Unconventional Resources最新文献

{"title":"A sustainable path to Modernization: Transforming African cities","authors":"Svetlana A. Balashova,&nbsp;Marina S. Reshetnikova,&nbsp;Viktor M. Kadrov,&nbsp;Galina A. Vasilieva,&nbsp;Nadezhda A. Rogozhina","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Africa is undergoing one of the world's fastest urbanization processes, presenting both opportunities and complex challenges. This rapid urban expansion is linked to the urgent need for resilient infrastructure, necessitating innovative governance frameworks across all dimensions of urban planning. The adoption of information and communication technologies in smart cities offers actionable strategies to enhance livability, optimize resource management, and strengthen municipal efficiency. Beyond cost reductions, these technologies empower cities to achieve technological leadership while fostering equitable citizen well-being. Recent research underscores that African cities are increasingly deploying smart solutions to position themselves as regional innovation hubs. Yet these advancements unfold against a backdrop of systemic challenges: fragmented electricity access, underdeveloped digital infrastructure, and persistent data reliability gaps. Despite these constraints, the pursuit of sustainable, efficient, and inclusive urban futures continues to drive investments in smart city technologies as urbanization intensifies. To contextualize these dynamics, this study introduces a novel index evaluating African countries' progress toward the sustainable development goals. This framework enables an analysis of how smart city initiatives influence broader national development trajectories. Departing from prior research that prioritizes cities already deemed “smart,” the study also examines emerging urban centers with untapped potential. While sustainable development goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities) remains a focal point, the work adopts a holistic lens, exploring synergies between urban development and multiple sustainable development goals such as clean energy (goal 7: affordable and clean energy), industry innovation (goal 9: industry, innovation, and infrastructure), and inequality reduction (goal 10: reduced inequalities). Methodologically, the study combines principal component analysis to construct a composite sustainable development goals progress index with hierarchical density-based clustering to map linkages between smart city projects and sustainability outcomes. Applied to Tanzania—a nation ascending three positions in sustainable development goals rankings (22nd to 19th, 2016–2022)—this approach revealed how optimized infrastructure planning (for example, the Iringa-Shinyanga Transmission Line Project) and community-centric strategies accelerated progress in electrification (goal 7: affordable and clean energy) while minimizing social disruptions. By bridging smart city frameworks with territorial sustainability, the research provides policymakers a replicable model to align urban innovation with inclusive, climate-resilient development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an improved numerical model for fracture propagation in hydraulic fracturing of low-permeability formations using FracproPT software","authors":"Najeeb Anjum Soomro","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary technologies employed to access unconventional resources today are horizontal drilling and single or multi-stage fracturing. Micro-seismic data frequently corroborates that hydraulic fracturing in shale reservoirs generates intricate fracture networks due to complex geology and the activation of pre-existing natural fractures, which cannot be accurately represented by traditional planar bi-wing fracture models.''</div><div>This research utilizes a dataset of reservoir characteristics, petrophysical features, and fracture treatments to develop a novel, sophisticated simulation model that demonstrates enhanced techniques for optimizing oil and gas output. The primary factors examined that significantly influence fracture behavior are flow rate, kind of proppants, and fracturing fluid.</div><div>The fracturing behavior and its controlling and optimization are the primary components utilized to augment production. The FracproPT software demonstrates the impact of proppant, flow rate, and fracturing fluid.</div><div>A comparison between a real model and a simulation model is presented, as the production of the stimulated well can be improved through the implementation of superior simulation models in future well stimulation efforts.</div><div>The ideal final fracture therapy is defined by maximal fracture length, width, and height.''</div><div>The research shows laboratory data for multiple fracturing fluids exhibiting varying surface activities, which were pumped into the assembly chamber. Recent fracture therapies have effectively employed a slick water formulation including water and dry polymer, with or without the inclusion of surfactant (Tri-ethanol Amine - TEA). This study evaluates commonly used surfactants and a microemulsion technology.</div><div>Simulation results indicate that the ideal fracture shape and conductivity, constrained by pumping limitations, are achieved at an injection rate of 100 bpm, a gel loading of 50 ppg, and a proppant size of 20/40 mesh sand. This paper enhances comprehension of fracture behavior in reservoirs and acts as a reference for optimizing hydraulic fracturing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and simulation of a standalone solar energy system by PV SYST","authors":"Youssef Fayez Elsaadawi ,&nbsp;Samia Abd El-Moneem Gwaily ,&nbsp;Elwan Ali Darwish","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy is a clean and reliable energy source, particularly in remote areas, where the energy supply is limited. This study aims to design and simulate a 4.95 kW off-grid solar energy system for an automated milking and milk-cooling facility facing power supply issues. A preliminary design was created to ensure that all the necessary data were available for the use of the PV SYST 7.4 software to design and simulate the system. Performing a system simulation helps to identify system flaws and reduces problems and losses during operation. The long-term simulation investigated off-grid photovoltaic system performance and reliability, saving a significant amount of time and money by addressing any issues or flaws before installation. The array's effective output energy reached 23.42 kWh/day, and the system delivered 21.14 kWh/day of useful energy, which is equal to the energy required by the facility. The difference between the output effective energy of the array and the useful energy delivered by the system can be attributed to the losses, with the most significant being the heat-related array losses (10.67 %) and battery efficiency losses (4.99 %). Throughout the year, the average state of charge of the battery was 59 %, which contributed to extending its lifespan. Additionally, the solar fraction achieved an optimal value of 1, confirming the effectiveness of the solar energy system design. This implies that the system can power loads without the need for a back-up power source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing drilling cost of geothermal wells by optimizing drilling operations: Cost effective study","authors":"M.Y. Amer ,&nbsp;S.K. Salem ,&nbsp;M.S. Farahat ,&nbsp;A.M. Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant factor influencing the adoption of geothermal energy in Egypt and the other regions is the cost associated with drilling, which constitutes approximately 35 %–50 % of the overall costs and may be more in some other regions around the world. The actual drilling costs for these wells may exceed the initial estimated cost by around five million USD or more. Therefore, it is highly important to analyze the drilling operations in terms of costs and optimization. This study aims to investigate the drilling operations of one deepest oil well (well AG-119<em>x</em>) in the Abu Al-Gharadig Area, western desert of Egypt. To optimize drilling operations and, hence reduce the cost. By checking the drilling details, it was found that the most expensive drilling section is an 8 ½” hole. The most costly tools used in this well are power drive tools in the bottom hole assembly such as the downhole motor with rotary steerable drilling system (RSS) or turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor. This 8 ½ “hole section required 13 runs, i.e. 13 drilling bits. Moreover, it is found that the turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor is the most effective tool to drill this section which can save about 1,756,999 USD. The analysis of the drilled section and wells understudy is considered a road map and serves as a strategic guide for reducing the costs associated with drilling geothermal wells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview improving the efficiency of a wind turbine by using a nozzle and solar radiation","authors":"Zahra Adnan Shawket ,&nbsp;Suad Hassan Danook","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the global transition toward renewable energy intensifies, wind energy stands out as a promising solution. Wind, an indirect form of solar energy, is continuously replenished by the sun's heating of the Earth's surface, making it a reliable resource. However, enhancing wind turbine performance, especially in low wind conditions, presents significant challenges. This review investigates innovative technologies—such as nozzle lenses, diffusers, and solar chimneys—that aim to improve turbine efficiency and energy output. To ensure a comprehensive perspective, this study adopts a dual approach: a systematic review of recent literature alongside bibliometric analysis using Scopus data and VOSviewer software, mapping publication trends, research gaps, and influential studies in the field. These technologies leverage aerodynamic and thermal principles to enhance energy capture. However, key research gaps remain: the optimization of nozzle lens and diffuser design parameters (shape, size, angle) under varying wind conditions is still underdeveloped. Solar chimneys offer promise for low-wind scenarios, but their integration with wind turbines and their economic feasibility remain underexplored. Moreover, artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning, has potential to optimize system performance by forecasting wind patterns and improving control strategies. Despite its potential, the use of AI in wind turbine enhancement is still limited and demands deeper investigation. In conclusion, this review highlights the critical need for further research into the integration of aerodynamic enhancements and AI-driven control to boost wind turbine performance, reduce costs, and support renewable energy deployment—especially in low-wind regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-criteria GIS-based approach for optimal site selection of solar and wind energy","authors":"Ahmed K. Nassar ,&nbsp;Omer Al-Dulaimi ,&nbsp;Hassan Falah Fakhruldeen ,&nbsp;I.B. Sapaev ,&nbsp;Feryal Ibrahim Jabbar ,&nbsp;Imad Ibrahim Dawood ,&nbsp;Doaa H. Khalaf ,&nbsp;Sameer Algburi","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research introduces a comprehensive multi-criteria geographic information system-based approach designed to determine optimal locations for solar and wind energy development by integrating geographic information system, multi-criteria decision analysis, and the analytical hierarchy process. The methodology enables spatial analysis that considers a wide range of environmental, economic, and technical factors, producing suitability maps that prioritize locations for renewable energy infrastructure. Applied to the geographic and climatic context of Iraq, the approach addresses the countries’ growing energy demands and infrastructure constraints by identifying regions with high renewable energy potential. the analysis resulted in 38.33 % of the total study area being suitable for utility-scale solar photovoltaic installations, 12.44 % for large-scale wind farms, and 34.47 % for small-scale solar photovoltaic projects. site selection criteria included solar irradiance, wind speed, terrain slope, ambient temperature, land use, elevation, and proximity to infrastructure such as roads and power lines. the study demonstrates the critical role of spatial decision-making tools in promoting sustainable energy strategies, especially within developing countries experiencing energy deficits and environmental pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging IoT and CFD to optimize solar PV module performance in high-temperature environments; case study: Kirkuk, Iraq","authors":"Yaareb Elias Ahmed ,&nbsp;Jagadeesh Pasupuleti ,&nbsp;Firas Basim Ismail ,&nbsp;Suad Hassan Danook ,&nbsp;Fadhil Khadoum alhousni ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Maghami","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>-Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly employed as a sustainable energy source. However, their efficiency is significantly affected by high operating temperatures, especially in regions like Kirkuk, Iraq, with high solar irradiance and ambient temperatures. Cooling systems can mitigate this issue by maintaining optimal operating temperatures, thereby improving system performance and lifespan. This research investigates the impact of a controlled cooling system on solar PV module performance through a combination of experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. An IoT-based control system, utilizing an Ewelink Android mobile app, was implemented to remotely monitor and control the cooling system. Two solar modules were utilized: one with a controlled cooling system and the other without cooling. The experimental setup involved monitoring the temperature and power output of both modules under various environmental conditions in Kirkuk, Iraq. CFD simulations were employed to visualize and analyze the temperature distribution and airflow patterns around the modules. The results from both experimental and simulation studies demonstrated that the controlled cooling system effectively reduced the module temperature, leading to a significant improvement in energy output. The IoT-based control system enabled precise regulation of the cooling system, further enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the PV system. The CFD simulations provided valuable insights into the thermal behavior of the modules, helping to identify areas of high temperature concentration and optimize the cooling system design. The findings of this research highlight the importance of controlled cooling systems in enhancing the performance and longevity of solar PV systems, particularly in regions with high solar irradiance and ambient temperatures like Kirkuk, Iraq. By implementing effective cooling strategies, it is possible to maximize the energy output of solar PV systems and contribute to a more sustainable energy future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tectonic thermal evolution of Aksu area in the Tarim Basin, NW China: Indications from apatite fission track thermochronology","authors":"Mengping Li ,&nbsp;Qiqiang Ren ,&nbsp;Rongtao Jiang ,&nbsp;Jin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Guo ,&nbsp;Jianpeng Sun ,&nbsp;Kai Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This manuscript aims to analyze the tectonic evolution of the Aksu area in the Tarim Basin. Fracture orientation, dip angle, and aperture were meticulously measured using geological survey tool. Outfield observations, fluid inclusion testing, and acoustic emission testing were conducted to characterize sets of fracture development. By combining fracture sets with apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology, we attained a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple stages of tectonic thermal activities. Four primary tectonic movements were identified in the Aksu area. In Stage I, sub-horizontal fractures developed during the Middle-Late Caledonian orogeny, indicating stable sedimentation. Stage II witnessed the formation of medium-angle shear fractures and tensile-shear fractures during the Early-Late Hercynian orogeny. Stage III featured low-angle conjugate shear fractures during the Indo-Yanshanian orogeny. Finally, Stage IV showcased high-angle shear fractures formed during the Himalayan orogeny. Based on AFT thermal evolution simulation and considering the tectonic background, three primary uplifting events and one subduction event were discerned in the Aksu area since the Ordovician period. During the Late Triassic to the early Cretaceous (ca.130-100 Ma), the Aksu area experienced slow uplift. Subsequently, due to the collision between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate at the end of the Cretaceous, the Aksu area underwent rapid uplift during the Late Cretaceous and early Neogene (ca.90-50 Ma). A rapid subduction event occurred during the Cenozoic period (ca.50 Ma-20 Ma). Consequently, since ca.20 Ma, the Aksu area has undergone rapid uplift, concurrent with the Himalayan orogeny.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a smart cloud-based monitoring system for solar photovoltaic energy generation","authors":"Challa Krishna Rao ,&nbsp;Sarat Kumar Sahoo ,&nbsp;Franco Fernando Yanine","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main controllers overseeing both solar panels and loads have all panels connected with sensors. The radiation striking the solar cell determines the power produced and real-time monitoring is crucial to evaluating the performance of a solar photovoltaic system. The emerging Internet of Things provides an opportunity to significantly enhance the monitoring of solar energy output and plant operations. To achieve this, a remote monitoring system is necessary, utilizing the Internet of Things to gather and transmit data. This study aims to utilize the Internet of the Things to monitor solar photovoltaic systems and assess their effectiveness. The monitoring system includes components such as a data gateway, data collection, and presentation for a cloud application. The collected data were stored in the cloud, enabling a visual representation of the sensed parameters. The system achieved a better accuracy rate, with an average transmission time of 53.01 s. The results indicate that the recommended monitoring system allowed users to observe current, voltage, and daylight, which could serve as a viable substitute for smart monitoring of solar energy output and plant operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of regional energy efficiency and prospects for sustainable development of the energy sector in China","authors":"Alla V. Vavilina ,&nbsp;Anna V. Loseva ,&nbsp;Anna A. Firsova","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100167","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Since 2022, the geopolitical situation on a global scale has been making its adjustments and changes to the pricing and structure of the energy supply system, forcing countries to adjust the structure of their energy industry, re-examine foreign trade flows of energy products, and develop solutions regarding the level of energy consumption in enterprise sectors and households. This issue is particularly acute for China, as a country with a rapidly developing economy and high energy consumption needs. However, in addition to external factors, China also faces internal challenges for the energy sector. These factors include, for example, interregional imbalance in domestic production and energy consumption, the need for maximum decarbonization of the energy industry and transition to green and low-carbon energy, and its high-quality development. The significance of such internal factors is confirmed by the recent energy crisis in China, which manifested itself sharply in 2021. In this article, we analyze the internal energy problems of China, primarily in the context of interregional imbalances that have been emerging during the period 2000–2021. Our general purpose is to conduct an analysis and identify the primary causes of the energy shortage in the Chinese economy as well as the regional disparities in its distribution. The following tasks have been solved: the evolution of the situation regarding electricity shortages in China between 2000 and 2020 have been investigated; the primary causes of the electricity shortage in China have been identified; the regional disparities in energy consumption, energy production, and the level of energy deficit in China's provinces have been assessed. As a final summary, the ways to overcome difficulties and improve the quality and stability of the Chinese energy sector have been analyzed as well as the main trends in the development of the energy sector of China after the 2021 energy deficit crisis have been identified. We used qualitative and quantitative analysis methods as research tools. Based on the qualitative analysis using logical generalization and systematization methods, we analyze ways to overcome difficulties and improve the quality and stability of China's energy industry, and identify the main trends in the development of China's energy industry that have taken place since the 2021 energy shortage crisis. Concurrently we propose an analytical approach consisting of a comprehensive assessment of the cross-provincial structure for key aspects of the country's energy system: energy production, processing and consumption. We assess structural changes in these parameters caused by both regional characteristics of the provinces and changes occurring in the Chinese economy. To achieve this task, we use a specific tool – the Salai index. The calculation results allowed us to identify key patterns in the production and consumption of coal-based electricity, which provides additional informati","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}