World Development Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Digital sustainability tracing in smallholder context: Ex-ante insights from the Peruvian cocoa supply chain","authors":"Jonathan Steinke ,&nbsp;Yovita Ivanova ,&nbsp;Sarah K. Jones ,&nbsp;Thai Minh ,&nbsp;Andrea Sánchez ,&nbsp;José Sánchez-Choy ,&nbsp;Jonathan Mockshell","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global demand for sustainable agri-food products creates opportunities for smallholder farmers. But on-farm verification of sustainable practices is costly, making third-party certification inaccessible to many poor farmers. Digital technologies for tracing agri-food products from farm to fork could help: novel traceability systems, based on blockchain technology, can make data about on-farm practices transparently available to downstream stakeholders, enabling them to verify sustainability claims without external audits. There is limited understanding, however, of how such digital tracing systems fit local needs and capacities in smallholder contexts. Through a grounded theory approach, we explore the potential of digital traceability for sustainability monitoring in a case study in the Ucayali region of Peru. Based on interviews with local cocoa sector stakeholders, we identify two major challenges: first, setting up digital traceability systems requires investments that do not seem justified by corresponding increases in income. And second, relying on farmer-supplied data creates the risk of inaccurate information due to insufficient capacity as well as incentives for providing distorted data. Our findings suggest that strong cooperation along the supply chain is needed to ensure adequate return on farmer-side costs and investments. Focusing on sustainability metrics at the community level, in addition to the farm level, may be promising, as these metrics can be reliably collected by external stakeholders and add value beyond existing third-party certification standards. Our case study provides recommendations for local policy makers and supply chain stakeholders to develop inclusive digital sustainability tracing systems with smallholder farmers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An economic analysis of tidal energy to support sustainable development","authors":"Matteo Catalano ,&nbsp;Idiano D'Adamo ,&nbsp;Massimo Gastaldi ,&nbsp;Marzena Smol","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonization of the energy sector, requires a strong expansion of renewable energy, which combined with effective and efficient use of resources, enables the development of models based on the green economy. Tidal energy, which is currently underutilized, can contribute to this change by providing affordable and clean energy, thus contributing to sustainable development. This work evaluates the economic dimension of sustainability and provides a profitability analysis related to a 1 MW plant located in central Italy. The methodology consists of a technical framework, geared toward quantifying the energy potential from that plant, and economic models based on indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT).</div><div>The results show that the plant turns out to be profitable in the base case (NPV = 573 k€ and DPBT = 21 years) and policy interventions, which see the use of capital grants and subsidies, change the results to NPV ranging between 338 and 1287 k€ and DPBT between 11 and 15 years. However, alternative scenarios indicate that the variables that most impact economic outcomes are changes related to energy selling price and capacity factor. The LCOE in the different scenarios varies between 49.4–89.8 €/MWh. The implications of this work define that tidal energy supports the energy transition to sustainable development and that the mix of technical, market, and political factors must be considered in policy decision making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green finance and investment index for assessing scenario and performance in selected countries","authors":"Sumedha Bhatnagar ,&nbsp;Dipti Sharma ,&nbsp;Rashmi Bundel","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Globally, countries are engaged in developing strategies and undertaking initiatives for green transitioning of the financial system and achieving net-zero targets by 2050. Green transitioning of the financial system includes boosting green finance (GF) and green investment (GI) in the country. Countries are making initiatives to develop infrastructure and a conducive ecosystem to attract green finance and investment. The present study attempts to develop a green finance and investment index to evaluate the green financing and investing scenario of 15 selected countries. The study attempts to evaluate countries on the basis of four integral dimensions viz., transparency, resilience, efficacy and efficiency. The dimensions include 29 variables, representing 11 parameters identified through a comprehensive literature review and experts' inputs. Multiple-factor analysis is applied to develop the index and rank the countries. The results show that the UK is ranked first, followed by Germany, the USA and Japan. These countries have taken initiatives to include environmental financing in the legal and regulatory framework. Among the developing countries, China is ranked seventh, followed by Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia. The results show that transparency and resilience dimensions are homogeneous to each other. Likewise, efficiency and efficacy are relatively more homogeneous to each other. Transparency plays the prominent role in developing GFI ecosystem. The study recommends that by improving transparency in regulations will positively impact the resilience of the country. Improving efficacy will result in increasing efficiency in the countries. The findings of the study contributes to the literature on quantitative analysis of green finance and investment. The results can contribute to the decision-making of the policymakers for devising an appropriate policy by strategically addressing the critical variables in each dimension. Lastly, the study can provide the foundation for analysing the green finance and investment ecosystem and the performance of the countries over the period of time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green entrepreneurship: Opportunities and challenges for the transition to a circular economy in Togo, West Africa","authors":"Baladjida Parfait Badjeena,&nbsp;Essossinam Ali,&nbsp;Kwami Ossadzifo Wonyra,&nbsp;Katou Tamou","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100181","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100181","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The traditional linear economic model, characterized by extraction, production, consumption, and waste disposal, has increasingly exposed its limitations, particularly in the depletion of natural resources and the acceleration of global warming, which are critical global issues. These challenges inherent in the linear economy have prompted a shift towards a circular economy. This study analyzes the opportunities and challenges for transitioning to a circular economy through green entrepreneurship among 29 environmentally friendly entrepreneurs in Togo, West Africa. The descriptive analysis of the results revealed that green entrepreneurs are mainly motivated by economic factors, such as job creation and business opportunities, which take precedence over environmental motivations. However, they face significant challenges, including a lack of access to appropriate financing and complex administrative procedures that affect their growth. It is essential to develop themselves, provide specific support by alleviating bureaucratic obstacles to access to finance, and meet economic and environmental goals from green entrepreneurship. In addition, it's important to advocate for pro-environmental behavior among the general public and to support research and development to increase understanding of the advantages of promoting environmentally friendly entrepreneurship for sustainable development while combating climate change. Mainstreaming gender into circular economy policies design and implementation for sustainable development is crucial due to the low representativeness of women in green entrepreneurship. These measures will strengthen Togo's economic resilience while enabling the transition to a circular economy, thus aligning financial objectives with environmental preservation in pursuing green entrepreneurship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000594/pdfft?md5=eab4145443e406bb14331c4aa54e38b4&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000594-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142136508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating heat health risk in Indian cities: Geospatial and socio-ecological analysis","authors":"Kaushik Mandvikar ,&nbsp;Nirmal Kumar ,&nbsp;Hitesh Supe ,&nbsp;Deepak Singh ,&nbsp;Ankita Gupta ,&nbsp;Pankaj Kumar ,&nbsp;Gowhar Meraj ,&nbsp;Inam Danish Khan ,&nbsp;Asma Kouser ,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Pandey ,&nbsp;Ram Avtar","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>India is home to 11 % of the global urban population and is ranks as the second-largest urban system in the world. This study introduces a Heat Health Risk Index (HHRI) rankings for 37 major Indian cities with more than one million residents, using geospatial and socio-ecological data to identify potential heat health risk areas. In this study, the Otsu method was employed to determine the critical parameters in the heat health index, considering factors such as Land Surface Temperature (LST), solar radiation, population density, mean temperature, urban green cover, rainfall, specific humidity, and wind speed. All data values were standardized to a uniform scale (0–1) for comparability. The standardized values, integrated with the assigned weights, formed the HHRI. Results indicate that cities such as Chennai, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Ahmedabad, each with populations exceeding 10 million, are deemed less livable due to their high HHRI (&gt;0.50). Both Chennai and Mumbai stand out with highest hazard index as 0.66, followed by Kolkata (0.62) and Ahmedabad (0.56). Cities that lack sufficient green spaces are often more vulnerable, display elevated risk levels, and have decreased adaptability. In contrast, cities such as Ludhiana, Theni, Amritsar, and Nabarangpur are perceived as the most livable, with a mean HHRI of 0.21, owing to their higher adaptive capacity and lower exposure. Overall, this study serves as a foundation for conceiving future perspective plans for existing urban and peri‑urban areas, compared to living standards within the realms of sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000582/pdfft?md5=78cfe66adfa38a1582775d9aa4093e90&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000582-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142168269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land suitability and human adaptation: River Siang from Sangam to Pongging, Arunachal Pradesh, India","authors":"Chandra Kumar Dutta ,&nbsp;Ankulin Duwarah ,&nbsp;Anamika Borah ,&nbsp;Prerana Boruah ,&nbsp;Chandana Das ,&nbsp;Anandita Das","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land suitability in mountainous regions profoundly influences human adaptation strategies, particularly in environments shaped by morphometric characteristics. This study focuses on the Siang river valley from Sangam to Pongging, Arunachal Pradesh, India, employing Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) to assess terrain viability for settlement, and orchard cultivation. Key determinants such as topographic features, drainage morphometry, and infrastructural accessibility were analyzed to develop thematic maps delineating optimal zones for different land uses. The research underscores how geomorphic attributes and accessibility influence settlement patterns and orchard suitability, with lower elevations proving favorable for settlements and orchards due to accessible topography and climatic conditions. By integrating spatial analysis techniques and assessing variables like elevation, slope, and proximity to infrastructure by euclidian distance and pareto principle (80/20 rule), this research provides a comprehensive framework for informed land use planning. Strategic planning recommendations emphasize sustainable practices and community engagement to balance development needs with environmental preservation in Arunachal Pradesh's rugged terrain. It advocates for collaborative efforts between stakeholders to optimize land utilization and foster resilient development amidst challenging environmental conditions. This initial attempt aims to raise awareness among land users, planners, research workers, and administrators to ensure proper and effective land management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000570/pdfft?md5=840350de723142fb034a57853509c58f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000570-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral determinants of trust and commitment in horticultural cooperatives: Experimental evidence from Rwanda","authors":"Hanna Julia Ihli ,&nbsp;Kai Mausch ,&nbsp;Lisa Elena Fuchs","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Rwandan government emphasizes the role of cooperatives in transforming rural economies from subsistence farming to diversified commercial agriculture, including high-value export horticultural crops. The success of these cooperatives depends significantly on farmers’ willingness to join and remain committed members. Previous research indicates that Rwandan cooperatives often follow a top-down approach, which can lead to dissatisfaction, disagreement, and distrust among members. This dissatisfaction can undermine the cooperatives’ goals of improving farmer welfare, thereby adversely affecting their capacity to transform local livelihoods and economies. This study measures the trust and commitment levels of Rwandan smallholder farmers towards horticultural cooperatives using surveys and experiments. It provides empirical evidence on the extent, role, and determinants of trust and commitment, with a particular focus on behavioral determinants such as risk and time preferences. The findings show that while trust levels are relatively high, commitment levels are relatively low. Probit model estimations indicate that risk and time preferences influence farmers’ trust and commitment. Specifically, risk aversion decreases the predicted probability of trust and commitment, while greater patience increases the predicted probability of trust. No statistically significant relationship was found between behavior in an experimental trust game and survey responses regarding trust and commitment. The study's findings suggest several policy and practice implications, particularly the need to identify and implement strategies to enhance farmers' commitment to cooperatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000545/pdfft?md5=e735fc86e39aecff72c62fb2b4747da0&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000545-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A system dynamics modelling assessment of water-energy-food resource demand futures at the city scale: Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo","authors":"Derrick Mirindi ,&nbsp;Janez Sušnik ,&nbsp;Sara Masia ,&nbsp;Graham Jewitt","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding future demands of water, energy, and food (WEF) resources is essential to achieve sustainable management of these resources. Based on a survey of 90 households, this study provides an analysis of household water, energy, and food security for the city of Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, where there is a lack of any such assessment. Water supply is largely unimproved. Electricity supply is fairly reliable in some parts of the city, but not others. Most residents rely on charcoal burning for food preparation. Dietary Diversity Scores are low indicating stable, but low food security. Data collected were used to develop an integrated WEF system dynamics model that was applied to simulate household-level resource demand. To assess future resources demand, four scenarios developed by the Global Scenario Group were simulated. Findings reveal that the 'Great Transition' scenario exerts lower impact on resources demand, representing the most likely trajectory to achieve sustainable socio-economic development and management. However, achieving the conditions required for a ‘Great Transition’ could be challenging in Goma, which is characterised by low incomes, poor access to resources, and the threat of armed conflict. To achieve greater efficiency in resources utilisation and to prepare for the future, a number of recommendations are made, including energy supply diversification, altered agricultural practices to diversify diets, and expansion and improvement of water supply infrastructure. This work provides a basis for similar assessments in DRC and central Africa, highlighting the need for integrated resources management and assessment for regional opportunities toward sustainable development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000375/pdfft?md5=1d1e0abdb42bf35782a93532cc531e6f&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000375-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141846829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gendered financial & nutritional benefits from access to pay-as-you-go LPG for cooking in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"Matthew Shupler ,&nbsp;Jonathan Karl ,&nbsp;Mark O'Keefe ,&nbsp;Helen Hoka Osiolo ,&nbsp;Tash Perros ,&nbsp;Willah Nabukwangwa Simiyu ,&nbsp;Arthur Gohole ,&nbsp;Federico Lorenzetti ,&nbsp;Elisa Puzzolo ,&nbsp;James Mwitari ,&nbsp;Daniel Pope ,&nbsp;Emily Nix","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the association between adoption of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), an emerging alternative to full cylinder LPG, and women's economic empowerment in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. From December 2021-January 2022, 293 customers of a PAYG LPG company (PayGo Energy) were surveyed on their cooking patterns, financial savings and shifts in dietary behaviors following uptake of the technology. Among PayGo Energy customers that previously cooked only with polluting fuels (<em>N</em> = 78; 27 % of customers), daily cooking time was reduced by an average of 42 min/day; 82 % of PayGo Energy customers that previously cooked with full cylinder LPG (<em>N</em> = 216; 73 % of customers) also decreased their cooking time (average of 20 min/day) when switching to PAYG LPG. The majority (58 %; <em>N</em> = 70) of female household heads took on additional employment after switching to PAYG LPG, compared with 36 % (<em>N</em> = 55) of females living in male-headed households. Among female household heads, the proportion of informal sector workers earning wages on an irregular (71 %) or daily basis (61 %) that took on new income-generating activities after transitioning to PAYG LPG was over 20 % higher than those earning monthly salaries (39 %). Increased dietary diversity and consumption of protein-rich foods (legumes, meat, fish) from cooking with PAYG LPG was reported by 15 % of female household heads compared with 5 % of those living in male-headed households. While nearly three-quarters (73 %) of PayGo Energy customers would recommend the service to others because of the added convenience it provides, only one-third (29 %) reported associated health benefits as a key reason for promoting use of PAYG LPG to community members. Female household heads were more likely than non-household heads to be socioeconomically empowered when adopting PAYG LPG, illustrating that women's agency may influence the associated benefits of clean energy transitions. Nonetheless, the time savings reported by nearly all women who switched to PAYG LPG for cooking suggests that promoting the increased convenience of cooking with PAYG LPG may be useful for accelerating its adoption..</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000569/pdfft?md5=565eb79a55f1e544295c07e110d3a2fe&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000569-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141838523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Review of Bangladesh's Child Labor Regulations and Policies","authors":"Md Mahmudul Hoque","doi":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wds.2024.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Child labor remains widespread in Bangladesh. The country has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the ILO's Minimum Age Convention, and the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention. The government has developed a legal and policy framework to eliminate all forms of child labor by 2025. This paper examines the country's pertinent national regulations, policies, and programs to identify discrepancies and gaps. The author appraised a variety of government documents, including laws, rules, policies, and reports, as well as emerging evidence. The results indicate that the country's legal and policy framework is comprehensive and well-aligned with its long-term development plans. Institutional bodies collaborate to implement and monitor these policies and programs designed to reduce child labor. Nonetheless, a few significant gaps render the framework insufficient, inconsistent, and ineffective. The government has not yet ratified several important conventions. The application of the Labor Act of 2006 is primarily restricted to the formal sectors, whereas most of the hazardous child labor occurs in the informal agricultural and domestic work sectors. In many cases, the absence of birth registration documents renders the determination of a child's age arbitrary. Emerging evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation and that dangerous child labor is on the rise in urban areas. However, the current framework lacks legal provisions regarding hazardous child labor, and government support programs are inadequate. The government must review its policies and develop programs in collaboration with communities to protect children's best interests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101285,"journal":{"name":"World Development Sustainability","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772655X24000557/pdfft?md5=901000d8be2b6be48169fbc2f94eddda&pid=1-s2.0-S2772655X24000557-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141851551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}