Waste Management Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Household food waste across multiple food groups in Dodoma, Tanzania: A Multinomial Probit approach","authors":"Denis M. Silayo ,&nbsp;Mary Kulwijila ,&nbsp;Abiud J. Bongole","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food waste (FdW) undermines food security both directly and indirectly by disrupting sustainable food systems. Understanding the root causes of FdW and its effects across multiple dimensions is crucial. Despite extensive global research, studies focusing on Household Food Waste (HFdW) in Tanzania remain limited. This study addresses that gap by analyzing the determinants of FdW generation across combinations of Food Groups (FGs) in Dodoma, Tanzania. A cross-sectional survey of 402 households was conducted to collect data on FdW-related behaviors and preferences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was applied to reduce dimensionality, revealing that Cereals, Legumes &amp; Pulses, and Roots &amp; Tubers contributed most strongly to the retained components that capture the main variation in HFdW patterns. Each group was then dichotomized into high or low waste based on the median, and the resulting binary indicators were combined to create eight possible FdW patterns, representing all combinations of waste intensity across the three groups. These FdW patterns formed the dependent variable in a Multinomial Probit Regression Model (MPRM). The model revealed that demographic factors such as higher education, female-headed, and older households were associated with lower HFdW. Behavioural practices, including meal planning and leftover reuse, also reduced waste, while attitudinal factors such as greater awareness of FdW impacts further reinforced this effect. In contrast, weaker perceptions of money value were linked to higher FdW levels. The findings highlight the importance of behavioral and contextual factors in shaping HFdW. Policymakers should consider targeted strategies such as meal planning support, storage and handling education, and gender-responsive interventions to reduce FdW and enhance food security in Tanzania and other low-resource settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing cocoa waste for biochar production and emission reduction to promote sustainability in West Africa","authors":"Kassé Jean Hugues Angbé ,&nbsp;Dennis Krüger ,&nbsp;Volker Lenz ,&nbsp;Satyanarayana Narra","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>West Africa is a key player in cocoa cultivation, accounting for approximately 70% of world cocoa bean production. However, cocoa pod husk (CPH), an important by-product, remains largely underutilized. Therefore, this study provides the first comprehensive, multi-country assessment of CPH generation across seven major West African cocoa-producing countries namely Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Togo over a 20-year period. It further assesses current management pathways and their environmental implications, with an evaluation of biochar as valorization approach. The data used in this study was gathered through field surveys and quantitative secondary data from FAOSTAT. Methane (CH₄) emissions from decomposition of CPH were estimated based on IPCC methodologies, while biochar potential and carbon sequestration capacity were determined using established equations. The results showed that in 20 years, a total of 578 million tonnes of CPH were produced, with Côte d'Ivoire contributing the largest share with 331 million tonnes, followed by Ghana with 160 million tonnes. At present, on-farm abandonment remains the predominant management practice, emitting an estimated 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-eq) annually representing about 3% of Africa’s agricultural CH₄ emissions. Conversion of this biomass into biochar represents a significant mitigation opportunity. The estimated annual production potential of CPH-biochar is 869 thousand tonnes, capable of sequestering about 1.59 million tonnes of CO₂-eq per year. Adopting this approach could reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions more than 18 million tonnes of CO₂-eq, including avoided emissions and carbon sequestration. These findings highlight the importance of CPH-biochar production as a promising strategy for sustainable waste management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorization of contaminated Eichhornia crassipes in phytoremediation of tannery waters: Bioethanol production","authors":"Gianella Paredes,&nbsp;Stefani Gonzales,&nbsp;Alejandra Lázaro,&nbsp;Rosario Benegas","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this research, a sustainable system to obtain bioethanol from Eichhornia crassipes biomass contaminated with total chromium was developed A phytoremediation system was applied in order to remove chromium from tannery wastewater, using the resulting biomass as raw material. The dry biomass (DS) was subjected to an optimized pretreatment using a Box–Behnken experimental design in which 45 treatments were evaluated. The structural changes in the biomass were characterized by SEM and FTIR. After this, hydrolysis with 3 % H₂SO₄ using a steam explosion was performed. Chromium retention was higher in roots (99.29 %), leaves and stems (94.14 %). Treatment using C₀ = 1.56 % had the highest removal efficiency (R = 95.51 %), followed by 3.13 % (93.47 %). Regarding valorization, the bioethanol yield reached 71.35 % in relation to reducing sugars and 0.12 mL/g with respect to the initial biomass. These results confirm the feasibility of integrating phytoremediation with bioethanol production as a sustainable alternative for treating tannery effluents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing circular Textiles: MLR-Based optimization of tri-blend Melange yarns from sustainable fibers","authors":"Md.Nasir Uddin ,&nbsp;Tanzeena Refat Tumpa ,&nbsp;Mohammad Rashel Hawlader ,&nbsp;G.M. Faysal ,&nbsp;Ahmed Jalal Uddin","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for sustainable textiles has prompted research into fiber blends that reduce environmental impact without compromising product performance. This study focuses on creating a sustainable tri-blend yarn consisted of recycled cotton, recycled polyester, and Tencel fibers. Recycled cotton replaces virgin cotton, recycled polyester enables the reuse of PET bottle and textile waste, and Tencel—derived from sustainably sourced wood pulp—enhances softness, comfort and tensile properties. MATLAB was used to perform Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis to determine the optimal blend ratio that maximizes recycled fiber content while ensuring required yarn characteristics for fabric production. Based on Extreme Vertices Design, twenty-nine yarn samples with varying blend ratios were produced. Their quality parameters were evaluated, and the impacts of fiber composition on yarn properties were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models. The MLR models generated predictive equations for each yarn parameter and performed blend optimization through two approaches: criteria-based optimization, which minimized yarn unevenness and imperfections while maximizing tensile properties, and target-based optimization, which aligned blends with the specific requirements of buyer or consumer. Validation of the optimized blends confirmed the model’s predictive reliability, with deviations between predicted and actual values remaining below 5%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Green Pulse of Hospitality: Assessing Green Supply Chain Practices on Organisational Performance in the Sri Lankan Hotel Industry","authors":"R.M.H.N. Bandara,&nbsp;R.A.D.T. Ranathunga Arachchi,&nbsp;L.D.C. Gunasekara,&nbsp;N.A.T. De Zoysa,&nbsp;Anuja A. Lokeshwara,&nbsp;Chapa S.R.B. Refaie","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100279","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100279","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the modern competitive business environment, sustainability has become the key theme in organisational performance (OP), compelling organisations to adopt environmentally friendly operations in the business world. The hotel industry is a significant contributor to national economies, and it is steadily incorporating green practices to improve operational efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Though green supply chain management (GSCM) has been a subject of significant interest in manufacturing and logistic settings, GSCM in the hospitality industry, particularly in developing nations such as Sri Lanka, is still a largely unexplored area. To bridge this gap, the current study investigates the relationship between GSCM practices and OP with a particular focus on the moderating effects of hotel star classification. A cross-sectional, deductive research design was used, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was the method of analysis. A web-based survey of 167 star-class hotels in Sri Lanka gained a high response rate of 88.44%. GSCM practices were represented as a second-order construct with five dimensions: eco design, green purchasing, internal environment management, investment recovery, and reverse logistics. The findings reveal that GSCM practices have a significant positive impact on OP. However, the star ratings of the hotels had no significant effect on this relationship, meaning the positive impact of GSCM practices are consistent across the industry. This finding indicates the need to investigate additional moderating variables such as ownership patterns and environmental certifications. Future comparative studies in various Asian nations with different cultural, legislative, and market settings may advance our understanding of GSCM practices<!--> <!-->in<!--> <!-->hospitality industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling consumer intent for purchase recycled products: a pathway to future sustainability","authors":"Jisha J. ,&nbsp;K. Martina Rani ,&nbsp;Aldrin Joseph ,&nbsp;Himakumari V. ,&nbsp;Smrithi K.S. ,&nbsp;B. Giri Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100280","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100280","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite increasing global concern for environmental sustainability, the adoption of recycled products remains limited, particularly in developing economies where consumer skepticism and entrenched purchasing habits persist. This study examines the key determinants influencing consumers’ intentions to purchase recycled products in alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Specifically, it analyzes the effects of environmental attitude, trust, perceived credibility, and perceived product quality on purchasing decisions. A structured questionnaire survey was administered to 315 urban consumers in India using purposive sampling. The findings reveal that environmental attitude is the most influential predictor of recycled product purchase intention, indicating that environmentally conscious consumers are more likely to engage in sustainable consumption. Trust and perceived credibility also significantly affect purchasing behavior, emphasizing the importance of authenticity and reputation in fostering acceptance of recycled products. Although perceived product quality has a comparatively weaker influence, it remains relevant in meeting expectations related to usability and design. The study contributes theoretically by integrating psychological, perceptual, and normative factors into an SDG 12–oriented behavioral framework. Practically, it provides insights for marketers and policymakers to enhance communication strategies, build consumer trust, and promote circular economy practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The evolving landscape of AI-driven risk management in the biogas production: A systematic and bibliometric review","authors":"Mohamed Abourida ,&nbsp;Michael Short ,&nbsp;Oleksiy V. Klymenko ,&nbsp;Noor M. Khamis ,&nbsp;Charf Mahammedi ,&nbsp;M.K.S. Al-Mhdawi ,&nbsp;Abdel-Hamed Sakr","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review presents the first combined systematic and bibliometric review synthesising artificial intelligence (AI)-driven approaches to risk management in biogas production within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with emphasis on decision-optimisation and operational safety. Seven academic databases: Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor &amp; Francis, and Google Scholar were systematically searched from 2015 to March 2025, and screening followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Of 3,716 retrieved records, 109 studies met the inclusion criteria. Bibliometric mapping (VOSviewer) and qualitative synthesis identified five thematic clusters: (i) biogas process safety, (ii) IoT integration and renewable-energy, (iii) optimisation and supply-chain resilience, (iv) AI-driven decision-support frameworks, and (v) advanced machine-learning techniques. The analysis reveals a marked increase in publications since 2020, reflecting a shift from conceptual modelling toward applied digital risk solutions. Europe and China remain leading contributors, although collaboration networks are fragmented and methodological heterogeneity persists. Full-scale validation of AI models in operational WWTP-based biogas plants remains limited, with most studies relying on laboratory experiments, simulations, or pilot-scale data. Constraints include publication bias, database coverage, English-language restrictions, inconsistent performance metrics, and limited access to long-term Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems datasets. The review demonstrates that AI-driven methods have significant potential to improve safety, operational efficiency, and regulatory assurance in biogas facilities. However, achieving practical and scalable implementation will require rigorous multi-site validation, standardised evaluation indicators, integration of explainable AI, and alignment with plant-level risk-governance frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the phase composition (Zn, ZnO) of anodes recovered from spent alkaline batteries, with respect to their residual voltage","authors":"Juan Carlos Rodriguez Lopez ,&nbsp;Enrique Vigueras Santiago ,&nbsp;N. García-González ,&nbsp;V.H. Castrejón-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Marco Camacho-López ,&nbsp;Susana Hernández López","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of advanced materials with tailored properties has long been a cornerstone of technological innovation. Increasingly, attention is shifting toward the transformation of end-of-life waste into valuable resources. Spent alkaline batteries, when improperly disposed of as electronic waste (e-waste), pose significant environmental hazards due to their content of toxic metals, which can leach into soil and groundwater. These metals may also undergo physicochemical transformations through interactions with other waste materials. This study investigates the anode recovered from spent alkaline batteries discharged to varying residual voltages. The recovery process involved manual separation, followed by washing with deionized water, filtration, and drying at 50 °C for 48 h prior to characterization. The resulting particles exhibited photoluminescent properties that correlated with the residual voltage of the batteries. Structural analysis revealed the coexistence of Zinc and Zinc Oxide (Zn/ZnO) phases at voltages above 0.78 V, while only ZnO was present below this threshold. The ZnO content was found to depend on the degree of battery depletion, with the residual voltage directly influencing the Zn/ZnO phase ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting volume changes in municipal solid waste landfill using airborne laser scanning","authors":"O. Brovkina ,&nbsp;M. Pikl ,&nbsp;F. Zemek ,&nbsp;J. Michálek","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2025.100272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and operative monitoring of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills is critical for operational safety, spatial planning, and regulatory compliance. Traditional point-based surveying methods are precise, but they are limited in spatial density coverage and hence, efficiency. The objective of the study is to evaluate the application of airborne laser scanning (ALS) for detecting volume changes at operational MSW landfill in the Czech Republic. Specifically, the study determines optimal spatial resolution of digital terrain model (DTM) from ALS for estimation of landfill volume, estimates uncertainties related to slope steepness and different vegetation cover affecting the accuracy of ALS-derived DTM, and formalizes and applies the method for detecting landfill volume changes using ALS. Two ALS datasets (10 points/m²) were collected in a five-month interval and processed at multiple spatial resolutions (0.3 m to 1.5 m). GPS reference points were measured for ALS data co-registration and to assess the accuracy of ALS-derived elevations. Positional errors and their propagation into elevation errors were quantified, and vegetation-induced uncertainties were considered. Results indicate that DTM resolutions of 0.3–0.8 m provide the most reliable estimates of volume change, especially in heterogeneous areas such as vegetated slopes. Differences in the standard deviation (SD) of elevation changes for selected areas at the landfill between the DTM resolution of 0.3 m and coarser resolutions were minimal for stable surfaces such as roads and compacted waste (0.01–0.02 m), but higher for vegetated areas, where the SD increased by up to 0.10 m due to surface roughness and variable laser penetration through the canopy. Comparison with independent GPS reference points showed that finer DTMs (0.3 and 0.5 m) reduced both bias and variability (mean differences ≤ 0.23 m, SD ≤ 0.24 m), whereas coarser DTMs (0.8 and 1.5 m) increased systematic errors due to surface smoothing and vegetation-induced misclassification. The findings recommend acquiring ALS data in early spring or late autumn, when vegetation cover is minimal and the influence of canopy on DTM accuracy is reduced. The study presents a novel workflow integrating ALS data with error modeling to improve landfill monitoring protocols. While the workflow was demonstrated on a specific site, it has potential for adaptation and application in other MSW landfills.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145694292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regionalized composition analysis of Norwegian residual waste and its implications for recycling, emission accounting, and food waste avoidance","authors":"Kim Rainer Mattson,&nbsp;Johan Berg Pettersen","doi":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.wmb.2026.100283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual waste generation within municipal solid waste is characterized as a mix of various waste fractions that are either correctly or incorrectly discarded in residual bins. We denote this as residuals and assess its average and regional composition in Norway, based on the collection of 90 waste composition analysis. There is substantial variability between generation origins, and a clear pattern of lower food waste sorting in urban areas. Greenhouse gas emission of treating the various compositions with waste incineration were assessed, showing that CO₂-equivalent emissions vary by up to 13% depending on waste origins, and estimate that approximately 54%, 55%, and 64% of rural, suburban, and urban residuals could potentially be recyclable, with a significant potential for reducing avoidable food waste. Successful implementation of the national “food waste avoidance” strategy could see the avoided generation and consequently production of 110kt of food for Norwegian households. Suggested improvements focus on convenient and clear sorting practices, better resolution on non-household residual compositions, and more multidisciplinary and regionalized research approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101276,"journal":{"name":"Waste Management Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"Article 100283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146090232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}