staff and players, respectively, suggesting that elite sports organizations should also consider providing mental health education and signposting strategies for this area of the workforce.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"177-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}