Education Materialised最新文献

{"title":"From Marginal Glosses to Translations: Levels of Glossing in an Early Medieval Manuscript (Munich, BSB, Clm 19410)","authors":"Till Hennings","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-013","url":null,"abstract":"Clm 19410 contains a variety of texts, most of them of rather drab and unassuming nature like questionnaires, moral sayings or writing templates. Taken together, they constitute a utilitarian manuscript to be used in education and for self-study in more advanced topics or even practice in them. Hidden among the different texts lay a multitude of glossaries of varying educational levels, from explanations of basic monastic texts to esoteric farm vocabulary, as well as a glossed version of an Anglo-Saxon poem. The glossaries and the poem are analysed in regard to their setting in the manuscript as well as to their internal characteristics. This analysis reinforces the impression of the manuscript as a dual use tool for education as well as advanced activities of the learned clergy of the time.","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122695552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variations on Some Common Topics in Medieval Latin Letters: The Case of the Salzburg Formulae Collection (Late Ninth Century)","authors":"Philippe Depreux","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-021","url":null,"abstract":"The Latin manuscript 4650 of the Bavarian State Library is a collection of templates for charters and letters (so-called formulae) most probably written in Salzburg in the late ninth or early tenth century. Some of these formulae have only been transmitted in that manuscript, but most have been transmitted elsewhere as collections and were probably composed a few generations earlier. It is therefore obvious that this manuscript is a patchwork (or the copy of such a heterogeneous collection), but the heterogeneity of the sources is not apparent at first sight. Only a close analysis of the sequence of the formulae, the use of red ink, and small textual changes permits an appreciation of the technique of medieval scribes when adapting previous models for the creation of new collections more suitable to their own needs. This article deals with the ways in which medieval scribes used letters or models for letters to create new templates for their own use. During the early Middle Ages (c. 500–1050), models of this kind were often copied as collections containing templates for charters as well as models for writing letters, both of which were called formulae. This study is devoted to a collection made in Carolingian times and preserved in the manuscript Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4650 (or Clm 4650 for short). This rather small codex (135 × 107 mm) was written around the end of the ninth or the beginning of the tenth century. The quality of || 1 On collections of formulae, see Brown 2009; Rio 2009. On medieval letters, see Constable 1976; Perelman 1991; Ysebaert 2015. On formularies as a mixture of letters and charters, see Depreux (forthcoming). 2 A description can be found in Glauche 1994, 283–284; Rio 2009, 247–248. For more information on the codex, see the book on East Frankish manuscripts containing collections of formulae to be published by Till Hennings and myself. 418 | Philippe Depreux the parchment is average: the volume is not a deluxe edition, but a booklet intended for everyday use. Most of the codices containing formulae are miscellaneous manuscripts. Only a few of them just contain templates for charters and letters. Clm 4650 is one of these; a medieval scribe who lived later, probably in the eleventh century, wrote at the top of the first folio that the codex was a ‘handbook for various matters’ (fol. 1: liber breviarius uniuscuiusque rei), and a late medieval scribe wrote on the verso of the cover sheet that it was a ‘formulary for letters’ (formularius epistolarum) – in noting this, he was only focusing on one specific kind of text copied in the codex, though. Because of a mistake made by a bookbinder, the manuscript is not preserved in its original form, but the right order can easily be restored. The end of the codex has been lost, however. During the Middle Ages, this manuscript was kept at Benediktbeuern Abbey from at least the eleventh century onwards, but it was probably written in or near Salzburg. The close connec","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"212 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115563272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ink Making by the Book: Learning a Craft in the Arabic World","authors":"C. Colini","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-007","url":null,"abstract":": The arts of the book have a great relevance in Islamic culture, not only from a religious perspective, but in literature as well. The proliferation of treatises about bookmaking and calligraphy demonstrates the great interest in the topic. But if we take into consideration the artisanal world revolving around these manuscripts, is there any obvious correspondence between the literary texts and the crafts employed to produce them? What were the treatises used for? Were they studied by apprentices to learn a particular craft or were they ultimately meant to decorate a shelf in an erudite library? This paper focuses specifically on treatises and collections of recipes about the making of inks. The introductions of the treatises in my corpus were studied in order to understand the intentions of the authors and their aims, and the recipes were reproduced to grasp their feasibility. Finally, the manuscripts were examined in terms of their codicological and material aspects to learn about their production and use.","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121206344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Producing, Distributing and Using Manuscripts for Teaching Purposes at French, English and German Universities in the Late Middle Ages","authors":"Michael Baldzuhn","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-006","url":null,"abstract":"The essay aims to provide a short survey of the production and distribution of manuscripts for academic purposes at European universities in the late Middle Ages. It discusses access to and use of manuscripts, including hybrid situations in which students used private copies, consulted books in a library, or borrowed manuscripts for study. The essay then moves on to illustrate key teaching methods, above all dictation, and raises the question of what parameters we should take into account when reconstructing contexts of learning and teaching from manuscripts, especially when it comes to issues of layout and glossing. The formation of universities in Europe in the High Middle Ages was a successful model for the organisation of advanced studies. One of the most demanding tasks of the new universities was to support their teaching staff and students by providing them with texts for learning purposes: manuscripts and, since the second half of the fifteenth century, printed books. Access to written texts has been essential throughout the medieval period, because ‘education’ – even at university level – meant ‘exercising tradition’. And this tradition was essentially laid down in authoritative texts, which had to be read, commented on and discussed in detail in the trivium, in the quadrivium of the artes liberales and in medicine, law and theology. In historical portrayals of universities, the aspects of producing, distributing and using manuscripts are generally addressed very briefly, if at all. Plenty of relevant information has been published in essays, however. Nonetheless, a differentiated overview is still missing, which is not surprising, as many questions still have not been resolved by researchers yet. This essay attempts to || 1 Grubmüller 1989, 47: ‘Unterricht ist im Mittelalter Einübung in Tradition’. 2 Miethke 1990, 18: ‘Grundlage des Unterrichts der scholastischen Universität sind [...] autoritative, schriftlich niedergelegte Texte oder Textcorpora [...]’. 72 | Michael Baldzuhn draw some baselines against this backdrop. It does not offer any new insights as such, but aims to provide a short survey on the production, distribution and use of manuscripts for academic purposes in the heart of Europe. 1 The use and availability of manuscripts at","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130525883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation of Buyruk Manuscripts to Impart Alevi Teachings: Mehmet Yaman Dede and the Arapgir-Çimen Buyruğu","authors":"J. Karolewski","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-023","url":null,"abstract":"Today, many Alevis believe that the central teachings of their religious tradition are represented in a book called Buyruk, or Command. In the last decades, some twenty books have been published to make the relevant texts, originally written in the Perso-Arabic alphabet of Ottoman Turkish, available for readers familiar only with the Latin-based alphabet of modern Turkish. However, too little is known about the manuscripts that served as exemplars for these printed works. The Arapgir-Çimen Buyruğu is such a manuscript, however, through its last owner Mehmet Yaman Dede, a religious specialist of the tradition, it can now be understood how variously he adapted its contents for presentation in a published version for community members eager to become acquainted with these writings. It is suggested here that his work on both text and manuscript reflects earlier practices, partly rearranged, however, and that his endeavours must be reflected in light of his life story, and his educational history in particular. Buyruk is a living document. There is no single definitive version agreed upon by all Alevis. Numerous versions of the text exist in manuscript form. It is readily available in a variety of inexpensive published versions. Although these versions differ both in length and content, they generally contain a similar collection of narratives, descriptions of ritual, poetry, and explanations of theology. This definition of Buyruk, as presented by Vernon Schubel, alludes to major questions that are to be raised in the following. In the absence of a definitive version of Buyruk, can we assume that some scribes, compilers and others involved in the production of such manuscripts were free to make changes in order to adapt the texts to certain needs? Moreover, are there adaptations that can be linked to requirements in teaching and learning? And last but not least, how do recent print versions relate to the previously handwritten collections of texts? || 1 Schubel 2010, 331. 466 | Janina Karolewski Given the different text versions in Buyruk manuscripts, it is apparent that they have been subject to adaptation from the outset. Indeed, it is probably fair to admit there has been a generally unstable transmission of Buyruk texts. But some manuscripts known to us thus far, display massive textual parallels. When cursorily comparing the latter, we observe a number of recurring modifications – among them abbreviated or expanded text versions, but also differences in spelling or word choice. An ideal case, however, enabling an understanding of which scribe departed from his exemplar when copying and which copyist tried to faithfully reproduce the texts before him, is a rarity. For this reason, we have decided to focus here on an individual case in which we can compare the manuscript exemplar with the resultant adaptations, albeit in print. Following an overview on Buyruk manuscripts and printed versions, we will introduce the Alevi religious specialist Mehmet ","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129558625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scholarship between the Lines: Interlinear Glossing in Siamese Literary Manuscripts","authors":"Peera Panarut","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-012","url":null,"abstract":": This article explores the tradition of writing interlinear glosses in Siamese literary manuscripts dated to the late eighteenth and the nineteenth cen- tury. The glosses annotate archaic and obscure words found in texts transmitted from the kingdom of Ayutthaya and in texts adapted from foreign poetry, such as pieces of writing in Khmer and the Lan Na Tai language, reflecting an attempt by traditional scholars of the Bangkok period to comprehend these archaic and for- eign literary texts. The glosses from each literary manuscript appear to have been added separately and are not identical. The only text which reflects the glossing tradition is Yuan Phai , an archaic royal eulogy from fifteenth-century Ayutthaya in which identical glosses can be found in multiple manuscripts. Furthermore, the glosses in Yuan Phai were also adopted and enhanced, eventually constitut- ing a separate commentary of the text in the late nineteenth century. Although the number of glossed manuscripts that have survived is limited, the interlinear glosses in them reveal how literary texts were interpreted by traditional scholars and readers and should therefore be regarded as significant evidence of the study of Siamese literature and Siamese manuscript culture.","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121960419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: On the Interplay between Syllabi, Texts and Manuscripts","authors":"Giovanni Ciotti","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123184530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ‘Vanaratna Codex’: A Rare Document of Buddhist Text Transmission (London, Royal Asiatic Society, Hodgson MS 35)","authors":"Martin Delhey","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-019","url":null,"abstract":"The present article deals with a palm-leaf manuscript that contains multiple texts in Sanskrit language (and one text in Apabhraṃśa) and is written in Old Bengali script. It is an autograph of – or at least closely associated with – the Indian Buddhist Tantric master Vanaratna (1384–1468 CE). The manuscript contains not only texts copied from other manuscripts but also Vanaratna’s Sanskrit translations of seemingly orally transmitted texts in Tibetan language, which the Indian master must have received during one of his travels to Tibet. Because hardly any cases are known of translation of Tibetan texts into Sanskrit, the present manuscript is a document of unique historical value. The article gives an overview of the contents of the manuscript, tries to identify the Tibetan master of Vanaratna and provides an introductory discussion of the processes and purposes of adaptation at work here. The multiple-text manuscript dealt with in the present contribution is closely associated with Vanaratna (1384–1468 CE) and his activities. He was a scholar and Buddhist master who belonged to the esoteric-ritualistic, or Tantric, strand of this religion. Vanaratna hailed from the Chittagong district in Eastern India (presentday Bangladesh). After extensive journeys and sojourns in Sri Lanka and various parts of India, including parts of the old heartland of Buddhism in present-day Bihar, he settled down in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, where he spent roughly the last four decades of his life. Additionally, he undertook three travels to Tibet during this second half of his life. Vanaratna was not only a key figure in the last chapter of the history of Indian Buddhism, but also attracted followers and acquired great fame in both Nepal and Tibet. In Tibet, he was often designated as the ‘last pandit’ of Indian Buddhism. Relatively much information on his life, travels and activities can be gathered from various sources, among which three || 1 Pal 1989, 189; Parajuli 2014, 289 (with some further references).","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123850056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘I Heard it from my Teacher’: Reflections on the Transmission of Knowledge in Islamic Manuscripts from Senegambia and Mali","authors":"Darya Ogorodnikova","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-008","url":null,"abstract":": This article is concerned with Islamic manuscripts from the wider Senegambia region in which the main text is in Arabic and the annotations are in Arabic and in one or more local languages. By examining these annotations closely, it becomes evident that local scholars developed an elaborate system of explaining and commenting on the texts. This included making references to the sources from which the information was obtained, such as the names of local scholars. Analysis of these annotations containing references allows researchers to explore the actors and sources involved in the educational pro- cess and the ways in which knowledge was transmitted.","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"605 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123945572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adapting the Concept of Proportio to Rhythm in the Ars subtilior: Ugolino da Orvieto’s Compositions and his Statements on Proportion Signs in Codex Casanatense 2151","authors":"Elizabeth Hufnagel","doi":"10.1515/9783110741124-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110741124-022","url":null,"abstract":"Music manuscripts as well as music treatises from the early fifteenth century bear witness to major adaptations in music notation. The compositions of the so-called Ars subtilior feature notational innovations (e.g. new note shapes, notes in differently coloured ink, and proportion signs) which enable the depiction of complex rhythms. Simultaneously, discussions of notational innovations appear in music treatises, which were used in contexts of teaching and learning. This paper aims to investigate to what extent the adaptations in music treatises and compositions are interrelated, focusing on the manuscript Rome, Biblioteca Casanatense, 2151, which transmits three songs as well as the music treatise Declaratio musicae disciplinae. Both songs and treatise are attributed to the Italian music theorist and composer Ugolino da Orvieto (c. 1380–1452). A comparison of proportion signs contained in Ugolino’s songs and his statements on music notation will allow us to explore the question whether teachings on music reflect actual notational practice and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":103492,"journal":{"name":"Education Materialised","volume":"6 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120987305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}