Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Incidence of Concussion in a Cadet and Junior National Wrestling Tournament from 2013 to 2025.","authors":"Abigail C Bretzin, Mark R McLaughlin, Mike Moyer, Larry Cooper, Dave Joyner, Douglas J Wiebe, Christy L Collins, Jim Porter, Tracey Covassin","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Examining sport-related concussion (SRC) epidemiology in large national tournament settings can provide insights beyond traditional high school and collegiate settings, informing prevention and management strategies. To determine the epidemiology of SRC within a single large Cadet and Junior National Tournament spanning 2013 to 2025, excluding years affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Secondary analysis of existing medical records.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Large annual wrestling tournament.</p><p><strong>Patients or participants: </strong>Athletes ages 13 to 18 competing in boys' freestyle and Greco-Roman, and girls' freestyle divisions, representing 49 states and Puerto Rico.</p><p><strong>Interventions or assessment of risk factors or independent variables: </strong>Annual clinical incidence.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Medical professionals recorded total number of participating athletes, SRCs, matches. SRC clinical incidence was computed per 100 athletes and per 100 matches. Each incidence interval includes the effect estimate and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 58 535 participating wrestlers and 495 diagnosed SRCs yielded an overall clinical incidence of 0.85 per 100 athletes (95% CI: 0.77-0.92), and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.38-0.46) per 100 matches. A total of 80 (16.2%) SRCs were reported among girls. Clinical incidence was lowest in 2025 (0.50, 95% CI: 0.36-0.67) and highest in 2015 (1.31, 95% CI: 1.00-1.68).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study represents a comprehensive evaluation of SRCs among boys and girls participating in one of the largest Cadet and Junior National Wrestling Tournament in the United States, with results demonstrate an overall low and declining clinical incidence of SRC. Continued longitudinal surveillance and evidence-based prevention strategies are warranted to sustain and further this positive trend in youth wrestling, as well as examining female SRC incidence in wrestlers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148910815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor: Critical methodological flaws in \"Porter and Shadbolt. Cross Bracing Protocol for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Rupture Has Unacceptably High Failure Rate Relative to Surgical Stabilization\".","authors":"Stephanie R Filbay, Keiley Mead, Tom Cross","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001502","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001502","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolated Avulsion of the Distal Head of the Adductor Magnus: A Case Report.","authors":"Nikhil Patel, Griffin Harris, Emily Johnson, Evan Griffin, Daniel Quintero, Tanner Harrah, Lee Kaplan, Jean Jose","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>In the present case, we describe the first reported instance of a noncontact distal adductor magnus avulsion injury in a collegiate Division I football player. A 22-year-old male player initially presented with an acute posterolateral corner injury with partial thickness tears of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), biceps femoris tendon (BFT), and popliteus tendon (PT). Appropriate management was completed. Two months later, without contact or a specific inciting event during gameplay, his condition worsened to an acute full-thickness tear of the ischiocondylar (hamstring) portion of the adductor magnus tendon, avulsed from its insertion at the adductor tubercle on the medial femoral condyle, with surrounding hemorrhage. We discuss the likely mechanism of injury, imaging findings, and management practices for avulsion injuries. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of full recovery before returning to play to avoid reinjury. To the authors' knowledge, the pathology described in this study has not been reported previously.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the Acute Effects of Concussion on the Sway Medical System Sports+ Test Battery.","authors":"Grant L Iverson, Philip Schatz","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To document the acute effects of sports-related concussion in student athletes on tests of balance and cognitive functioning, as measured by the Sway Medical System Sports+ test battery, compared with their baseline preinjury test scores.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective observational study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>High schools, colleges, and community healthcare settings.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>A sample of 665 young adult student-athletes, between the ages of 18 and 24 years, who completed preseason baseline assessments using the Sway Medical System Sports+ test battery, who had been documented as having sustained a \"clinically diagnosed concussion,\" and were assessed within 3 days of sustaining a concussion.</p><p><strong>Independent variable: </strong>Concussion sustained within one year of baseline preseason testing.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Tests of Balance, Reaction Time, Impulse Control, Inspection Time, and Memory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed significantly worse scores following a concussion compared with baseline, with all P-values <0.001. Effect sizes were medium for the Balance and Reaction Time modules, small for the Impulse Control and Inspection Time modules, and very small for the Memory module. The cognitive test most sensitive to the acute effects of concussion was Reaction Time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Future research will refine the clinical methodology for using the Sway tests, particularly how best to use base rates of low normative test scores in combination with personal preseason and postinjury test score comparisons.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health-Related Quality of Life 5 to 15 Years Following Adolescent Sport-Related Injury: The SHRed Consequences of Injury Study.","authors":"Chelsea L Martin, Jean-Michel Galarneau, Keith O Yeates, Araba Chintoh, Scott Ramsay, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study examined the association between adolescent (aged 11-18 years) sport-related concussion (SRC) or musculoskeletal (MSK) injury and long-term (ie, 5-15 years postinjury) health-related quality of life (HRQoL).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>This was a substudy of a historical cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>This study was conducted in a university setting.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Individuals who participated in adolescent sport 5 to 15 years before assessment were included in this study.</p><p><strong>Assessment of risk factors variables: </strong>Reports of SRC, MSK injury, or no injury during adolescent sport participation.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Multivariable regression models assessed associations between an adolescent SRC or MSK injury and long-term HRQoL (EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale [VAS] and Index Score) standardized to Canadian population preferences. Models were adjusted for sex, time since injury, athlete identity, and 4 physical activity exposures modeled separately to reduce collinearity. Effect measure modification was evaluated for all two-way interactions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 325 individuals participated (aged 16-33 years). EQ-5D-5L median [interquartile range] scores were high across groups [Index Score, no injury: 0.91 (0.88, 0.95), MSK injury: 0.91 (0.87, 0.95), SRC: 0.91 (0.87, 0.95); VAS score, no injury: 85 (78, 90), MSK injury: 85 (78, 90), SRC: 85 (75, 90)]. The SRC group demonstrated lower EQ-5D-5L index scores across all models (β-range: -1.93 to -1.97, 95% confidence interval range: -3.61-0.34) compared with the uninjured group. No VAS score differences were observed between groups; however, the age-by-group interaction was significant, indicating lower VAS scores among older participants who sustained a SRC.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sport-related concussion may influence HRQoL years after injury, and targeted interventions focusing on the specific domains of HRQoL that are impacted may be indicated.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148891149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Lifetime and One-Year Prevalence of Concussion in Male and Female High School Students in Alberta.","authors":"Amanda M Black, Jocelyn H McCallum, Paul H Eliason, Brent E Hagel, Carolyn A Emery","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the lifetime and one-year prevalence of concussion, including suspected and medically diagnosed, among high school students (ages 14-19 years) in Alberta, Canada.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional survey.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>High schools across Alberta, Canada.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Grade 10 to 12 students from 24 schools.</p><p><strong>Independent variables: </strong>Students completed an anonymous and validated online survey during class (October 2018-March 2019), including their sex and participation in sport and recreational activity.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Prevalence estimates for lifetime and one-year concussion, including suspected and medically diagnosed, were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for cluster by school.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 1972 students (97.14%) were included. At least 1 suspected lifetime concussion was reported by 292 of 923 males (31.64%; 95% CI: 24.45-39.83) and 262 of 1027 female students (25.51%; 95% CI: 20.92-30.72), and at least 1 suspected concussion in the past year by 138 of 923 males (14.95%; 95% CI: 10.92-20.92) and 118 of 1027 female students (11.49%; 95% CI: 9.07-14.46). For male students, ice hockey (16.67%; 95% CI: 12.28-22.07), lacrosse (13.79%; 95% CI: 5.27-31.52), and rugby (13.11%; 95% CI: 6.02-26.24) had the highest period prevalence of sport-related concussion in the previous year. For female students, ringette (19.05%; 95% CI: 9.92-33.46), rugby (15.52%; 95% CI: 8.04-27.84), and wrestling (12.00%; 95% CI: 3.68-32.77) had the highest prevalence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>One in 3 male and 1 in 4 female high school students from Alberta reported at least 1 suspected concussion in their lifetime. One in 7 male and 1 in 9 female students reported at least 1 suspected concussion in the past year. Concussion prevention strategies are a key priority.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148879455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Health Effects as a Consequence of Early Sports Specialization in College Athletes: A Multicenter Study.","authors":"Jared J Lutsic, Seth E Lutsic, David S Ibrahim, Jason D Robinson, Kevin M Tong, Toufic R Jildeh, Mathew R Saffarian, Nathan J Fitton","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001443","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines the impact of early sport specialization on mental health in NCAA athletes. Specialized athletes report higher stress, weight changes, fatigue, decreased sport enjoyment, and greater burnout. Few studies have explored this link, and none have focused on NCAA athletes who specialized before college. This is the first multicenter study to assess these mental health domains related to specialization.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Retrospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Sport, Action, Finding, Evaluation Consortium.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>In total, 257 collegiate athletes from the NCAA's 3 levels of competition: Divisions I, II, and III.</p><p><strong>Intervention: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Athletes completed a questionnaire about their demographics, specialization status, burnout-related perceptions, academic outcomes, weight loss, and sleep. Results were analyzed based on specialization status, which was classified using a published 3-point scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Highly specialized athletes reported less enjoyment ( P = 0.033), reduced athletic accomplishment ( P = 0.01), poorer academic performance ( P = 0.043), more weight loss ( P = 0.043), and worse sleep ( P < 0.001) than low-specialized athletes. Moderately specialized athletes had a reduced sense of athletic accomplishment ( P = 0.002) and more daytime sleepiness ( P = 0.002) than low-specialized athletes. Female athletes reported more unintentional weight loss ( P < 0.01) and less sport enjoyment ( P = 0.036) than male athletes. Pressure to specialize before college was linked to worse outcomes in all domains except weight loss ( P = 0.871).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher specialization correlates with negative mental health outcomes, including reduced sport enjoyment and accomplishment, sleep, and more weight loss. Pressure to focus on 1 sport before college is a stronger predictor of adverse outcomes than specialization itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148629788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Upper Extremity Strength Exercises in Subacromial Impingement Syndrome: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Meltem Koç, Ayşen Canan Pakeloğlu, Samin Salehpour Marandi, Kılıçhan Bayar","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000001461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the effects of upper extremity strengthening exercises in individuals with subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review. Inclusion criteria were (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies published in English; (2) participants aged 18 years or older diagnosed with subacromial or shoulder impingement syndrome; (3) studies comparing strengthening exercise interventions with other exercise programs, treatment protocols, or standard care. Exclusion criteria included case reports, case series, narrative reviews, editorials, and analytical studies.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>N/A.</p><p><strong>Patients: </strong>Individuals diagnosed with SAIS.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Upper extremity strengthening exercises.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>The effects of strengthening exercises on pain, muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), quality of life, and function in individuals with SAIS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A systematic review of 3 electronic databases up to May 2024 identified RCTs investigating strengthening exercises in the management of SAIS. Thirteen studies (n = 914) meeting the prespecified criteria were selected using relevant keywords. These trials assessed pain, muscle strength, quality of life, ROM, and functionality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This review demonstrates that upper extremity strengthening exercises may reduce shoulder pain, improve ROM, and enhance muscle strength in individuals with SAIS. However, the evidence regarding their effects on functionality and quality of life remains limited, highlighting the need for further high-quality RCTs. Nevertheless, incorporating strengthening exercises into rehabilitation programs is recommended as a potentially effective approach in the management of SAIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of Age, Sex, and Heart Rate on Corrected QT Interval Values Calculated by Using Bazett and Fridericia Formulas in Children and Young Adolescent Athletes.","authors":"Uxua Idiazabal-Ayesa, Fernando de la Guía-Galipienso, María Sanz-de la Garza, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Patricia Martínez-Olorón, Diego Reyero-Díez, Fabian Sanchis-Gomar","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001374","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze QT characteristics in children and adolescent athletes (11-16 years) using the Bazett and Fridericia formulas and compare the results by age, sex, and heart rate (HR).</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Sports federations in the Spanish autonomous community of La Rioja.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>3672 federated athletes aged 11 to 16 years.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>None.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>We analyzed the 12-lead resting ECGs performed as part of the baseline screening program of sports federations. Mean corrected QT (QTc) values and percentiles were calculated using the Bazett (QTcB = QT/RR 1/2 ) and Fridericia formulas (QTcF = QT/RR 1/3 ). These values were compared according to age, sex, and HR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most athletes (99%) showed a normal QTc. Only four adolescent boys had values above 460 ms (with Bazett >455 ms) using the Fridericia formula. One athlete had a significantly prolonged QTc with both formulas. Using the Bazett formula, significant differences in QTc were observed by sex (longer in adolescent girls), age (longer in 11-12 year olds), and HR (increases with higher HR). Still, with the Fridericia formula, no significant differences were observed in this age group, but differences were observed by sex. For HR, substantial differences were observed when comparing the 60 to 90 bpm range with the low and high intervals, with no differences found between bradycardia and tachycardia subgroups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study shows that using the Bazett and Fridericia formula to measure QTc is recommended for cardiovascular screening in young athletic populations. The values obtained can serve as a reference for the early detection of long QT syndrome in ECGs performed in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"590-594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcome and Effect of Cognitive Reserve in Retired Athletes.","authors":"Bonnie-Kate Dewar, James Murray, Hugo Pedder, Michael Turner","doi":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001381","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JSM.0000000000001381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine the long-term neuropsychological outcome in retired, predominantly equestrian, athletes with a history of concussion and determine whether there is a protective role of cognitive reserve in the expression of cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The neuropsychological functioning of retired athletes with a history of concussion was compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Private research clinic as part of the ICHIRF study.</p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>Male and female retired athletes and controls.</p><p><strong>Interventions: </strong>Participants were administered a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measure: </strong>A principal components analysis regression was conducted, adjusted for participant characteristics. Premorbid function was used as an index of cognitive reserve.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three components were identified that explained >95% of the variance in 14 neuropsychology tests; the first component (PC1) explained 87% of the variance. A regression model on PC1 identified an association between concussion and PC1, with lower scores in concussed participants with lower premorbid function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A history of concussion is associated with lower neuropsychological performance, and this is more pronounced in individuals with lower premorbid functioning, an indicator of cognitive reserve.</p>","PeriodicalId":10355,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"541-546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}