Unconventional Resources最新文献

{"title":"Geochemical characterization and evaluation of shale oil bearing characteristics of Permian Pingdiquan Formation in eastern Junggar Basin","authors":"Yuchen Liu ,&nbsp;Weibiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin Yang ,&nbsp;Huixi Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Of the Permian Pingdiquan Formation in eastern Junggar Basin, western China, the continental shale oil is the principal prospective unconventional resources target. Our research described the analysis on core samples from the Permian Pingdiquan Formation in eastern Junggar Basin. Geochemical technologies, like contents of total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, and clay mineral identification through X-ray diffraction (XRD), were analyzed on the specimens. Shale oil bearing characteristics were deeply dissected through two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) and the quantitative grain fluorescence on extract (QGF-E) technology. The results indicated that the source rocks of the Pingdiquan Formation in Qitaizhuang area possessed an elevated abundance of organic matters meeting the criteria of high-quality source rocks. However, the Mulei sag and Shiqiantan sag developed medium-poor source rock segments, which mainly due to the high paleo-productivity of source rocks in Qitaizhuang area. The combination of high-frequency QGF and 2D NMR can analyze the content of shale oil in shale reservoirs. The oil saturation in Qitaizhuang area was higher than Mulei sag and Shiqiantan sag. MAX-EX/MAX-EM and R1 indicated that the oil density and viscosity in Qitaizhuang area was higher than other areas. This further proved that the oil in Qitaizhuang area was from near source, while the oil in Shiqiantan and Mulei sag was from fruther source. The oil content of shale reservoir in eastern Junggar Basin was controlled by the overall organic carbon content and its pore throat construction. Our research lays a foundation for shale oil exploitation exploration in the Permian Pingdiquan Formation of eastern Junggar Basin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization model and algorithm implementation of the distributed power generation system for renewable energy in China and Russia","authors":"Yingkai Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on solving multi-objective optimization problems in distributed power generation systems (DPGS) for renewable energy in China and Russia, including low economic efficiency, poor environmental benefits, and insufficient system reliability. It proposes a hybrid optimization model that integrates deep learning with an improved particle swarm optimization algorithm, namely Adaptive Linear Decreasing Inertia Weight Particle Swarm Optimization with Mutation Strategy (ALD-MPSO). By introducing a Dense Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with Attention Mechanism (DBI-LSTM-AM) model, which combines a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network, Dense layers, and an Attention Mechanism (AM), the model performs time-series forecasting of energy demand. Coupled with the ALD-MPSO algorithm, the model simultaneously optimizes economic efficiency, environmental benefits, and system reliability. The study designs a renewable energy prediction and optimization model for DPGS, based on the fusion of the DBI-LSTM-AM and ALD-MPSO algorithms (DBI-LSTM-2AM-PSO). Finally, the model's performance is evaluated. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves superior prediction accuracy (95.53 %), with an F1 score of 91.41 %, and a mean squared error (MSE) of 0.049, outperforming the benchmark algorithms. Additionally, the fitness value in MOO is reduced to 0.47, with a training time of only 25.7 s and low computational resource consumption (Center Processing Unit usage at 10.55 %). This study provides effective technical support for the intelligent management of DPGS in the renewable energy sectors of China and Russia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measured and simulated energy, economics and environmental (3E) performance of a building applied solar PV (BAPV) system using advanced open-source simulation software","authors":"Aradhana Shukla ,&nbsp;Satish Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Deepak Yadav ,&nbsp;Jyotsna Singh ,&nbsp;Rajendra Bahadur Singh ,&nbsp;S.M. Mozammil Hasnain ,&nbsp;Rustem Zairov","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100199","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study assesses the simulated performance of a building applied photovoltaic system using PVLIB Python simulation and compared with an existing photovoltaic system installed in north India. The performance parameters of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61724 are used to compare measured and simulated results. The simulation results show photovoltaic module efficiency of 16.87 %, inverter efficiency of 96.52 %, system efficiency of 16.28 %, performance ratio of 88.45 %, capacity utilization factor of 21.15 %, and annual energy generation of 9253.2 kWh/year for the simulated system, which are all slightly higher compared to those measured. The economic and environmental evaluations of the building applied photovoltaic system were also compared, which confirmed its carbon reduction efficiency and sustainable development. The simulated results closely approximate the building applied photovoltaic system's on-field performance, with some short-term performance discrepancies due to weather dataset variability. The study demonstrates the potential of open-source Python library for photovoltaic system modelling as a reliable tool for optimizing advanced solar photovoltaic systems like floating, canal-top, building – integrated, and hybrid systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144105359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing gas well deliquification: Experimental analysis of surfactant-based strategies for liquid unloading in gas wells for enhanced recovery","authors":"Najeeb Anjum Soomro ,&nbsp;Ubedullah Ansari ,&nbsp;Bilal Shams ,&nbsp;Muhammad Khan Memon ,&nbsp;Darya Khan Bhutto ,&nbsp;Zhang Rui ,&nbsp;Yi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research examines the potential of surfactants, concentrating on the challenge of production decline caused by liquid accumulation in gas wells, while exploring the dynamics of liquid-filled gas wells. The main objective is to elucidate the complexities associated with liquid accumulation in gas wells through the application of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an effective surfactant. SDS was identified as an appropriate option following comprehensive testing and analysis, showcasing notable efficacy in reducing surface tension and facilitating the separation of entrapped liquid from the surface. The investigation further examines carrier fluids, examining their potential to enhance the effectiveness of surfactants. Research indicates that condensate serves as a highly effective carrier fluid, owing to its compatibility with SDS and its inherent ability to mitigate foaming. This mixture guarantees the surfactant's ideal dispersion and interaction with the collected liquid, which enhances the unloading procedure.</div><div>This approach enabled research to assess the merits and demerits of each technique. These evaluations provide critical insights to their respective benefits and challenges. Results demonstrated that high in a API gas well condensate, due to its non-foaming nature and high compatibility with SDS, serves as an optimal carrier fluid, ensuring uniform dispersion without compromising foam performance. The results of this research enhance one's understanding of the complex interactions of surfactants, carrier fluid, and injection techniques.</div><div>This research provides valuable insights for field applications, offering an optimized surfactant-based approach to gas well deliquification. The findings also contribute to enhanced oil and gas recovery by prolonging well lifespan, reducing operational costs, and improving production efficiency. This work serves as a foundation for future studies in surfactant-based well unloading strategies, paving the way for improved reservoir management and sustained hydrocarbon production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compatibility in thermoelectric material synthesis and thermal transport","authors":"Ariyo Nurachman Satiya Permata ,&nbsp;Christian Idogho ,&nbsp;Catur Harsito ,&nbsp;Ilogho Thomas ,&nbsp;Abel Ejila John","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermoelectric materials show promise in energy conversion uses such as high-temperature power creation and waste heat recapture. This study explores synthesised Holmium-Antimony-Tellurium (Ho-Sb-Te) materials, as well as how they perform together compatibly, and expertly deposits them using pulsed electrodeposition onto Bi₂SbTe₃, Zn₂Sb₃, and SiGe, substrates to optimally control stoichiometry. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, as well as the figure of merit (ZT) were thermoelectric properties. These properties were carefully measured experimentally within the 300–1250 K range. The simulations within Ansys Workbench did assess several compatibility factors. Efficiency greatly improves as a result of increasing the operating temperature, and the leg-pair (2 pairs, 3 pairs and 4 pairs), results show, with peak values of 23.68 %, 36.24 % and 46 %, respectively. SiGe had a compatibility factor in the range of 1100–1250 K, which was the highest, and this observation confirmed that it is well-suited for high-temperature TEGs. N-type materials, as a class, exhibited superior levels of thermal and charge transport, thereby rendering them ideal for efficient heat management. This work guides the selection of materials for the improvement of thermoelectric power generation, optimizes leg geometry, and synthesizes techniques. In the future, we will explore composite materials. We will also evaluate thermal cycling reliability for real-world deployment of it.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of smart energy management systems for photovoltaic power generation utilizing the internet of things","authors":"Challa Krishna Rao ,&nbsp;Sarat Kumar Sahoo ,&nbsp;Franco Fernando Yanine","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable energy represents the most reliable and widely recognized solution for meeting the escalating global energy demands. The optimization of solar energy generation necessitates a strong focus on predictive maintenance and advanced deployment methodologies. To enhance solar power utilization, Internet of Things enabled solar monitoring systems have been proposed for real-time data acquisition and analytics, facilitating performance forecasting and ensuring consistent power output. A critical challenge in demand-side energy management lies in optimizing the integration of renewable resources while maintaining cost efficiency and minimizing energy losses. Therefore, strategic planning for the integration of renewable energy sources is imperative. Intelligent energy management systems play a pivotal role in optimizing energy distribution, particularly in scenarios with high grid dependency. Cloud computing infrastructures address the complexities and scalability challenges posed by expanding smart grids, enabling real-time data processing and adaptive energy control mechanisms. This study explores the practical implementation of energy management system in industrial settings and research domains, both of which serve as key stakeholders in advancing smart energy solutions. A comprehensive review of internet of things applications in photovoltaic power generation highlights key research objectives and technological developments in the field. The evolving landscape of internet of things driven innovations presents numerous research opportunities, including the formulation of performance evaluation metrics and the development of novel optimization techniques. Additionally, the growing emphasis on energy management within intelligent architectural frameworks underscores the necessity for deeper investigations into adaptive control strategies and system interoperability. This ongoing research is essential for driving advancements in internet of things enabled energy solutions and enhancing the efficiency of smart grid ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144069321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A sustainable path to Modernization: Transforming African cities","authors":"Svetlana A. Balashova,&nbsp;Marina S. Reshetnikova,&nbsp;Viktor M. Kadrov,&nbsp;Galina A. Vasilieva,&nbsp;Nadezhda A. Rogozhina","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Africa is undergoing one of the world's fastest urbanization processes, presenting both opportunities and complex challenges. This rapid urban expansion is linked to the urgent need for resilient infrastructure, necessitating innovative governance frameworks across all dimensions of urban planning. The adoption of information and communication technologies in smart cities offers actionable strategies to enhance livability, optimize resource management, and strengthen municipal efficiency. Beyond cost reductions, these technologies empower cities to achieve technological leadership while fostering equitable citizen well-being. Recent research underscores that African cities are increasingly deploying smart solutions to position themselves as regional innovation hubs. Yet these advancements unfold against a backdrop of systemic challenges: fragmented electricity access, underdeveloped digital infrastructure, and persistent data reliability gaps. Despite these constraints, the pursuit of sustainable, efficient, and inclusive urban futures continues to drive investments in smart city technologies as urbanization intensifies. To contextualize these dynamics, this study introduces a novel index evaluating African countries' progress toward the sustainable development goals. This framework enables an analysis of how smart city initiatives influence broader national development trajectories. Departing from prior research that prioritizes cities already deemed “smart,” the study also examines emerging urban centers with untapped potential. While sustainable development goal 11 (sustainable cities and communities) remains a focal point, the work adopts a holistic lens, exploring synergies between urban development and multiple sustainable development goals such as clean energy (goal 7: affordable and clean energy), industry innovation (goal 9: industry, innovation, and infrastructure), and inequality reduction (goal 10: reduced inequalities). Methodologically, the study combines principal component analysis to construct a composite sustainable development goals progress index with hierarchical density-based clustering to map linkages between smart city projects and sustainability outcomes. Applied to Tanzania—a nation ascending three positions in sustainable development goals rankings (22nd to 19th, 2016–2022)—this approach revealed how optimized infrastructure planning (for example, the Iringa-Shinyanga Transmission Line Project) and community-centric strategies accelerated progress in electrification (goal 7: affordable and clean energy) while minimizing social disruptions. By bridging smart city frameworks with territorial sustainability, the research provides policymakers a replicable model to align urban innovation with inclusive, climate-resilient development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an improved numerical model for fracture propagation in hydraulic fracturing of low-permeability formations using FracproPT software","authors":"Najeeb Anjum Soomro","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The primary technologies employed to access unconventional resources today are horizontal drilling and single or multi-stage fracturing. Micro-seismic data frequently corroborates that hydraulic fracturing in shale reservoirs generates intricate fracture networks due to complex geology and the activation of pre-existing natural fractures, which cannot be accurately represented by traditional planar bi-wing fracture models.''</div><div>This research utilizes a dataset of reservoir characteristics, petrophysical features, and fracture treatments to develop a novel, sophisticated simulation model that demonstrates enhanced techniques for optimizing oil and gas output. The primary factors examined that significantly influence fracture behavior are flow rate, kind of proppants, and fracturing fluid.</div><div>The fracturing behavior and its controlling and optimization are the primary components utilized to augment production. The FracproPT software demonstrates the impact of proppant, flow rate, and fracturing fluid.</div><div>A comparison between a real model and a simulation model is presented, as the production of the stimulated well can be improved through the implementation of superior simulation models in future well stimulation efforts.</div><div>The ideal final fracture therapy is defined by maximal fracture length, width, and height.''</div><div>The research shows laboratory data for multiple fracturing fluids exhibiting varying surface activities, which were pumped into the assembly chamber. Recent fracture therapies have effectively employed a slick water formulation including water and dry polymer, with or without the inclusion of surfactant (Tri-ethanol Amine - TEA). This study evaluates commonly used surfactants and a microemulsion technology.</div><div>Simulation results indicate that the ideal fracture shape and conductivity, constrained by pumping limitations, are achieved at an injection rate of 100 bpm, a gel loading of 50 ppg, and a proppant size of 20/40 mesh sand. This paper enhances comprehension of fracture behavior in reservoirs and acts as a reference for optimizing hydraulic fracturing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and simulation of a standalone solar energy system by PV SYST","authors":"Youssef Fayez Elsaadawi ,&nbsp;Samia Abd El-Moneem Gwaily ,&nbsp;Elwan Ali Darwish","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solar energy is a clean and reliable energy source, particularly in remote areas, where the energy supply is limited. This study aims to design and simulate a 4.95 kW off-grid solar energy system for an automated milking and milk-cooling facility facing power supply issues. A preliminary design was created to ensure that all the necessary data were available for the use of the PV SYST 7.4 software to design and simulate the system. Performing a system simulation helps to identify system flaws and reduces problems and losses during operation. The long-term simulation investigated off-grid photovoltaic system performance and reliability, saving a significant amount of time and money by addressing any issues or flaws before installation. The array's effective output energy reached 23.42 kWh/day, and the system delivered 21.14 kWh/day of useful energy, which is equal to the energy required by the facility. The difference between the output effective energy of the array and the useful energy delivered by the system can be attributed to the losses, with the most significant being the heat-related array losses (10.67 %) and battery efficiency losses (4.99 %). Throughout the year, the average state of charge of the battery was 59 %, which contributed to extending its lifespan. Additionally, the solar fraction achieved an optimal value of 1, confirming the effectiveness of the solar energy system design. This implies that the system can power loads without the need for a back-up power source.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing drilling cost of geothermal wells by optimizing drilling operations: Cost effective study","authors":"M.Y. Amer ,&nbsp;S.K. Salem ,&nbsp;M.S. Farahat ,&nbsp;A.M. Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100196","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant factor influencing the adoption of geothermal energy in Egypt and the other regions is the cost associated with drilling, which constitutes approximately 35 %–50 % of the overall costs and may be more in some other regions around the world. The actual drilling costs for these wells may exceed the initial estimated cost by around five million USD or more. Therefore, it is highly important to analyze the drilling operations in terms of costs and optimization. This study aims to investigate the drilling operations of one deepest oil well (well AG-119<em>x</em>) in the Abu Al-Gharadig Area, western desert of Egypt. To optimize drilling operations and, hence reduce the cost. By checking the drilling details, it was found that the most expensive drilling section is an 8 ½” hole. The most costly tools used in this well are power drive tools in the bottom hole assembly such as the downhole motor with rotary steerable drilling system (RSS) or turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor. This 8 ½ “hole section required 13 runs, i.e. 13 drilling bits. Moreover, it is found that the turbodrill hydraulic downhole motor is the most effective tool to drill this section which can save about 1,756,999 USD. The analysis of the drilled section and wells understudy is considered a road map and serves as a strategic guide for reducing the costs associated with drilling geothermal wells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101263,"journal":{"name":"Unconventional Resources","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}