Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology最新文献

{"title":"Response to the Letter to the Editor: “Multiple Sclerosis in Morocco: Impact on Patients' Quality of Life”","authors":"Rachid Lotfi, Hind Bel Amgharia, Sami Ennaciri, Mourad Chikhaoui, Ahmed Chetoui, Jaouad Elkhalladi, Fatiha Chigr","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to the Letter to the Editor: “Multiple Sclerosis in Morocco: Impact on Patients' Quality of Life”","authors":"Rachid Lotfi, Hind Bel Amgharia, Sami Ennaciri, Mourad Chikhaoui, Ahmed Chetoui, Jaouad Elkhalladi, Fatiha Chigr","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relapse and Neurological Prognosis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: A Retrospective Secondary Analysis of a Japanese Nationwide Epidemiologic Survey","authors":"Masashi Nakamura,&nbsp;Juichi Fujimori,&nbsp;Akiyuki Uzawa,&nbsp;Satoshi Kuwabara,&nbsp;Ichiro Nakashima","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) experience multiple relapses and poor prognoses; however, the factors associated with these outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to identify factors associated with relapse and neurological prognosis in patients with MOGAD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from a nationwide epidemiological survey of MOGAD conducted in Japan in 2021 to examine the associations of clinical characteristics with relapse and neurological prognosis. Prognosis was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), comparing patients with EDSS scores ≤ 2 (good prognosis) to those with EDSS scores ≥ 4.5 (poor prognosis). In the multivariate analyses, clinical characteristics, phenotypes, cerebrospinal fluid data, acute-phase treatments at disease onset, and maintenance treatments were analyzed. Outcomes were also compared between patients with oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB) positivity and negativity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 679 patients with relapse information, 371 (54.6%) experienced relapse, whereas 308 (45.4%) did not. In the multivariate analysis, OCB positivity was associated with relapse, whereas plasma exchange (PE) administration at disease onset was associated with a monophasic course. Of the 637 patients with EDSS scores, 541 (84.9%) had a good prognosis, whereas 46 (7.2%) had a poor prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, PE administration at disease onset was associated with poor prognosis. The number of patients experiencing relapse was higher among those with OCB positivity, although no differences were observed in the median interval from onset to the first relapse.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In MOGAD, OCB positivity may predict relapse, and adequate acute-phase treatment may reduce relapse risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relapse and Neurological Prognosis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease: A Retrospective Secondary Analysis of a Japanese Nationwide Epidemiologic Survey","authors":"Masashi Nakamura,&nbsp;Juichi Fujimori,&nbsp;Akiyuki Uzawa,&nbsp;Satoshi Kuwabara,&nbsp;Ichiro Nakashima","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Some patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) experience multiple relapses and poor prognoses; however, the factors associated with these outcomes are unclear. This study aimed to identify factors associated with relapse and neurological prognosis in patients with MOGAD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from a nationwide epidemiological survey of MOGAD conducted in Japan in 2021 to examine the associations of clinical characteristics with relapse and neurological prognosis. Prognosis was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), comparing patients with EDSS scores ≤ 2 (good prognosis) to those with EDSS scores ≥ 4.5 (poor prognosis). In the multivariate analyses, clinical characteristics, phenotypes, cerebrospinal fluid data, acute-phase treatments at disease onset, and maintenance treatments were analyzed. Outcomes were also compared between patients with oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB) positivity and negativity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 679 patients with relapse information, 371 (54.6%) experienced relapse, whereas 308 (45.4%) did not. In the multivariate analysis, OCB positivity was associated with relapse, whereas plasma exchange (PE) administration at disease onset was associated with a monophasic course. Of the 637 patients with EDSS scores, 541 (84.9%) had a good prognosis, whereas 46 (7.2%) had a poor prognosis. In the multivariate analysis, PE administration at disease onset was associated with poor prognosis. The number of patients experiencing relapse was higher among those with OCB positivity, although no differences were observed in the median interval from onset to the first relapse.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In MOGAD, OCB positivity may predict relapse, and adequate acute-phase treatment may reduce relapse risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147564180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Historical Overview of Epidemiological Studies on Multiple Sclerosis in Japan","authors":"Mitsuru Watanabe","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) was long considered rare in Japan until the 1950s, but epidemiological evidence has since accumulated. This review outlines the development of MS epidemiology in Japan and summarizes nationwide and regional trends in prevalence, clinical and laboratory features, genetic and environmental risk factors, and disease burden. Across five nationwide surveys (1972–2018), the estimated number of patients and crude prevalence have increased substantially, although prevalence remains lower than that in Western countries. Distinct features have been reported in Japanese MS, including relatively mild disability and a low oligoclonal IgG band positivity rate. Although many genetic and environmental risk factors are shared with MS in Western countries, <i>HLA-DRB1*04:05</i>, which is most frequent in Japanese patients with MS but rare in Western populations, may partly explain phenotypic differences in a subset of patients. Nationwide surveys and analyses of health insurance claims databases suggest improving disease severity and declining hospitalization rates in recent years, likely reflecting broader availability and increased use of disease-modifying drugs. Despite mild disability and improving disease severity, the burden of MS remains substantial, with cognitive impairment, reduced quality of life, work productivity loss, and increasing healthcare costs. Further understanding of population-specific factors and features is needed to translate epidemiologic insights into better symptom control and outcomes. Prospective longitudinal cohort studies that enroll a larger number of patients and distinguish MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease are warranted.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147563063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Historical Overview of Epidemiological Studies on Multiple Sclerosis in Japan","authors":"Mitsuru Watanabe","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) was long considered rare in Japan until the 1950s, but epidemiological evidence has since accumulated. This review outlines the development of MS epidemiology in Japan and summarizes nationwide and regional trends in prevalence, clinical and laboratory features, genetic and environmental risk factors, and disease burden. Across five nationwide surveys (1972–2018), the estimated number of patients and crude prevalence have increased substantially, although prevalence remains lower than that in Western countries. Distinct features have been reported in Japanese MS, including relatively mild disability and a low oligoclonal IgG band positivity rate. Although many genetic and environmental risk factors are shared with MS in Western countries, <i>HLA-DRB1*04:05</i>, which is most frequent in Japanese patients with MS but rare in Western populations, may partly explain phenotypic differences in a subset of patients. Nationwide surveys and analyses of health insurance claims databases suggest improving disease severity and declining hospitalization rates in recent years, likely reflecting broader availability and increased use of disease-modifying drugs. Despite mild disability and improving disease severity, the burden of MS remains substantial, with cognitive impairment, reduced quality of life, work productivity loss, and increasing healthcare costs. Further understanding of population-specific factors and features is needed to translate epidemiologic insights into better symptom control and outcomes. Prospective longitudinal cohort studies that enroll a larger number of patients and distinguish MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease are warranted.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147562881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia Following TNF-α Inhibitor Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report","authors":"Tomohide Ando,&nbsp;Nobuaki Yoshikura,&nbsp;Akira Takekoshi,&nbsp;Akio Kimura,&nbsp;Takayoshi Shimohata","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are widely used to treat autoimmune diseases, but accumulating evidence has linked TNF-α inhibitor therapy to inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders. While an association with demyelinating disease has been established, the relationship between TNF-α inhibitors and autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA) or autoimmune encephalitis remains poorly defined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We report a 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who developed progressive gait ataxia and dysarthria 1 month after starting golimumab, a TNF-α inhibitor. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed an elevated IgG index (1.44) with normal cell count, cytokine levels, and negative oligoclonal bands. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mild cerebellar atrophy, and single-photon emission computed tomography demonstrated cerebellar hypoperfusion. A tissue-based immunofluorescence assay using rat brain sections showed the patient's Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG binding to the neuropil of the cerebellar molecular layer, suggesting cell-surface anti-neuronal antibodies. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and discontinuation of golimumab led to clinical improvement, partial normalization of cerebellar perfusion, and a decrease in IgG index.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case suggests that TNF-α inhibitor therapy may trigger ACA through the production of anti-neuronal antibodies. Clinicians should consider drug-induced autoimmunity when new-onset cerebellar ataxia develops during TNF-α inhibitor treatment and promptly initiate immunologic evaluation and treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147569414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia Following TNF-α Inhibitor Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report","authors":"Tomohide Ando,&nbsp;Nobuaki Yoshikura,&nbsp;Akira Takekoshi,&nbsp;Akio Kimura,&nbsp;Takayoshi Shimohata","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are widely used to treat autoimmune diseases, but accumulating evidence has linked TNF-α inhibitor therapy to inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders. While an association with demyelinating disease has been established, the relationship between TNF-α inhibitors and autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA) or autoimmune encephalitis remains poorly defined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We report a 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis who developed progressive gait ataxia and dysarthria 1 month after starting golimumab, a TNF-α inhibitor. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed an elevated IgG index (1.44) with normal cell count, cytokine levels, and negative oligoclonal bands. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed mild cerebellar atrophy, and single-photon emission computed tomography demonstrated cerebellar hypoperfusion. A tissue-based immunofluorescence assay using rat brain sections showed the patient's Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG binding to the neuropil of the cerebellar molecular layer, suggesting cell-surface anti-neuronal antibodies. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and discontinuation of golimumab led to clinical improvement, partial normalization of cerebellar perfusion, and a decrease in IgG index.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case suggests that TNF-α inhibitor therapy may trigger ACA through the production of anti-neuronal antibodies. Clinicians should consider drug-induced autoimmunity when new-onset cerebellar ataxia develops during TNF-α inhibitor treatment and promptly initiate immunologic evaluation and treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147569300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful Use of Tocilizumab in a 2-Year-Old Girl With Probable C-NORSE/FIRES: A Case Report","authors":"Luz González,&nbsp;José Medina,&nbsp;Cynthia Florentín,&nbsp;Liz Alfonso,&nbsp;Zoilo Morel","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by the acute onset of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) in previously healthy patients, without an identifiable acute or active structural, toxic, or metabolic cause. FIRES is a subcategory of NORSE characterized by a prior febrile infection.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Report</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present a case of a previously healthy 2-year-old female, with fever, cognitive alterations, and status epilepticus, with a diagnosis of cryptogenic NORSE (C-NORSE). Despite treatment with IV steroids, IVIG, plasma exchange, and rituximab, her condition deteriorated. Improvement began after administration of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody IV, tocilizumab, and has remained stable.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>IL-6 is an important cytokine in the immuno-inflammatory role of C-NORSE/FIRES (febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome). Therefore, its measurement in cerebrospinal fluid and blockade with anti-IL-6 should be considered, especially in patients with severe presentation at diagnosis or refractory to first- and second-line treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The History of MRI Research in Multiple Sclerosis: A Global Perspective With a Focus on Japan","authors":"Hiroaki Yokote","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has fundamentally transformed the diagnosis and management of multiple sclerosis (MS) by enabling direct and serial visualization of clinically silent pathology. This review provides a historical overview of MRI research in MS across five distinct phases, highlighting representative findings, with particular emphasis on contributions from Japan within a global context. The pioneering phase established MRI acquisition techniques and characterized typical lesion distribution and early clinico-radiological relationships. The subsequent brain lesion–focused phase examined T2 lesion and T1 hypointense lesion load, revealing the limited ability of focal lesion measures alone to explain disability and enabling in vivo assessment of cortical lesions using advanced sequences. The early brain atrophy–focused phase introduced automated volumetric analyses, demonstrating that global brain atrophy can be detected over short intervals, may progress despite apparent clinical quiescence, and is closely associated with disability and cognitive impairment. The late brain atrophy–focused phase shifted attention to regional vulnerability, identifying cortical and deep gray matter atrophy as prognostically informative and linking choroid plexus enlargement to future neurodegeneration. Finally, the phase of advanced imaging techniques has expanded assessment of microstructural and myelin integrity in lesions and normal-appearing tissue and enabled MRI-based visualization of smoldering disease activity through slowly expanding lesions or paramagnetic rim lesions. Together with concepts such as progression independent of relapse activity, these advances reflect a paradigm shift beyond relapse-centric models. As relapse frequency declines with potent therapies, sensitive imaging markers of smoldering disease activity and tissue repair will become increasingly important.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147288501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}