Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)最新文献

{"title":"[Aerobiological study in Lima, Perú. ¿Tipuana-Tipu, perhaps a new allergen?]","authors":"Oscar Calderón","doi":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v71i1.1321","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report the <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollen as a new allergen capable of triggering allergic symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The pollen counts were made according to standardized technique with a Burkard seven days following the European Aerobiology Society´s Network Group recommendations.1 The trap was installed on the roof of Clinica SANNA, El Golf, San Isidro, which is 20 m high, 12°5'54\"S 77°3'6\"W in the west-south of the Lima urban area. The sampling period was performed from September 2020 to October 2021. Collection of <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollens and Preparation of <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollen extracts 1:20 w/v was done using a previously described method.2 We carried out systematic skin prick testing with Tipuana tipu pollen extract and other aeroallergens (<i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis</i>), molds (<i>Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum</i>), cat and dog danders, <i>Periplaneta americana, grass six mix</i>, weed mix (Inmunotek, Spain) on 80 patients (18 to 50 years old) seen in our allergy center, they suffering from november to january rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis symptoms. The majority living near avenues and large green areas, where <i>Tipuana</i> trees grew.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found a total of 952 grains/m³ of <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollen between November 2020 to january 2021, with the maximum concentration of 37 grains/m³ on December 10^th. We also found other airborne pollen Types: Poaceae, Myrtaceae, Compositae and Betulaceae. 14/80 patients (17,5%) showed positive skin prick test only to <i>Tipuana tipu</i> extract. Most of the patients with positive tests to <i>Tipuana</i> extract presented symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis during the <i>Tipuana</i> pollination period. Four patients showed positive skin prick test to <i>Tipuana tipu</i> and grass 6 mix extracts, most of the rest of our patients were sensitized to dust mites' extracts (<i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i>).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The west-south population of Lima urban city is exposed to <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollen. We do not foud previous publications about <i>Tipuana tipu</i> allergy. Almost 18% of the patients tested in our sample were mono-sensitized to this pollen. The results of this study should be compared with data from the forthcoming years, to identify seasonal and annual fluctuations, extend the traps to other locations in Lima, and of course try to standardize and improve the <i>Tipuana tipu</i> pollen extract.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"71 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140862865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Baseline characterization of a cohort of colombian patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps].","authors":"Sergio Londoño, Juan Carlos Penagos, Diana Díaz, Pedro Cadena, Paula Rodríguez Ordoñez","doi":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1349","DOIUrl":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To present the baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of CRSwNP patients over the age of 18 enrolled in a Patient Support Program (PSP) prior to biologic treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Descriptive, cross-sectional study performed in a Colombian CRSwNP asthma PSP sponsored by Sanofi from Aug-2021 to Jul-2022. Data was collected from CRSwNP patients, prior to the start of Dupilumab treatment, who consented to the use of their data. The following information was reported: Age, reporting city, treating medical specialty, comorbidities, and persistence of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>339 patients were included, 171 (50,4%) were women and 168 (49,6%) were men. The mean age at Dupilumab treatment initiation was 52,4 years. 62,8% began treatment during adulthood (26-59y), while 34.1% started at elderly (+60y) and 3.1% were young adults (18-25y). Most cases (29,7%) were included in Bogotá, followed by Antioquia (19%), Valle del Cauca (7,3%) and the remaining 44% nationwide. Comorbidities were present in 67,1% of the patients, with diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, and other non-type 2 inflammatory diseases. Nasal surgical history was present in 89,6% of the patients, most of them with one to three previous surgeries. Continuous treatment was observed in 70,3% of patients for 6 to 12 months, in 21,3% for more than 12 months and in 8,4% for less than six months. The most frequently treating medical specialty was otorhinolaryngology (79,6%), followed by allergology (16%) and other medical professionals (4,4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is concordance with the literature on a higher presentation of the disease in women than in men. There is a large proportion of patients with nasal surgical history and type 2 inflammatory comorbidities by the moment of biologic treatment initiation. The care and identification of CRSwNP colombian patients is mainly provided by otorhinolaryngologists, followed by allergologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"71 1","pages":"77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140869165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Identification and sensitization to environmental fungal spores in Lima City, Peru].","authors":"Oscar Manuel Calderón-Llosa","doi":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v71i1.1320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify and registry the most important fungal spores trapped in our aerobiology station, as well as to report the prevalence of skin sensitization to these allergens.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The pollen counts were made according to standardized technique with a Burkard seven days spore trap, following the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (AAAAI) through National Allergy Bureau (NAB) recommendations. The trap was installed on the roof of Clinica SANNA, El GOLF, San Isidro, which is 20 m high, 12°5'54\"S 77°3'6\"W in the west-south of the Lima urban area. The sampling period was performed from September 2020 to October 2021. Skin prick tests were carried out according to the recommendations of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC) in 200 patients (18 to 60 years old) with symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma, who were evaluated in the Allergology Service of Clinica SANNA el Golf. Allergenic extracts were applied, dust mites (<i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Blomia tropicalis</i>), cat and dog danders, cockroach (Periplaneta americana), grass 6 mix, weed mix, molds (<i>Cladosporium herbarum, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Nigrospora spp</i>.), INMUNOTEK-Spain provided the extracts. We also tested other fungal allergens such as <i>Fusarium spp, Stemphylium spp, Curvularia spp</i>, a mixture of <i>Helmintosporum/Dreschlera spp</i>. from the DIATER-Argentina laboratory.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified spores of <i>Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium spp., Nigrospora spp., Stemphylium spp., Fusarium spp., Curvularia spp.,</i> Dreschlera/Helmintosporum spp. The patients showed sensitization to <i>Cladosporium herbarum</i> (14%), <i>Fusarium spp</i>. (13,5%), <i>Nigrospora spp</i>. (8%), <i>Alternaria Alternata</i> (7%), <i>Stemphylium</i> (6%), <i>Dreschlera/Helmintosporium spp.</i> (5,5%), <i>Curvularia spp</i>. (3%), <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (2,5%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The inhabitants of the south-western area of the urban city of Lima are exposed to different fungal spores with allergenic potential, with a higher concentration being identified during the summer/autumn months. Cutaneous sensitization is demonstrated in variable percentages to the fungal spores identified in this aerobiological sampling. The results of this study should be expanded and compared with data in the forthcoming years, identify seasonal and annual fluctuations and extend the traps to other locations in Lima.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"71 1","pages":"82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140873411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Economic burden assessment for the management of asthma patients at Mexico's National Institute for Respiratory Diseases].","authors":"María Del Carmen Cano-Salas, José Luis Miguel-Reyes, Karen Sánchez-Trejo, Erika Del Carmen López-Estrada, Jorge Salas-Hernández, Monserrat Evelia Arroyo-Rojas, Mauricio Castañeda-Valdivia, Monserrat Escobar-Preciado, Silvia Guzmán-Vázquez, Sergio Ricardo García-García, Herman Soto-Molina","doi":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1279","DOIUrl":"10.29262/ram.v71i1.1279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objetivo: </strong>Determinar la carga económica anual del asma, desde una perspectiva institucional y con base en la clasificación recomendada por GINA, en una cohorte retrospectiva de adultos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) de México.</p><p><strong>Métodos: </strong>Estudio observacional, longitudinal y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo a partir de la información recabada de 247 pacientes femeninas con asma. Se estimaron los costos directos anuales: visitas, pruebas de laboratorio, tratamiento farmacológico y de las crisis o exacerbaciones, para determinar la carga anual de la enfermedad desde una perspectiva institucional, y según la clasificación de la Iniciativa Global para el Asma.</p><p><strong>Resultados: </strong>El costo promedio anual fue de $43,813,92, que aumentó en relación con la necesidad de aumento de dosis de corticoides inhalados y beta-agonistas de acción prolongada. El costo promedio de la consulta médica fue de $2004.57, $982.82 por gestión de crisis y $2645.95 por pruebas de laboratorio. El tratamiento farmacológico representó la principal carga económica, con un costo promedio anual de $38,180.58.</p><p><strong>Conclusiones: </strong>Los resultados resaltan una carga económica del asma estimada en un costo anual por paciente de $43,813.92 MXN (DE=93,348.85), en el contexto del tercer nivel de atención en el sistema de salud público mexicano. La gravedad del asma, los tratamientos y los biológicos fueron los principales factores que aumentaron los costos directos de la atención.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"71 1","pages":"12-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140870211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Introduction to food allergy].","authors":"Ignacio Javier Ansotegui Zubeldia, Alessandro Fiocchi","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food allergy is a common chronic disorder that affects infants, children, adolescents, and adults. The prevalence of food allergy has increased in recent decades throughout the world, not limited to Western countries. Since there is no treatment, this focuses on avoiding allergens, in addition to educating patients and caregivers in the emergency treatment of acute reactions, for example: application of epinephrine. Studies suggest that accidental reactions occur in about 45% of children with food allergies each year, although most reactions are mild or moderate in severity. Hospital admissions for food anaphylaxis vary from 4 to 20 per 100,000 inhabitants; Deaths are rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.03 to 0.3 per million people with food allergy. Death from food anaphylaxis is rare and appears to have remained stable, possibly due to increases in food allergen labeling, diagnostic services, rates of intramuscular epinephrine prescription, and awareness of food allergies. Omalizumab is a drug approved for several disorders (chronic hives or difficult asthma) and may help reduce symptoms associated with food allergy. The relative importance of alternative technologies, management strategies and policies for food allergy varies from one region to another, due to differences in the epidemiology, education, socioeconomic well-being, and cultural preferences of the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"208-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Microbiota in food allergy: prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics].","authors":"Pablo Moreno","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The close relationship between the microbiota and allergic diseases has been known for several years, particularly food allergy. Although the best studied microbiota is that related to bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi are also constituents of this, although their role is not definitively clarified. The microbial world interacts with the human body constantly, we are in daily contact with an infinite and innumerable number of varieties of microbes in our environment, some of them can pass through the body without causing any harm, while others generate undesirable risk for the body. health. Alteration of the original composition of the microbiota (dysbiosis) is associated with food allergy. This dysbiosis is related to changes in habits, method of termination of pregnancy (birth or cesarean section), replacement of breastfeeding or interruption at an early age; decrease in family size; loss of contact with farm animals or pets; inappropriate prescription or abuse of antibiotics. The transition from a diet based exclusively on milk to one with solid foods is associated with a drastic increase in microbial diversity. Immunomodulatory components of the microbiota (cell surface polysaccharides), dietary factors (vitamin A), and production of secondary metabolites (short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acid metabolites) promote differentiation of the RORγt+ cell population Treg. ILC3 produces IL-2, which plays a decisive role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"236-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Non-IgE-mediated food allergy].","authors":"María Isabel Rojo Gutiérrez, Diego Ballesteros González, Ana Karen Ortiz Durán","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food allergy is an immune response to proteins in food. It usually affects 8% of children and 2% of adults in Western countries. Non-IgE-mediated food allergy mainly affects the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal food allergies are classified, by their underlying pathogenesis, as: IgE-mediated, non-IgE-mediated, or mixed. The symptoms of patients with food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis originate from local inflammation of the distal colon, which causes hematochezia in neonates. It can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and cause symptoms of intractable emesis, with subsequent metabolic disorders and hypovolemic shock. Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome is a non-IgE-mediated allergy that usually appears in childhood, with prolonged repetitive vomiting, starting 1 to 4 hours after ingestion of food. The manifestation in adults is usually triggered by the consumption of shellfish. Atopic diseases affect 40-60% of patients with food protein- induced enterocolitis syndrome, including 40-50% of those with food protein-induced enteropathy and proctocolitis. Probiotics (Lactobacillus GG) can alleviate the symptoms of allergic proctocolitis induced by food proteins, by altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can change intestinal microecology efficiently compared to food or probiotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"269-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Differential diagnosis in food allergy].","authors":"Liziane Nunes de Castilho Santos","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is important to establish the differential diagnosis of food allergy with other disorders, for example: toxic reactions that occur in any person exposed to a sufficient amount of some allergen, and non-toxic reactions that depend on individual susceptibility (food allergy or intolerance). The differential diagnosis is decisive to establish the appropriate treatment. Food intolerance involves adverse reactions to foods without any immunological response involved, and commonly manifests with gastrointestinal symptoms (malaise, abdominal pain or diarrhea). Food allergy is an exaggerated reaction of the immune system, often mediated by IgE, that can trigger serious symptoms (hives, inflammation, respiratory distress, even anaphylaxis). The complex thing is because the symptoms sometimes overlap. To establish an accurate diagnosis, exhaustive clinical evaluation, laboratory tests and, in some cases, controlled provocation tests are required. It is important to understand these distinctions, because treatment and management vary significantly. Food intolerance involves the elimination or reduction of the food that triggers the allergic reaction and requires rigorous measures (complete avoidance of the allergen and availability of epinephrine in cases of severe reactions).</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"260-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Food desensitization].","authors":"Pedro Piraino Sosa, Giovanni Ojeda Soley","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent times, the primary approach to treating food allergies involved strict avoidance of the triggering allergen. Many considered this approach as lacking true treatment, leaving patients vulnerable to even small amounts or hidden sources of the allergenic food. Desensitization or Oral Tolerance Induction (OTI) is a studied method aiming for a lasting tolerance to the allergen. The ultimate goal is permanent tolerance, where allergic reactions won't reoccur after new exposure to the triggering allergen, following a period of abstinence. The research mainly focuses on allergen-specific immunotherapy, covering three routes: oral, sublingual, and epicutaneous immunotherapy. Milk, egg, and peanuts are the extensively studied foods due to their prevalence in allergies. The oral route is favored for inducing tolerance because ingestion of a food antigen by a non-allergic individual triggers an active immune response without causing an allergic reaction. The paradigm has shifted from recommending avoidance to early consumption strategies to prevent allergies. The period from 4 to 6 months of age is considered immunologically sensitive, where children with risk factors show increased allergic sensitization risk. Implementing these recommendations, considering family and community preferences, may reduce the burden of food allergies and healthcare costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"284-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[History and physycal examination].","authors":"Silvana Beatriz Monsell, María Cristina Diaz","doi":"10.29262/ram.v70i4.1333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29262/ram.v70i4.1333","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most effective method for diagnosing food allergy is the clinical history, which includes anamnesis and physical examination. The anamnesis must include a directed and detailed questioning, and together with the physical examination, it will provide the necessary data to guide the diagnosis and suggest whether the pathophysiology is mediated or not by IgE, which is relevant for the selection and interpretation of the tests. specific and establish the accurate diagnosis, in addition to evaluating the possibility of distinguishing between the different differential diagnoses. It is important to assess the clinical history, because no in vivo or in vitro test is relevant if it is not confirmed with it. Even if there is a strong history of food allergy detected in the history, positive tests can confirm the diagnosis without the need for oral challenge, thus avoiding the risk and cost of performing it. The expression of food allergy is influenced by non-modifiable risk factors that include sex, race and genetics (familial), and modifiable factors: atopic dermatitis, vitamin D deficiency, diet high in polyunsaturated fats and deficient in antioxidants, consumption of antacid drugs, obesity, increased hygiene, influence of the microbiota, time and route of food exposure (increased risk by delaying oral ingestion of allergens and concomitant environmental exposure of the same that leads to sensitization and allergy).</p>","PeriodicalId":101421,"journal":{"name":"Revista alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico : 1993)","volume":"70 4","pages":"234-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140178615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}