Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology最新文献

{"title":"Cognitive Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Evidence From Japan","authors":"Shuka Okuda,&nbsp;Juichi Fujimori","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cognitive impairment is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) and has a substantial impact on quality of life (QoL). In Japan, cognitive assessment has traditionally lagged behind that in Western countries. With the emerging concept of smoldering-associated worsening, the importance of longitudinal cognitive monitoring is becoming increasingly recognized. In this review, we aimed to systematically integrate existing evidence on cognitive function, neuroimaging features, clinical symptoms, and QoL in Japanese patients with MS to support improved clinical management. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and the <i>Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology</i> database, focusing on studies evaluating cognition and QoL in Japanese patients with MS. Validation studies have confirmed the applicability of Western batteries (Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis) to Japanese patients; however, copyright restrictions limit their widespread use. The iPad-based Symbol Digit Modalities Test has been validated using Japanese-specific normative data, revealing significant differences from US norms. Neuroimaging studies in Japan have demonstrated that cognitive decline correlates with cortical lesions, gray matter atrophy, and regional volume loss. Cognitive dysfunction is also associated with olfactory impairment, driving performance, and Theory of Mind. Notably, cognitive processing speed is a significant predictor of health-related QoL and employment status, independent of physical disability. Objective cognitive assessment is feasible and essential in Japanese clinical practice. Integrating validated digital tools with an improved understanding of the links between cognition, brain pathology, and daily functioning may improve the management of patients with MS in Japan.</p>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Kinetics and Cellular Determinants of Neuroinflammation Across Traumatic, Endotoxin, and Viral Brain Injury","authors":"Alok Kumar","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146215907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MS Quality of Life in Morocco: Unaddressed Needs and Future Directions","authors":"Qiuyu Wang,&nbsp;Yu Geng","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Thank You Note to Our Reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146139241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated With Poor Outcome Among Guillain Barre Syndrome Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Mario B. Prado Jr,&nbsp;Karen Joy B. Adiao,&nbsp;Iris Ditan,&nbsp;Lowrence Precious Dichoso,&nbsp;Gerald T. Pagaling","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although a locally published paper clinically characterized Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS) patients admitted in one of the Philippines' largest hospitals, extensive identification of risk factors associated with poor outcomes has yet to be done. The main objective of this study is to determine the possible association between several outcome measures and GBS risk factors using different regression analytic methods of secondary data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data from 71 GBS patients from our previous study about possible determinants related to dysautonomia were analyzed. To determine the possible factors associated with binary outcomes like status on discharge, ambulation at 1 month, and presence or absence of pneumonia during admission, multiple logistic regression analysis was used while factors associated with continuous outcome like onset of motor recovery, multiple linear regression analysis was utilized. For failure outcomes with survival times, including days to dysautonomia or intubation, a cox proportional hazard model or its variants were utilized.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Using dysautonomia as the main independent variable, and age and presence of pneumonia prior to GBS diagnosis as the possible confounders, no association between dysautonomia and different outcome parameters was noted whether unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR) was used. Compared to other GBS variants, the odds of being bed or wheelchair bound on discharge was 10 times (95% CI: 1.7–57.7, <i>p</i> = 0.01) when a patient has the axonal variant of GBS. Moreover, the same cohort was 20 times (95% CI: 3.2–125.0, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) more likely to be nonambulatory in 1 month when compared to other GBS variants. In terms of types of treatment, no association between the type of treatment and different outcome variables was noted whether uncontrolled or factors such as sex, days until admission, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) at admission, initial GBS-DS, presence of pneumonia, proportion of patients with Brighton diagnostic level 1, and GBS type were controlled.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the Philippines, the type of GBS is found to be associated with poor prognosis. Nevertheless, when possible confounders were controlled, the type of GBS, dysautonomia, and type of treatment were noted not to affect the outcomes. The insufficient power of the study may explain the negative results of the commonly associated factors of poor prognosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146091309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profound Cognitive Impairment as a Salient Feature of Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report","authors":"Shota Ito,&nbsp;Madoka Iida,&nbsp;Yuki Fukami,&nbsp;Masahisa Katsuno","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Cognitive impairment affects up to two-thirds of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, profound global deficits, defined as a full-scale IQ below 70, are uncommon and rarely constitute the primary symptom.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We describe a 27-year-old woman with severe multidomain cognitive impairment due to MS. Neuropsychological testing showed marked slowing of processing speed and perceptual reasoning, while verbal abilities remained relatively preserved. Although such profound dysfunction is atypical, the cognitive profile remained typical of MS: prominent deficits in processing speed and perceptual reasoning with sparing of verbal abilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case suggests that atypical MS with unrecognized cognitive dysfunction presents a diagnostic challenge.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cen3.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146099240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Sclerosis in Morocco: Impact on Patients' Quality of Life","authors":"Rachid Lotfi,&nbsp;Hind Bel Amgharia,&nbsp;Sami Ennaciri,&nbsp;Mourad Chikhaoui,&nbsp;Ahmed Chetoui,&nbsp;Jaouad Elkhalladi,&nbsp;Fatiha Chigr","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In multiple sclerosis (MS), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is often impaired both physically and mentally. This study aimed to assess the dimensions of quality of life (QoL) most affected among patients with MS in Morocco.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This descriptive study included 152 patients from four Moroccan regions. Data were collected through an electronic survey. QoL was assessed using the Arabic version of the MS Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54) scale, a validated multidimensional tool specific to MS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Participants were mostly young women (mean age: 32.6 years), single, and with a university education. Overall, QoL was impaired, particularly in domains related to energy, physical and psychological limitations, and perceived health. Moderate distress, both physical and mental, was noted, along with significant emotional challenges. However, sexual function, cognitive function, and social relationships were relatively preserved. Statistically significant associations were found between QoL and sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, and the type of MS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>MS significantly impairs the QoL of Moroccan patients. Sociodemographic factors play a substantial role, warranting further investigation into the determinants of QoL.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Seronegative CCPD Misclassified as MS: A Practical Lesson in B-Cell-Driven Disease Stabilized With Rituximab","authors":"Ozan Dörtkol,&nbsp;Zeynep Kara,&nbsp;Bade Güleç,&nbsp;Arife Çimen Atalar,&nbsp;Aysel Tekeşin","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Combined central and peripheral demyelination (CCPD) is a rare immune-mediated disorder involving both central and peripheral myelin. Recent evidence suggests that CCPD may represent a distinct clinical and immunological entity rather than a coincidental overlap between multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We report a 63-year-old seronegative female patient who had initially been followed with a diagnosis of MS and was later re-evaluated as having CCPD after developing new peripheral symptoms. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed elevated protein levels with negative oligoclonal bands. Autoantibody screening, including anti-MOG, anti-MAG, AQP4, and NF155, was negative. MRI showed confluent periventricular and juxtacortical lesions consistent with central involvement. The patient showed clinical stability with no further radiological progression after rituximab therapy over an 8-month follow-up period.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This case supports the existence of a seronegative, B-cell-mediated variant of CCPD and highlights the potential role of rituximab in achieving disease stabilization. Recognition of CCPD as a distinct diagnostic entity may prevent misclassification as MS and guide appropriate immunotherapy strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconsidering Obinutuzumab: A Review of Type II Anti-CD20 Antibodies in Immunological Disorders of the Nervous System","authors":"Naif Alsaber,&nbsp;Sultan Alshehri,&nbsp;Osama Khairoalsindi,&nbsp;Abdulhameed Alsaawi","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are among the most widely used cytoreductive therapies for B-cell-mediated diseases. Type I anti-CD20 mAbs, including rituximab and ocrelizumab, primarily act through complement-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas type II agents such as obinutuzumab (OBZ) achieve B-cell depletion mainly via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Despite targeting the same CD20 antigen, these subclasses differ in molecular interactions, effector mechanisms, and possibly in clinical outcomes. This review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence on OBZ in immune-mediated disorders of the nervous system. A structured literature search from inception to April 2025 identified descriptive studies and case reports suggesting clinical benefit of OBZ in myelin-associated glycoprotein-related neuropathy, paraneoplastic neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myasthenia gravis, and rituximab-refractory autoimmune encephalitis. Preclinical work in murine models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis further indicates enhanced B-cell depletion and neuroprotection relative to rituximab. Collectively, the available evidence remains preliminary but suggests that OBZ may offer therapeutic advantages in selected neuroimmunological disorders, particularly where complement dependence or rituximab refractoriness limits efficacy. Nevertheless, controlled clinical trials are warranted to clarify its safety and therapeutic role in antibody-mediated neurological diseases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145824660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Case of AQP4 Antibody–Positive NMOSD Initially Manifesting as Extensive, Asymptomatic Cerebral White Matter Lesions and Subsequently Developing Cognitive Impairment","authors":"Takafumi Hosokawa,&nbsp;Shin Ota,&nbsp;Manami Matsushita,&nbsp;Takahiro Akamatsu,&nbsp;Shoji Ogawa,&nbsp;Taiki Sawai,&nbsp;Yukiyo Yoshimoto,&nbsp;Yoshitsugu Nakamura,&nbsp;Akira Higashiyama,&nbsp;Shigeki Arawaka","doi":"10.1111/cen3.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cen3.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The original diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica (NMO) required both optic neuritis and myelitis. The subsequent recognition of cases with either one of these features or other central nervous system lesions, including brain involvement, gave rise to the concept of NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Cerebral involvement has been reported in various forms, including extensive lesions, asymptomatic lesions, and cases in which brain pathology represents the initial clinical manifestation. Despite this, asymptomatic individuals are not currently included within the 2015 NMOSD diagnostic criteria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Presentation</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 74-year-old man was referred to our hospital due to abnormal findings on brain MRI, despite the absence of neurological deficits. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multifocal extensive cerebral white matter lesions with multiple ill-defined, patchy, mild, and irregular gadolinium-enhancing lesions, consistent with “cloud-like enhancement.” Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but positive on a cell-based assay (CBA). At that time, the patient was asymptomatic and therefore did not meet the diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. After exhaustive exclusion of alternative diagnoses and the subsequent development of cognitive impairment, the patient was diagnosed with NMOSD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in which extensive, asymptomatic cerebral white matter lesions served as the initial manifestation of NMOSD, emphasizing the clinical importance of considering such cases in the differential diagnosis, evaluating appropriate treatment strategies, and potentially informing future revisions of the NMOSD diagnostic criteria.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10193,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}