Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology最新文献

{"title":"Development of an immunoprecipitation assay for detecting anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase autoantibodies using a non-radioactive biotinylated recombinant protein","authors":"Yukihiro Nishikawa,&nbsp;Kimiko Hasegawa,&nbsp;Hiroki Abe,&nbsp;Shun Matsuzawa,&nbsp;Takuya Isayama,&nbsp;Ran Nakashima,&nbsp;Yoshihiko Saito,&nbsp;Ichizo Nishino,&nbsp;Masataka Kuwana","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12810","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A variety of myositis-specific autoantibodies have been identified in sera from patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and they play a crucial role in tailoring personalized disease management. In particular, autoantibodies against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) are now recognized as a key tool for diagnosing immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy. The current gold standard for detecting anti-HMGCR autoantibodies involves immunoprecipitation (IP) using radiolabeled proteins from cell extracts or purified proteins produced by <i>in vitro</i> transcription/translation (IVTT). Unfortunately, this radioisotope labeling is technically intricate and not suitable for routine laboratory use. To address this, we developed a novel assay called “Bio-IVTT-IP” for detecting anti-HMGCR autoantibodies, which uses a nonradioactive biotinylated recombinant HMGCR protein produced by IVTT.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collected 14 clinical specimens containing anti-HMGCR autoantibodies from patients with immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, which were validated using the gold standard IP assay, and a set of 35 control samples from patients with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Bio-IVTT-IP assay successfully identified 14 clinical samples positive for anti-HMGCR. We confirmed that the performance of the Bio-IVTT-IP assay was completely consistent with that of the gold standard IP assay using radiolabeled proteins. Notably, no immunoprecipitates were found in control samples from patients with other autoimmune diseases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings show that the Bio-IVTT-IP assay can serve as a potential alternative to the gold standard IP assay for detecting anti-HMGCR autoantibodies. It can be considered a practical immunodiagnostic tool for diagnosing immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, particularly owing to its accessibility in routine laboratory settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 2","pages":"88-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.12810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of myeloid cells in neural repair after brain tissue injury","authors":"Ryuki Koyama,&nbsp;Takashi Shichita","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12808","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stroke and traumatic brain injury leave many survivors with permanent neurological disabilities, and the development of therapeutics to enhance functional recovery is needed. Both residential and infiltrating immune cells participate in the acute inflammation after brain injury, exacerbating functional outcomes; however, some immune cells have been reported to alter their characteristic to a reparative phenotype. This review focused on the recent findings of the reparative immunity of myeloid cells. Functional recovery after injury is achieved through the combination of resolution of inflammation, reorganization of neuronal network, white matter repair, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix reorganization. In each process, myeloid cells play vital roles in leading to functional recovery. Further research on the diversity of immune cells implicated in neural repair will be promising to develop therapeutics enhancing functional recovery after brain tissue injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"15 4","pages":"215-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eculizumab use throughout pregnancy in two patients with aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","authors":"Takeshi Fujimoto,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Maeda","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12809","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Longitudinal imaging for monitoring disease activity in late-onset Rasmussen's encephalitis during multimodal rehabilitation and immune therapy","authors":"Lucas C. Adam,&nbsp;Lana Gilly,&nbsp;Joerg Mueller,&nbsp;Joerg Wissel,&nbsp;Anatol Kivi","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12805","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12805","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rasmussen's encephalitis (RE) is a rare autoimmune encephalopathy typically manifesting in early childhood, causing unilateral autoimmune inflammation of the cerebral cortex, leading to progressive neurological deficits, notably focal epileptic seizures. The late-onset variant of RE in adults progresses slower and presents atypical features. Despite extensive research, the etiology remains elusive, hindering accurate diagnosis and treatment options.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We present a biopsy-confirmed late-onset variant of RE case in a 71-year-old man with a disease course of 12 years. After the initiation of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy and immunosuppressive treatment, disease stabilization was achieved, as evidenced by clinical assessments and imaging. Initially, the affected hemisphere swelled hyperacutely, followed by years of atrophic encephalopathy stabilizing into a residual state, with emerging focal disease signs in the contralateral hemisphere. Multimodal rehabilitation and immune therapy attenuated brain atrophy and reduced signal enhancement.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Late-onset variant of RE rehabilitation remains underdeveloped, focusing on symptom management and functional recovery post-surgery. Longitudinal imaging is crucial for monitoring immune therapy response in clinical practice.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.12805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to: Eculizumab use throughout pregnancy in two patients with aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","authors":"Ilya Kister,&nbsp;Alla Wilson","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12807","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12807","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141661504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Th17 pathway-related immune signatures in the pathobiology of myasthenia gravis: Integrating the roles of regulatory/effector cytokines and transcription factors","authors":"Nibu Varghese,&nbsp;Madhu Nagappa,&nbsp;Nikhitha Sreenivas,&nbsp;Saikat Dey,&nbsp;Thrinath Mullapudi,&nbsp;Anagha Pettututhazhe Kuniyil,&nbsp;Sumanth Shivaram,&nbsp;Doniparthi V. Seshagiri,&nbsp;Binu Valsalakumari Sreekumaran Nair,&nbsp;Monojit Debnath","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12804","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12804","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder mediated by antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), muscle specific kinase (MuSK), and other antigens in the neuromuscular junction. Antibody production is influenced by T lymphocytes. The T helper 17 (Th17) subset, an inflammatory lineage of Th cells, is associated with several autoimmune diseases. Functional interactions between T lymphocytes and pathogenic antibody responses including aberrant Th17 cell responses have been reported in MG. However, the precise mechanism(s) underlying the activation and/or pathogenic transformation of Th17 cells are not clearly known. The current study aimed at simultaneously exploring the roles of the inducers, master regulator transcription factors, and effectors of Th17 cells in patients with MG.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this cross-sectional study, quantification of gene expression of <i>IL6, IL17A, STAT3,</i> and <i>RORC</i> in the peripheral mononuclear cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as well as estimation of plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A cytokines by multiplex suspension assay were carried out in 59 patients with MG and 61 healthy controls.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Gene expression levels of <i>IL17A</i> were significantly upregulated in patients as compared to healthy controls. The plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17A were significantly elevated in patients compared to healthy controls. <i>IL17A</i> as well as <i>RORC</i> gene expressions correlated with the clinical features. <i>IL17A</i> gene expression levels were higher in AChR-MG patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study supports the crucial role of the Th17 pathway in the pathobiology of MG, including its potential influence on disease severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"7-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141667298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment with plasmapheresis of severe Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis with high cerebrospinal fluid CXCL-10 levels after COVID-19 infection: A case report","authors":"Naoki Iijima,&nbsp;Kenzo Sakurai,&nbsp;Riyoko Ko,&nbsp;Kenji Isahaya,&nbsp;Yoshihisa Yamano","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12806","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12806","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is an autoimmune disease affecting the brainstem, typically caused by a prior infection. However, BBE after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is rare. Here, we present a severe case of BBE after COVID-19 infection, highlighted by increased levels of CXCL-10.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 28-year-old woman presented with symptoms of cold and fever lasting 5 days, accompanied by numbness, weakness and unsteadiness in the distal parts of her limbs before being admitted. Upon admission, her condition was classified with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of E1V1M4, absence of bilateral ocular cephalic reflexes, eyes fixed in the midline position and pathological reflex in lower limbs. COVID-19 antigen tests were positive, and cerebrospinal fluid CXCL-10 levels were elevated. Positive serum anti-GQ1b antibodies, along with other clinical findings, confirmed the diagnosis of BBE. Initial treatment with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin was ineffective, leading to mechanical ventilation on day 2 from admission. Additional steroid pulse therapy and plasmapheresis were initiated on day 7. Communication abilities were restored by day 19, and the patient was extubated on day 21. Continuous alleviation of symptoms was observed, with no sequelae at discharge on day 42.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>BBE related to COVID-19 with high CXCL-10 levels can become severe. However, early intensive immunotherapy, including plasmapheresis, might result in favorable prognosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"30-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intensity of subarachnoid space inflammation corresponds to the evolution of vessel wall remodeling during the acute and chronic phases of bacterial meningitis","authors":"Vivig Shantha Kumar,&nbsp;Vignarth Shantha Kumar,&nbsp;Ruthvik Thaghalli Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12794","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12794","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cerebrovascular alterations in acute bacterial meningitis significantly contribute to adverse patient outcomes, with reported complication rates ranging from 10% to 29%. Focal alterations in arterial lumens, leading to vasoconstriction, are common in cerebral ischemic and inflammatory conditions, such as bacterial meningitis, presenting neurological complications, such as seizures, brain swelling, hydrocephalus, hearing loss and ischemic or hemorrhagic brain damage. The observed arterial narrowing during meningitis is attributed to diverse factors, including direct encroachment by inflammatory exudate, vascular wall edema, vasospasm, and vasculitis due to cellular infiltration and vessel remodeling. Early-stage constriction might result from a watery exudate's encroachment, whereas persistent inflammation leads to thicker exudates, attracting inflammatory cells and inducing arteriopathic growth factor synthesis. This process promotes structural modifications in the vessel wall, progressing from subintimal infiltration to organic intimal thickening, culminating in vasculitis and the risk of cerebral ischemia. Accordingly, this review seeks to more clearly delineate the intricate relationship between subarachnoid space inflammation and acute and chronic vessel wall remodeling during bacterial meningitis. Conceivably, understanding this pathological process holds promise in unveiling potential treatment avenues to improve patient outcomes, and reduced morbidity and mortality associated with cerebrovascular complications during bacterial meningitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"16 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141670127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infratentorial hypoperfusion in multiple sclerosis","authors":"Masakazu Nakamura,&nbsp;Akihiro Murata,&nbsp;Akihiko Ogata","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.12803","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Long-term disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) results from axonal degeneration in the central nervous system, which might follow hypoperfusion in neurodegenerative diseases. This study aimed to clarify the distribution and clinical significance of brain hypoperfusion in patients with MS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We measured brain hypoperfusion in eight patients with relapsing–remitting MS using N-isopropyl-p-iodine-123-iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography with three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection and stereotactic extraction estimation; moreover, we examined its clinical relevance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We detected marked hypoperfusion in the brainstem and cerebellum relative to that in the cerebrum. Each infratentorial segment, the midbrain, pons, and cerebellar anterior and posterior lobes, showed more severe hypoperfusion than the frontal and parietal lobes (<i>n</i> = 8). This was attributed mainly to oligoclonal band (OCB)-negative patients (<i>n</i> = 3), even when OCB-positive patients (<i>n</i> = 5) showed a similar trend. Consistently, OCB-negative patients had lower blood flow at the pons, and cerebellar anterior and posterior lobes than OCB-positive patients; however, both groups showed comparable hypoperfusion in the cerebral lobes. Hypoperfusion at the posterior cerebellar lobe and pons was correlated with poor performance in the Trail Making Test Part B (<i>n</i> = 6), indicating cognitive cerebellar dysfunction and cerebrocerebellar conductive disturbances.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with relapsing–remitting MS had lower infratentorial perfusion, which strongly links to OCB-negativity. The distribution of brain hypoperfusion detected by N-isopropyl-p-iodine-123-iodoamphetamine single-photon emission computed tomography indicated pathological heterogeneity in relapsing–remitting MS. The infratentorial hypoperfusion is possibly associated with neurodegeneration.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"15 4","pages":"177-185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical, diagnostic and treatment spectrum of seropositive and seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: Single-center cohort study of 51 cases and review of the literature","authors":"Ahmed Elrefaey,&nbsp;Ahmed Mohamedelkhair,&nbsp;Lara Fahmy,&nbsp;Mohammad Affan,&nbsp;Lonni R. Schultz,&nbsp;Mirela Cerghet,&nbsp;Anza B. Memon","doi":"10.1111/cen3.12802","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cen3.12802","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) comprises a spectrum of inflammatory neurological syndromes characterized by immune responses to neuronal autoantigens, leading to diverse clinical manifestations, particularly behavioral and cognitive decline.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This single-center retrospective study included 51 patients diagnosed with AE from 2013 to 2019 in a southeast Michigan tertiary care hospital. Patients were then divided into two groups, seropositive AE (AE+) and seronegative AE (AE−), based on antibody detection in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid or both when available. The study compares AE+ and AE− subtypes across clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic parameters.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 34 patients were classified as AE+, and 17 as AE−. Demographic analysis showed no significant differences in age, sex or race between the two groups. Clinical presentations varied widely, encompassing psychiatric symptoms, movement disorders, seizures and confusion; 24% patients had a prior malignancy. Laboratory assessments found diverse autoantibodies in AE+ patients' serum. Radiological and electrophysiological assessments showed no significant differences between the groups. AE− patients had higher rates of confusion compared with AE+ patients (59% vs. 18%, <i>P</i> = 0.004).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study focuses on the complexities associated with diagnosing AE, emphasizing the challenges posed by the heterogeneity of symptoms and often negative antibody test results. Rapid identification of AE, regardless of seropositivity or seronegativity, emerges as a critical factor for clinicians, facilitating the prompt initiation of immunotherapy and/or tumor removal if needed. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the landscape of this condition, offering clinicians the tools to refine their diagnostic and treatment strategies. Ultimately, the study aimed to enhance the management of AE, empowering healthcare professionals to make accurate and timely interventions for patients.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"15 4","pages":"186-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141367315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}