Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology最新文献

{"title":"A Novel Multidisciplinary Team Activation for Patients with Severe Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Creation of the Code GI Bleed Protocol.","authors":"Christopher W Baugh,&nbsp;Aaron D Sodickson,&nbsp;Sean M Kivlehan,&nbsp;Paul C Chen,&nbsp;Molly L Perencevich,&nbsp;Arun B Jesudian","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S404247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S404247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding present to the emergency department (ED) with a wide spectrum of illness severity. Among the most critically ill patients, comorbidities and other risk factors, such as liver disease and anticoagulation, can complicate their management. These patients are resource-intensive to stabilize and resuscitate, often requiring the continuous attention of multiple ED staff members along with rapid mobilization of specialty care. At a tertiary care hospital with the ability to provide definitive care for the most critically ill patients with GI bleeding, we introduced a multi-disciplinary team activation pathway to bring together specialists to immediately respond to the ED. We designed a Code GI Bleed pathway to expedite hemodynamic stabilization, diagnostics, source control, and timely disposition out of the ED to the intensive care unit or relevant procedural area of the hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":"16 ","pages":"55-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/73/21/ceg-16-55.PMC10149094.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9410529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship of Serum Bile Acids with Fat Deposition in the Pancreas, Liver, and Skeletal Muscle.","authors":"Zena Al-Ani,&nbsp;Juyeon Ko,&nbsp;Maxim S Petrov","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S422995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S422995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Ectopic fat deposition is well appreciated as a key contributor to digestive and liver diseases. Bile acids have emerged as pleiotropic signalling molecules involved in numerous metabolic pathways. The aim was to study the associations of bile acids with ectopic fat deposition and lipid panel.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner was employed to measure fat deposition in the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle in 76 adults. Blood samples were drawn to determine total bile acids and lipid panel. Linear regression analyses were run, taking into account age, sex, body mass index, and other covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The studied ectopic fat depots were not significantly associated with levels of total bile acids in serum. Total bile acids were significantly associated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - consistently in both the unadjusted (p = 0.018) and all adjusted models (p = 0.012 in the most adjusted model). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were not significantly associated with total bile acids in both the unadjusted and all adjusted models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fat deposition in the pancreas, liver, and skeletal muscle is not associated with circulating levels of total bile acids. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is the only component of lipid panel that is associated with total bile acids.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":"16 ","pages":"137-146"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/cc/d9/ceg-16-137.PMC10440115.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10053220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastroparesis: Myths, Misconceptions, and Management.","authors":"David J Cangemi,&nbsp;Brian E Lacy","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S362879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S362879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastroparesis (GP), a historically vexing disorder characterized by symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, early satiety, and/or bloating, in the setting of an objective delay in gastric emptying, is often difficult to treat and carries a tremendous burden on the quality of patients' lives, as well as the healthcare system in general. Though the etiology of GP has been fairly well defined, much work has been done recently to better understand the pathophysiology of GP, as well as to identify novel effective and safe treatment options. As our understanding of GP has evolved, many myths and misconceptions still abound in this rapidly changing field. The goal of this review is to identify myths and misconceptions regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of GP, in the context of the latest research findings which have shaped our current understanding of GP. Recognition and dispelling of such myths and misconceptions is critical to moving the field forward and ultimately advancing the clinical management of what will hopefully become a better understood and more manageable disorder in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":"16 ","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/82/1f/ceg-16-65.PMC10257400.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9618497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Locatable Internal Opening in Anal Fistula Associated with Acute Abscess and Its Definitive Management by Garg Protocol.","authors":"Vipul D Yagnik,&nbsp;Baljit Kaur,&nbsp;Sushil Dawka,&nbsp;Aalam Sohal,&nbsp;Geetha R Menon,&nbsp;Pankaj Garg","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S374848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S374848","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Definitive management of acute fistula-abscess (anal fistulas associated with acute abscess) is gaining popularity against the two-staged approach (early abscess drainage with deferred fistula management). However, locating an internal opening (IO) in acute fistula-abscess can be difficult. A recent protocol (Garg protocol) has been shown to be effective in managing anal fistulas with non-locatable IO.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To test the efficacy of the Garg protocol in managing acute fistula-abscess with non-locatable IO.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients with acute fistula-abscess operated by a definitive procedure were included. A preoperative MRI was done in all patients. Patients in whom the IO was non-locatable after clinical, MRI, and intraoperative examination were managed by the three-step Garg protocol. Garg protocol: 1) Reassessment of MRI; 2) In non-horseshoe fistulas, the IO was assumed to be at the point where the fistula tract reached closest to the sphincter-complex; 3) In horseshoe fistulas, the IO was assumed to be located in the midline (anterior or posterior as per the horseshoe location). Low fistulas were treated by fistulotomy and high fistulas by a sphincter-sparing procedure. The long-term healing rate and change in continence (Vaizey scores) were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 201 patients with acute fistula-abscess were operated over six years, and 19 were lost to follow-up. A total of 182 patients (154-males) were followed up (median-37 months). The IO was locatable in 133/182 (73.1%) (control group) and was non-locatable in 49/182 (26.9%) (study group). The study group was managed as per the Garg protocol. The age, sex-ratio, and fistula parameters were comparable in both groups. The long-term healing rate was 112/133(84.2%) in the IO-locatable group and 43/49 (87.8%) in the IO-non-locatable group (p=0.64, not-significant). The objective continence scores did not change significantly after surgery in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute fistula-abscess with non-locatable IO can be managed successfully by the Garg protocol without any risk of incontinence.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"189-198"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/00/41/ceg-15-189.PMC9525211.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Evidence of Some Ethiopian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease Treatment.","authors":"Tesfaye Yimer Tadesse,&nbsp;Mulugeta Molla Zeleke,&nbsp;Samuel Berihun Dagnew","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S384395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S384395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A peptic ulcer is described as the rupture of the mucosal integrity of the stomach, the duodenum, and, in certain cases, the lower esophagus as a result of contact with chloridopeptic secretions. The two most common kinds of peptic ulcer disorders are referred to as \"gastric ulcer\" and \"duodenal ulcer.\" The name is derived from the location of the ulceration. Despite the promise of a wide range of antiulcer treatments, these therapies are associated with several adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity, arrhythmia, impotence, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, hematological abnormalities, and kidney disease, which are intolerable for many patients. Nowadays, there is a lot of emphasis on finding new and innovative agents. As a result, herbal medicines are commonly utilized in circumstances when drugs are used for long periods and are also cost-efficient, effective, and readily available. In this review paper, a total of 82 medicinal plants have been identified and reported for their use in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The majority of these medicinal plants are widely used throughout Ethiopia. However, only the safety and efficacy of <i>Plantago lanceolata, Osyris quadripartita, Rumex nepalensis, Cordia africana, Croton macrostachyus</i>, and <i>Urtica simensis</i> have been scientifically studied in animal models. Despite this, many medicinal plants' pharmacological effects and chemistry have not been well studied scientifically. As a result, further bioactive compound characterization, efficacy, mechanism of action evaluation, and toxicity evaluation of medicinal plants should be carried out. A study that can improve the documentation of indigenous knowledge and contribute to drug development and future self-reliance is also recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ce/c4/ceg-15-171.PMC9517940.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40391878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Perspectives on Indications for Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Older Patients.","authors":"Brandon M Shore,&nbsp;Bharati Kochar,&nbsp;Hans H Herfarth,&nbsp;Edward L Barnes","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S340338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S340338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The population of older patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is expected to continue to increase in the coming decades, which necessitates and improved understanding of the critical issues faced by patients in this population. Although restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA remains the surgical procedure of choice for the majority of patients with medically refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) and UC-related dysplasia, the evidence surrounding surgery for older patients UC remains sparse. In particular, comparisons of outcomes among older and younger patients undergoing IPAA and comparisons between older patients undergoing IPAA and those undergoing proctocolectomy with end ileostomy remain an understudied and important issue, as evidence in this area will be used to guide patient-centered surgical choices among older patients who require colectomy for UC. In this narrative review, we review the available literature regarding IPAA for older patients, as well as the pre-, peri-, and postoperative factors that may influence outcomes in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"163-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/db/6f/ceg-15-163.PMC9514131.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40384763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Risk of Esophageal Food Impaction in Eosinophilic Esophagitis Patients: The Role of Clinical and Socioeconomic Factors.","authors":"Tarik Alhmoud,&nbsp;Sami Ghazaleh,&nbsp;Marcel Ghanim,&nbsp;Roberta E Redfern","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S364994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S364994","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients present with dysphagia and often suffer from esophageal food impaction (EFI). EFI can lead to life-threatening perforation, and requires emergent endoscopic intervention. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for EFI in EoE patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective study performed at a tertiary health-care system. Medical records and endoscopy images of EoE cases were reviewed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes including EFIs were documented. We used Zip-code median household income as a surrogate for patients' socioeconomic status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 291 EoE cases were included, mean age was 42 years. Most patients (65%) had classic EoE endoscopic findings including linear furrows and/or concentric rings; however, a significant proportion (47%) had findings suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as the presence of erosive-esophagitis, a hiatal hernia or Schatzki's ring. Forty-eight patients (16%) developed one or more esophageal food impaction (EFI). The risk of EFI was less likely in the absence of furrows and/or rings; odds ratio (OR) = 0.28, 95% CI (0.11, 0.72) [P = 0.008]. Females had less EFI risk; OR = 0.42, 95% CI (0.19, 0.95) [P = 0.04]. The type of medical insurance and socioeconomic status was not associated with EFI risk.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EFI risk is higher in EoE patients with esophageal furrows and/or rings and in men. Aggressive treatment might be required in this population. GERD and EoE can coexist in many patients. Further studies are required to examine the role of the socioeconomic status in EoE complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"153-161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/2b/e9/ceg-15-153.PMC9484774.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33475061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis-Induced Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Rectal Perforation, and Pulmonary Embolism: A Long Diagnostic Pathway in a Case Report.","authors":"Behoavy Mahafaly Ralaizanaka,&nbsp;Chantelli Iamblaudiot Razafindrazoto,&nbsp;Eloïse Bolot,&nbsp;Georges Bors,&nbsp;Stéphanie Housson-Wetzel,&nbsp;Soloniaina Hélio Razafimahefa,&nbsp;Rado Manitrala Ramanampamonjy,&nbsp;Pierre Claude","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S373728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S373728","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Mucormycosis is a rare systemic fungal infection, mainly observed in immunocompromised patients. It is responsible for surface and deep tissue destruction leading to perforations and hemorrhage. Its pathogenesis represented by an angio-invasion is at the origin of a local infarction and a vascular thrombosis. We report a case of gastrointestinal (GI) mucormycosis-induced multiple gastric ulcers, GI bleeding and rectal perforation.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 75-year-old man, with type II diabetes mellitus, was admitted to the intensive care unit for an acute abdominal pain associated with massive hematochezia. Clinical examination was that of an acute peritonitis and a hemorrhagic shock state. Abdominal and pelvic CT scan with intravenous contrast concluded to a perforation of the anterior wall of the rectum. He underwent immediate laparotomy with temporary colostomy. Several upper GI endoscopies had shown multiple gastric ulcer lesions. Lower GI endoscopy showed a fistulous orifice of the rectum on its anterior surface. Histopathology of the gastric biopsy showed acute and subacute inflammatory changes with filamentous elements suggesting mucormycosis. Histopathology of the rectal biopsy showed a subacute non-specific inflammation. Culture of the secretions from the rectal fistula orifice showed the strain <i>Rhizopus</i> sp. Antifungal susceptibility testing reported sensitivity to liposomal amphotericin B. The diagnosis of GI mucormycosis-induced multiple gastric ulcers, rectal perforation and pulmonary embolism in the patient with type II diabetes mellitus was retained. The outcomes were favorable after 6 weeks of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B associated with temporary colostomy and appropriate diabetes management.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>GI mucormycosis remains a multidisciplinary diagnostic challenge, less frequent in clinical practice, with a long diagnostic pathway. This opportunistic systemic mycosis can lead to numerous GI complications including perforation, massive GI bleeding and even multiple extra-GI complications. GI mucormycosis has a good prognosis if it is treated early with medical and surgical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"145-151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/9f/ec/ceg-15-145.PMC9381012.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40721697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downregulated Mucosal Autophagy, Alpha Kinase-1 and IL-17 Signaling Pathways in Active and Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis.","authors":"Luiza Moraes Holst,&nbsp;Jonas Halfvarson,&nbsp;Marie Carlson,&nbsp;Charlotte Hedin,&nbsp;Robert Kruse,&nbsp;Carl Mårten Lindqvist,&nbsp;Daniel Bergemalm,&nbsp;Sven Almér,&nbsp;Francesca Bresso,&nbsp;Maria Ling Lundström,&nbsp;Dirk Repsilber,&nbsp;Mauro D'Amato,&nbsp;Åsa Keita,&nbsp;Henrik Hjortswang,&nbsp;Johan Söderholm,&nbsp;Johanna Sundin,&nbsp;Hans Törnblom,&nbsp;Magnus Simrén,&nbsp;Hans Strid,&nbsp;Maria K Magnusson,&nbsp;Lena Öhman","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S368040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S368040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Improved mucosal immune profiling in active and quiescent colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is needed to develop therapeutic options for treating and preventing flares. This study therefore aimed to provide a comprehensive mucosal characterization with emphasis on immunological host response of patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC active), UC during remission (UC remission) and active colonic Crohn's disease (CD active).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Colonic biopsies from 47 study subjects were collected for gene expression and pathway analyses using the NanoString host-response panel, including 776 genes and 56 immune-related pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The majority of mucosal gene expression and signaling pathway scores were increased in active IBD (n=27) compared to healthy subjects (n=10). However, both active IBD and UC remission (n=10) demonstrated decreased gene expression and signaling pathway scores related to autophagy, alpha kinase-1 and IL-17 signaling pathways compared to healthy subjects. Further, UC remission was characterized by decreased scores of several signaling pathways linked to homeostasis along with increased mononuclear cell migration pathway score as compared to healthy subjects. No major differences in the colonic mucosal gene expression between CD active (n=7) and UC (n=20) active were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that autophagy, alpha kinase-1 and IL-17 signaling pathways are persistently downregulated in UC irrespective of disease activity. Further, UC patients in remission present a unique mucosal environment, potentially preventing patients from reaching and sustaining true homeostasis. These findings may enable better comprehension of the remitting and relapsing pattern of colonic IBD and guide future treatment and prevention of flares.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"129-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9343467/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40582687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Bile.","authors":"Monjur Ahmed","doi":"10.2147/CEG.S360563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CEG.S360563","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bile is a unique body fluid synthesized in our liver. Enterohepatic circulation preserves bile in our body through its efficient synthesis, transport, absorption, and reuptake. Bile is the main excretory route for bile salts, bilirubin, and potentially harmful exogenous lipophilic substances. The primary way of eliminating cholesterol is bile. Although bile has many organic and inorganic contents, bile acid is the most physiologically active component. Bile acids have a multitude of critical physiologic functions in our body. These include emulsification of dietary fat, absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins, maintaining glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis, sustenance of intestinal epithelial integrity and epithelial cell proliferation, reducing inflammation in the intestine, and prevention of enteric infection due to its antimicrobial properties. But bile acids can be harmful in certain altered conditions like cholecystectomy, terminal ileal disease or resection, cholestasis, duodenogastric bile reflux, duodenogastroesophageal bile reflux, and bile acid diarrhea. Bile acids can have malignant potentials as well. There are also important diagnostic and therapeutic roles of bile acid and bile acid modulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10208,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology","volume":" ","pages":"105-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/54/ceg-15-105.PMC9309561.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40651122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}