Journal of cannabis research最新文献

{"title":"\"Those pot heads\" - perceived external stigma and self-stigma among cannabis users in Germany: prevalence and associations with socio-demographics, cannabis use patterns and psychological distress.","authors":"Moritz Rosenkranz, Anna Schranz, Uwe Verthein, Georg Schomerus, Sven Speerforck, Jakob Manthey","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00328-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00328-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabis users have been stigmatized in the course of the long-standing prohibition. A recent law change in Germany made cannabis possession and cultivation legal for recreational use, potentially impacting stigmatization. This article aims to quantify the experience of perceived and self-stigma related to cannabis use before the law change and to explore associations with sociodemographic-, cannabis use pattern- and psychological distress-related items.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were recruited in 2023 from ISO-certified online access panels. A subsample of n = 684 regular (at least monthly) cannabis users was selected through quota-sampling based on age, gender, education, and federal state to reflect the demographic composition of the German population aged 18-64. A standardized online-questionnaire covering sociodemographics, health-related variables, cannabis use (frequency, purpose) as well as experiences of external and self-stigmatization was employed. Descriptive data analyses were performed utilizing the stigma-related items as outcome variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>External Stigmatization was perceived by 30.6%, while 22.1% reported self-stigma concerning their cannabis use. Higher education, high psychological distress, medical use, and cannabis use disorder (CUD) were significantly associated with both external stigmatization and self-stigma. Respondents speaking publicly about their cannabis use show higher shares of external and self-stigma. Having been in trouble with the police regarding cannabis was positively associated with both types of stigmatization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>German residents who use cannabis at least monthly perceived external stigmatization and self-stigma related to cannabis consumption at a relevant level. As medical users and those with CUD are particularly affected, healthcare providers should be sensitized to the issue of stigmatization.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12442293/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145082964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical cannabis legalization and the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.","authors":"Hana Al Hallaj, Zahraa Barakat","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00324-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00324-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Amidst the global shift toward cannabis legalization, this study examines medical cannabis (MC) sales as an indicator of economic activity and innovation. It explores associations between MC sales, and variables including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, amphetamine, cocaine and cannabis prevalence, and gross domestic product (GDP), using a fixed effects (FE) panel regression model. It also evaluates associations between cannabis legalization and MC sales over time using a dynamic Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach with multiple time periods.  METHODS: Panel data from 20 countries, including 14 with legalized medical cannabis and 6 without, are analyzed. The dynamic DiD approach estimates the average association for legalizing countries across multiple time periods, enabling comparisons of post-legalization outcomes with those of non-legalizing countries. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a strong negative association between tobacco use and MC sales, while cannabis consumption shows a positive association with MC markets. Amphetamine use is negatively associated with MC sales, suggesting substitution dynamics. Legalization is associated with an average annual increase of 26.06 tons of MC sales in legalizing countries. Event study estimates confirm a sustained growth trajectory in MC sales following legalization. A robustness check, which excludes the United States-a major outlier in market size-yields a slightly lower average effect of 20.05 but still supports the persistent market expansion. Given the ecological nature of the design, these results should be interpreted as population-level associations rather than individual-level causal effects. Nonetheless, they highlight the potential economic relevance of cannabis legalization in expanding regulated markets and reshaping consumer behavior. The study contributes to debates on legalization, public health, and economic policy by providing empirical evidence on the associations between legal reforms and market dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"65"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12418649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145031585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water use and productivity of Cannabis sativa L., KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa.","authors":"G M Denton, A Clulow, T R Hill, S Gokool, R Kunz","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00325-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00325-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>The South African National Water Act (No. 36 of 1998) mandates the regulation of land-based activities that reduce streamflow by declaring them streamflow reduction activities (SFRAs). Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is commonly known as a water-intensive crop, yet no published journal articles providing measurements of its evapotranspiration (ET) or crop factor (Kc) exist in South Africa, and there is limited information on hemp ET and Kc internationally. Therefore, its impact on streamflow reduction cannot be assessed. In the context of this research, the term water use was used synonymously with ET, and refers to the combined soil evaporation and transpiration from the Cannabis sativa L. crop (and when present, weeds or grasses in the interrow), which is the overall water use associated with growing the crop.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study provides ET data to determine if irrigated hemp should be investigated further as a potential SFRA by determining its ET and water productivity. An eddy covariance (EC) system was utilised in a hemp field trial. Standard microclimatic variables, volumetric soil water content, plant height, and Leaf Area Index (LAI) were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total ET from the hemp crop over the measurement period (7 December 2022 to 15 April 2023) was 377 mm. The average daily ET was 28.4 L/tree, or 2.94 mm/plant irrigation depth. The crop coefficient varied between 0.73 and 0.77, and the water productivity was 0.96 kg of fresh bud per m^- 3 of water. Hemp had a high water use and low water productivity compared to international hemp studies due to a low planting density (2000 plants/ha).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results provide the first field-based measurements of water use and crop coefficient estimates of hemp in South Africa and contribute to the very limited data available internationally. In South Africa they will be critical to assess the streamflow reduction activity of hemp.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12398160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitation of Cannabidiol (CBD) in brain regions and plasma following intranasal administration of a CBD nanoformulation.","authors":"Gunjan Upadhyay, Oksana Fihurka, Pranav Patel, Juan Sanchez-Ramos","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00308-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00308-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Delivering therapeutic drugs to the brain for neurological disorders remains challenging due to the restrictive nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Intranasal (IN) nanoparticle delivery may enhance the bioavailability of lipophilic cannabidiol (CBD), addressing limitations associated with systemic administration.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Further optimization of nanoparticle properties is necessary to enhance brain uptake and therapeutic potential for neurological disorders. Following IN administration of the nanoformulation, C57BL/6 male mice (3-6 months old, n = 4/group) were euthanized at 2, 4, and 8 h. Plasma, olfactory bulb (OB), hippocampus (HP), striatum (STR), and cortex (CTX) were collected and analyzed for CBD and 7-COOH-CBD using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Two-way analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparisons was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CBD levels in the brain peaked at 4 h (5788 ng/mg), while 7-COOH-CBD reached its highest concentration at 2 h (3080 ng/mg). In plasma, maximum CBD levels were detected at 4 h (797 µg/mL), whereas 7-COOH-CBD peaked at 2 h (893 µg/mL). Despite measurable brain penetration, only 0.12% of the administered dose reached brain tissue, with 15.94% retained in plasma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This is the first study to provide the quantification of CBD and its 7CBD-COOH in various brain regions following IN administration of a CBD nanoformulation. While the approach facilitated brain delivery, overall bioavailability remained low. The use of four mice per group is a limitation that may impact the internal validity of these findings. This study aimed to develop a novel hydrophilic CBD nanoformulation for IN delivery and quantify its distribution and its major metabolite, 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7CBD-COOH) in distinct brain regions and in plasma of mice.This methodology has the potential to overcome the limits of conventional CBD administration, providing a more effective treatment strategy for targeting brain diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12372218/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the knowledge landscape, information needs and attitude towards decision support systems among hemp farmers in Florida.","authors":"Alwin Hopf, Jonathan A Watson, Mickie Swisher, Zachary Brym, Gerrit Hoogenboom","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00318-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00318-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"62"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12366241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144984971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promotion of recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) treatment requires cannabinoid receptor type 2 activity.","authors":"Shijie Song, Bangmei Wang, Xiaoyuan Kong, Niketa Patel, Juan Sanchez-Ramos, Mark S Kindy","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00305-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00305-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has the capacity to enhance brain repair following various injuries to brain. G-CSF treatment after TBI in rodents has been reported to promote brain repair, hippocampal neurogenesis, and behavioral recovery. Delta9-THC treatment also enhances brain repair after TBI, and triggers upregulation of G-CSF in brain, raising the question as to whether G-CSF mediates recovery via the eCBs. A recent report revealed that pharmacological blockade of CB1 and CB2 receptors did not impede recovery from CCI. Given that pharmacological blockade of receptors has limitations, studies were conducted in mice with ablated or \"knocked out\" CB2R (CB2R KO mice). The hypothesis to be tested is that G-CSF enhancement of brain repair does not require activity of CB2 receptors.Results and discussion G-CSF administration for 3 days after CCI did not enhance recovery of balance and coordination measured on the rotometer in CB2R KO mice, unlike the beneficial effects of G-CSF treatment observed in normal control mice. Even before CCI, the CB2R mice were markedly impaired on the rotometer, suggesting that activity of CB2R is important for normal function of neural networks that mediate balance and coordination. Expression of CB2R was increased by G-CSF treatment in normal mice 3 days after CCI but not in CB2R KO mice. Interestingly, the CB1R in the CB2R KO mice was upregulated by G-CSF treatment indicating that \"knocking-out\" or lowering expression of CB2R did not impact expression of CB1R. Expression of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF did not change with G-CSF treatment in CB2R KO mice. Levels of the endogenous cannabinoid ligand, 2-AG, were shown to be increased by G-CSF treatment in the CB2R KO mice, but upregulation of 2-AG does not appear to promote recovery of balance and coordination. Additional studies will be required of other components of the eCBs.Conclusion The hypothesis that G-CSF enhancement of brain repair does not require activity of CB2 receptors is disproven by data in this report. The eCBs, in particular activity of the CB2R, is critical for G-CSF promotion of recovery of balance and coordination impaired by CCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"61"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12362976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144877760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between recreational cannabis legalization and cannabis use disorder treatment outcomes in California, 2010-2021.","authors":"Brittany Bass, Howard Padwa, Dhruv Khurana, Darren Urada","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00323-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00323-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"60"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12360006/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144877759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for treating atopic dermatitis.","authors":"Adriel Aparecido Geraldo Stoco, Priscila Gava Mazzola","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00317-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00317-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review aims to assess the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids as complementary treatments for atopic dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease characterized by the loss of skin barrier function that promotes subsequent symptoms such as intense itching, xerosis and inflammation. Several treatments are available, particularly topical approaches, which are crucial for both acute and chronic management of the disease. The main objectives of topical treatments are to promote skin hydration and reduce itching and immune responses, typically through lotions and topical medications such as glucocorticoids. However, the long-term use of glucocorticoids presents certain disadvantages, highlighting the need for new therapeutic options to minimize adverse effects and providing a broader range of choices for both physicians and patients to find the best alternative for each case. Research involving cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, plant-based or synthetic, has intensified in recent years to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these compounds for skin conditions, including AD. Studies suggest that phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), along with endogenous and synthetic compounds such as palmitoyletanolamide (PEA) and dronabinol, can improve AD symptoms, primarily because of their anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antioxidant properties. Additionally, some cannabinoids exhibit antimicrobial effects. Despite these promising results, the use of cannabinoids in AD treatment requires further investigation to better understand their efficiency and safety, necessitating high-accuracy clinical and preclinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"57"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neolignans isolated from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) roots have cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.","authors":"Korey J Brownstein, Grace E Nieukirk, Jackson Edwards, Maria Thomas, Thu Hien Nguyen, Pedro A de Alarcón, Karl E Vermillion, Manu Gnanamony","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00316-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00316-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The 2018 Farm Bill states that cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. (industrial hemp) are legal for industrial use if total tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrations are less than 0.30%. Due to this legislation, hemp cultivars with low total THC have found a wide range of uses, from animal feed to paper production. Although cannabinoids are the most widely studied compounds in hemp, hemp produces numerous other compound classes as well, and these phytochemicals may have uses in the functional food and pharmaceutical industry.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Initial liquid chromatography profiling of hemp root samples revealed a group of uncharacterized peaks, and these peaks were tentatively identified as neolignans by Oribitrap ID-X high resolution mass spectrometer. To further elucidate the structure of these neolignans, we used techniques in liquid-liquid extraction, as well as flash chromatography to isolate them in preparation for NMR analysis. We then tested their inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) in a variety of cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Four neolignans were isolated from hemp roots and each differed in their molecular weight by 30 daltons. Two of the compounds were identified as dadahols A and B. We tested fractions of various purities containing neolignans against neuroblastoma cell lines CHLA15 and LAN5, hepatoblastoma cell line Hep3B, and Hodgkin's lymphoma cell line L428. We found that semi-pure fractions containing dadahol A and/or dadahol B had the highest cytotoxic activity. We then tested pure dadahol A and dadahol B, and this revealed dadahol A exhibited the lowest IC50 values in all the cell lines.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357354/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicians' attitudes and knowledge of medicinal cannabis in opioid dependence treatment clinics in New South Wales, Australia.","authors":"Laila Parvaresh, Llewellyn Mills, Jaleh Gholami, Louisa Jansen, Nazila Jamshidi, Kate Baker, Christopher Tremonti, Marguerite Tracy, Adrian Dunlop, Nicholas Lintzeris","doi":"10.1186/s42238-025-00315-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-025-00315-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are no prior studies investigating the attitudes and knowledge of opioid treatment program (OTP) clinicians on prescribed medicinal cannabis in OTP clients. This study examined the OTP clinicians' medicinal cannabis experience, knowledge, concerns, and educational needs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Staff from six public OTP services in New South Wales completed a medicinal cannabis survey. Staff included nurses, doctors, pharmacists, allied health, and consumer workers. Single-level regression models were used to estimate participants' sex, role, and year of experience effect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>102 (63%) clinicians responded to the medicinal cannabis part of the survey, mostly female (n = 58, 56.9%), and more than half worked full-time (n = 54, 52.9%). Most of the participants (88.5%, 85/96) lacked experience providing medicinal cannabis, two in three (66.7%, 68/102) agreed to consider medicinal cannabis as a treatment for addressing cannabis use in OTP clients. Over 70% (71.5%, 73/102) expressed similar agreement to consider medicinal cannabis for other health conditions in OTP clients. More than half of the clinicians (54.2%, 52/96) expressed a lack of confidence in assisting clients with accessing medicinal cannabis, and were unfamiliar with current regulations (56.2%, 54/96). Clinicians expressed safety concerns regarding side effects such as driving-related problems (74%, 71/96), cognitive impairment (54.2%, 52/96), and cannabis dependence (54.2%, 52/96). The three conditions most endorsed as having sufficient evidence to support the use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-based medicinal cannabis were palliative care symptom management (72.4%, 71/98), chronic pain (67.4%, 66/98), and multiple sclerosis (43.8%, 43/98). The three conditions most identified as having sufficient evidence to support the routine clinical use of cannabidiol (CBD)-based medicinal cannabis were chronic pain (64.9%, 63/97), palliative care (62.5%, 60/96), and sleep problems (44.8%, 43/96). The most common educational needs identified by participants were the evidence for the effectiveness of medicinal cannabis in cannabis dependence treatment (88.5%, 85/96), other health conditions (87.5%, 84/96), and indications and contraindications for using medicinal cannabis (87.5%, 84/96).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the interest in using medicinal cannabis for treating cannabis dependence and /or other health conditions, clinicians identified several barriers including limited experience, lack of confidence, and poor understanding of the regulatory framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":101310,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cannabis research","volume":"7 1","pages":"59"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12357479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144862763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}