Unconventional Resources最新文献

{"title":"A comprehensive study on energy trading and finance using blockchain technology","authors":"Akshat Miglani ,&nbsp;Khush Patel ,&nbsp;Margesh Modi ,&nbsp;Yana Gadhvi ,&nbsp;Manan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a theoretical foundation and overview, the paper explains how blockchain technology influences energy trade and finance through decentralized, safe, and transparent peer-to-peer transactions. It examines the current energy crisis that arises with a steep, rising curve of rather unorthodox consumption of energy and calls for cleaner, more reliable sources of energy. It also discusses how blockchain-based platforms could help eliminate persistent challenges in centralized energy systems. By combining the previous literature on distributed ledgers, smart contracts, and decentralized market mechanisms, we find that blockchain provides faster settlements, lower overheads, and enhanced resilience against single points of failure. This study will review how blockchain-enabled energy finance solutions speed transactions, build trust, and allow for innovative funding approaches, such as green bonds and energy banking. All in all, the findings support blockchain as a viable way of achieving a more flexible, customer-oriented, and environmentally sustainable energy sector while showcasing the technological, regulatory, and operational gaps that research and responsible policy actions must address.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritization of key areas of the digitalization strategy of energy complex enterprises based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)","authors":"Alexey V. Chernov,&nbsp;Victoria A. Chernova,&nbsp;Elena V. Kolganova","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article discusses the prioritization of key aspects of the digital transformation strategy for energy companies. In today's market, where competition is increasing, digitalization has become a crucial factor in improving the efficiency and competitiveness of businesses. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), developed by T. Saaty, we identify key elements of digitalization in the energy industry, such as big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain technology, and digital twins. Special attention is given to prioritizing strategic initiatives.</div><div>The study may be of interest to specialists in energy, business leaders, and anyone interested in digitalization and its impact on the energy sector's development. The findings of the study could be used to create digitalization strategies and assess the risks and opportunities associated with implementing digital technologies in energy companies and organizations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of early operational defects in photovoltaic modules: A case study of a 24.9 MWp solar PV system in Sumatra, Indonesia","authors":"Elieser Tarigan","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates early operational defects in a 24.9 MWp solar PV system located in Sumatra, Indonesia, within its first two years of operation. The primary objective is to identify key issues affecting performance, reliability, and energy output. Field observations revealed several critical defects, with hotspot formation being the most dominant issue. Hotspots, caused by partial shading, cell mismatches, or module damage, result in excessive localized heating, leading to material degradation and significant power losses. Additional defects included glass cracking (282 cases), primarily linked to hotspots and mechanical impacts, and 350 cases of junction box failures due to improper sealing, which pose long-term risks of moisture ingress and diode malfunction. Instances of foggy or discolored glass (delamination) were also identified, reducing light transmission and overall efficiency. Shading from external objects and self-shading between PV arrays exacerbated these problems. The study highlights that half-cut modules outperform full-cell modules in mitigating hotspot risks due to their lower current per cell and enhanced bypass diode configuration. Reducing the number of modules per string further minimizes hotspot severity. Recommendations include regular maintenance, shading mitigation strategies, and optimized system design to enhance performance and reliability. These findings provide valuable insights for improving large-scale PV system durability in real-world conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The failure behavior of prefabricated fractured sandstone with different rock bridge inclination angles under freeze-thaw cycles","authors":"Meilu Yu ,&nbsp;Zhongwen Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Xu ,&nbsp;Yanhai Chang ,&nbsp;Luyu Wang ,&nbsp;Yulong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the fractured rock samples with different dip angles of rock bridge are taken as the research object, and the freeze-thaw cycle test and uniaxial compression test are carried out successively. Combined with digital image correlation technology (DIC) and numerical simulation, the failure process of prefabricated fractured sandstone with different rock bridge dip angles was studied. The results show that the frost heaving force caused by freezing and thawing will cause irreversible damage to the rock sample. Especially at the tip of the prefabricated crack, macroscopic frost heaving cracks will occur. Frost heaving cracks can reduce the stress concentration at the crack tip, which leads to a decrease in tensile cracks during loading. With the increase of the inclination angle of the rock bridge, both the modulus and the peak stress show an inverted “spoon-shaped” trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The tensile effect of the frost heave force generated by the freeze-thaw process leads to the early development and expansion of the prefabricated cracks. Under the action of external load, according to the law of crack development, the failure mode of rock bridge can be divided into shear failure (S type), tensile failure (T type) and tensile-shear composite failure (M type). The relative displacement evolution curve of the characteristic points on both sides of the fracture surface is basically consistent with the evolution characteristics of the strain field. According to whether the <em>x</em>-direction and <em>y</em>-direction displacement curves of the feature points deviate from each other, the type of driving force of fracture propagation can be judged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogy and geochemistry of shale from Shanxi Formation, Southern North China Basin: Implication for organic matter accumulation","authors":"Qian Chen ,&nbsp;Pei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Wei ,&nbsp;Changsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Wei Dang ,&nbsp;Haikuan Nie ,&nbsp;Jinchuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Permian Taiyuan and Shanxi coal-bearing formations are recognized as the primary source rocks and promising shale gas reservoirs in North China. Based on lithologic observations, mineral and major elemental analyses of the Shanxi Sahle in the Southern North China Basin (SNCB), we conducted a preliminary investigation into the depositional environment, climate, and factors controlling the organic matter (OM) accumulation. The main findings are as follows: (1) The Shanxi Formation results from a transition in depositional environment, shifting from tidal flats to delta plains. The Shanxi Shale is primarily composed of clay minerals (34.24 %–75.20 %) and quartz (23.80%–46.39 %), with a notably low carbonate content (&lt;5 %). (2) Illite in the lower sections of the Shanxi Shale is likely sourced from detrital input rather than chemical conversion, while the dissolution of potassium feldspar may account for the elevated kaolinite content. This is further supported by the oxygen level variations between the lower and upper shale intervals. Moreover, no significant positive correlation was observed between SiO₂ and Al/Na ratios, nor between clay minerals and total organic carbon (TOC) content. This suggests that the intensity of OM modification prior to diagenesis plays a pivotal role in OM accumulation, aligning with the positive correlation between inertinite proportion and TOC content. (3) Organic matter inputs from fluvial systems were likely influenced by upstream mire conditions, where precursor peat may have accumulated. Unlike marine shale, the intensity of weathering, which varies with climate and transportation distance, is considered to have significantly impacted both the maceral composition and OM richness in the tide-delta deposited Shanxi Shale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and controlling factors of coal-measure unconventional reservoirs – A case study of the Carboniferous-Permian in the Ordos Basin","authors":"Zengqin Liu ,&nbsp;Shihu Zhao ,&nbsp;Zongquan Hu ,&nbsp;Baojian Shen ,&nbsp;Dongjun Feng ,&nbsp;Jiaqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jincheng Ye ,&nbsp;Chao Ma ,&nbsp;Zhaoxiong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal-measure unconventional natural gas exhibits diverse types and abundant resources, making it a strategic exploration field to marine shale gas. Currently, researches on coal-measure unconventional gas are still in the early stages, and further study is needed on the characteristics and controlling factors of coal-measure reservoirs. Taking the Carboniferous and Permian in the Ordos Basin as an example, the maceral observation, total organic carbon, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, porosity-permeability testing, high-pressure mercury intrusion, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption, and carbon dioxide adsorption experiments are employed to elucidate the reservoir space types, storage features, pore size distribution, and fractal features of coal-measure unconventional reservoirs. The result shows that coal, carbonaceous shale and argillaceous shale are the main reservoirs in coal-measure strata, and their storage performance are different under the control of total organic carbon (TOC). The main reservoir spaces in coal reservoirs are organic matter pores and cleats, while carbonaceous shale and argillaceous shale reservoirs are dominated by inorganic pores. In addition, the pore volume of coal seam, carbonaceous shale, and argillaceous shale decreases sequentially, of which coal seam features large pore volume, and is rich in micro and macro pores, while argillaceous shale exhibit small pore volumes and relatively high mesopore contents. The fractal dimensions of macropores, mesopores, and micropores sequentially decrease, indicating a weakening heterogeneity. Additionally, the porosity of coal-measure reservoirs is positively correlated with TOC, vitrinite content, and carbonate mineral content, while being negatively correlated with clay mineral content. The fractal dimension is negatively correlated with TOC and positively correlated with clay mineral content, suggesting a strong source-reservoir coupling correlation. Overall, coal-measure reservoirs with higher TOC exhibit the characteristics of “high proportion of organic matter pore, high pore volume, high porosity, and low fractal dimension”. And thick coal seam and carbonaceous shale in the Ordos Basin with higher TOC and porosity provide a material foundation for achieving high production, making them a promising new frontier for unconventional natural gas exploration and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and potential assessment of CO2 geological storage caprock in the saline aquifers of the Qingjiang Basin, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River","authors":"Yuchen Tian ,&nbsp;Shiqi Liu ,&nbsp;Sijian Zheng ,&nbsp;Shuxun Sang ,&nbsp;Yinghai Liu ,&nbsp;Shiheng Chen ,&nbsp;Helong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Yuntian Jiang ,&nbsp;Zekun Yue ,&nbsp;Wenkai Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100155","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100155","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂ geological storage is seen as a key technology for reaching carbon neutrality. The Qingjiang Basin, located in Jiangxi, China, is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization leading to increased natural resource and energy consumption. The basin is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. A study was conducted in response to the geological characteristics of the Qingjiang Basin to optimize caprock for CO₂ geological storage in saline aquifers and assess its potential. The research initially outlined the regional geological background of the Qingjiang Basin, including its tectonic position, stratigraphic distribution, sedimentary features, and the division of secondary structural units. By combining the regional geological conditions, the study analyzed the basin's formation and evolution history, sedimentary characteristics, reservoir and caprock development features, and geothermal geological conditions. This analysis provided critical geological factor evaluations for CO₂ storage. Employing the calculation method proposed by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), the study estimated the CO₂ storage capacity in the deep saline aquifers of the Qingjiang Basin. The study revealed a total storage potential of 6.76 × 10⁸ tons, with the central depression zone having the greatest potential, accounting for over 90 % of the total. Based on these findings, a hierarchical structure model was constructed, including three evaluation index layers and 21 evaluation indicators. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method combining the analytic hierarchy process and weighted judgment method was used to assess the suitability of CO₂ geological storage in the Qingjiang Basin. The evaluation results indicated that the central depression zone had the highest comprehensive score and the best suitability for storage, making it the most favorable area for CO₂ storage in the Qingjiang Basin. The research outcomes can provide theoretical support for advancing the study of CO₂ saline aquifer storage in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River region in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring geothermal energy as a sustainable source of energy: A systemic review","authors":"Charity M. Nkinyam ,&nbsp;Chika Oliver Ujah ,&nbsp;Christian O. Asadu ,&nbsp;Daramy V.V. Kallon","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source with potential to facilitate the world's transition to clean and sustainable energy. Despite its capabilities, geothermal energy currently accounts for barely 0.34 % of the global energy contribution. However, its ability to provide consistent and reliable electrical power especially for base load demand positions it as a competitive alternative to fossil fuels. The installed capacity of geothermal generation has increased from 9791 MWe in 2009 to 16,318 MWe by the end of 2023, with over 32 countries actively developing their geothermal resources. An in-depth literature review explores the evolution of geothermal energy as a clean energy option, illustrating its significant impact and the challenges it faces. To enhance its competitiveness relative to fossil fuels, which benefit from established support and subsidies, geothermal energy requires government backing in the form of favorable feed-in tariffs and preferential tax treatment. This review emphasizes geothermal energy's potential, extraction technologies, geothermal power plants, geothermal applications, and areas for further research. Additionally, it outlines current research initiatives and provides recommendations for stakeholders to promote geothermal energy as a vital component of a clean energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for calculating porosity in tight sandstone reservoir thin sections based on ICSO intelligent algorithm","authors":"Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Zongbao Liu ,&nbsp;Kejia Zhang ,&nbsp;Feng Tian ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruixue Zhang ,&nbsp;Cuiyun Xu ,&nbsp;Fang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaowen Liu ,&nbsp;Haoran Wang ,&nbsp;Mengning Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface porosity is crucial for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs' performance and resource potential. The current manual calculation and algorithm extraction methods have problems such as heavy workload, long time consumption, low accuracy in identifying complex pore morphologies, and weak learning ability for sparse samples. Drawing on the concept of hybrid intelligence, this paper proposes an intelligent calculation method for the surface porosity of tight sandstone reservoirs (ICSO) that combines the SOLOv2 algorithm and OpenCV. The SOLOv2 instance segmentation algorithm was used to segment and label pore regions in images. OpenCV was employed to extract pore distribution and proportions, thereby realizing the calculation of surface porosity. The performance comparison with similar algorithms demonstrates the advantages of this method in terms of accuracy, running speed, and generalization ability. It addresses the surface porosity calculation issue and provides a novel research approach for solving similar problems in related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143386322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offshore wind technology of India: Potential and perspectives","authors":"Tejaswini Gautam ,&nbsp;Anirbid Sircar ,&nbsp;Kriti Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>India has 7600 km of coastline, making offshore wind energy a promising sustainable energy source that could satisfy the country's energy requirements. In contrast to onshore equivalents, offshore wind energy systems provide several benefits like availability of high and steady wind speeds, huge energy potential, and less noise. This study reviews the advancement in offshore wind technology and discusses the recent advancement in offshore wind turbines, foundations, and transmission systems. It highlights the different types of controls and the reliability of turbines along with some general maintenance issues encountered in offshore wind turbines. The different types of foundations and their characteristic features of recent transmission systems is also discussed. The offshore wind energy potential of India was reviewed. The three models employed by India to attract Indian and foreign investors serve as the scope of the framework for this study. Models A, B, and C represent the viability gap funding model, non-viability gap funding model (with exclusivity over the seabed), and non-viability gap funding model (without exclusivity over the seabed). The available site characteristics of the most promising regions for offshore wind energy, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were outlined. The study discusses the feasibility of offshore wind energy in India and the CAPEX, OPEX, and levelized cost of energy for generated energy considering the met-ocean, wind and geotechnical characteristics of the potential offshore wind farm regions. This study includes the role of subsidies in the cost of offshore wind energy in India. The prevalent policies and regulatory frameworks for the development of offshore wind energy in India are outlined with the comparative study of other offshore wind markets. This study aims to present the technological advancement and availability of technologies in offshore wind energy along with the potential of offshore energy development in India with its characteristic engineering, financial, environmental, and regulatory features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143132969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}