Solar Energy Advances最新文献

{"title":"Testing of uncovered solar thermal collectors under dynamic conditions and identification of performance parameters - for nocturnal radiative cooling applications","authors":"Nermeen Abdelnour ,&nbsp;Reiner Braun ,&nbsp;Herena Torio ,&nbsp;Ursula Eicker","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents the first part of a research-work conducted at the University of Applied Sciences (HFT-Stuttgart). The aim of the research was to investigate the potential of low-cost renewable energy systems to reduce the energy demand of the building sector in hot and dry areas. Radiative cooling to the night sky represents a low-cost renewable energy source. The dry desert climate conditions promote radiative cooling applications. The system technology adopted in this work is based on uncovered solar thermal collectors integrated into the building's hydronic system. By implementing different control strategies, the same system could be used for cooling as well as for heating applications. This paper focuses on identifying the collector parameters which are required as the coefficients to configure such an unglazed collector for calibrating its mathematical model within the simulation environment. The parameter identification process implies testing the collector for its thermal performance. This paper attempts to provide an insight into the dynamic testing of uncovered solar thermal collectors (absorbers), taking into account their prospective operation at nighttime for radiative cooling applications. In this study, the main parameters characterizing the performance of the absorbers for radiative cooling applications are identified and obtained from standardized testing protocol. For this aim, a number of plastic solar absorbers of different designs were tested on the outdoor test-stand facility at HFT-Stuttgart for the characterization of their thermal performance. The testing process was based on the quasi-dynamic test method of the international standard for solar thermal collectors EN ISO 9806. The test database was then used within a mathematical optimization tool (GenOpt) to determine the optimal parameter settings of each absorber under testing. Those performance parameters were significant to compare the thermal performance of the tested absorbers. The coefficients (identified parameters) were used then to plot the thermal efficiency curves of all absorbers, for both the heating and cooling modes of operation. Based on the intended main scope of the system utilization (heating or cooling), the tested absorbers could be benchmarked. Hence, one of those absorbers was selected to be used in the following simulation phase as was planned in the research-project.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100038"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid solar thermal and heat pump systems in industry: Model based development of globally applicable design guidelines","authors":"Mateo Jesper,&nbsp;Felix Pag,&nbsp;Klaus Vajen,&nbsp;Ulrike Jordan","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solar thermal heating systems and heat pumps are key technologies for decarbonizing low temperature industrial heat demand. Fluctuating solar irradiance, limited heat source capacity or limited availability of renewable electricity often limit the potential of the single technologies. To maximize the share of renewable heat supply, the combination of both technologies is a promising option. This study takes the first steps towards filling the research gap of missing guidelines for preliminary design or feasibility studies. A simulation tool based on idealized component models is used to compare technical and economic performance for 30,240 parameter combinations, that define various global reference applications, system designs, and economic frameworks. The heat sink and source temperatures, and the energy prizes have the highest impact on the economic performance. The potential for technical optimization is small. If the fraction of both heat generators together is close to 100 %, SCOP differences between different hydraulic concepts are neglectable. The most viable option for optimizing the system's LCOH is to reduce the heat pump capacity to about the half of the annual peak load. Due to recent increases in energy prices, a complete decarbonization is economically feasible without subsidies for most of the applications studied.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A simulation-based study to evaluate the cooling potential of nocturnal radiative cooling systems for residential buildings in Egypt","authors":"Nermeen Abdelnour ,&nbsp;Reiner Braun ,&nbsp;Herena Torio ,&nbsp;Ursula Eicker","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the first years of the last decade, Egypt used to face recurrent electricity cut-offs in summer. In the past few years, the electricity tariff dramatically increased. Radiative cooling to the clear night sky is a renewable energy source that represents a relative solution. The dry desert climate promotes nocturnal radiative cooling applications. This study investigates the potential of nocturnal radiative cooling systems (RCSs) to reduce the energy consumption of the residential building sector in Egypt. The system technology proposed in this work is based on uncovered solar thermal collectors integrated into the building hydronic system. By implementing different control strategies, the same system could be used for both cooling and heating applications. The goal of this paper is to analyze the performance of RCSs in residential buildings in Egypt. The dynamic simulation program TRNSYS was used to simulate the thermal behavior of the system. The relevant issues of Egypt as a case-study are firstly overviewed. Then the paper introduces the work done to develop a building model that represents a typical residential apartment in Egypt. Typical occupancy profiles were developed to define the internal thermal gains. The adopted control strategy to optimize the system operation is presented as well. To fully understand and hence evaluate the operation of the proposed RCS, four simulation cases were considered: 1. a reference case (fully passive), 2. the stand-alone operation of the RCS, 3. ideal heating &amp; cooling operation (fully-active), and 4. the hybrid-operation (when the active cooling system is supported by the proposed RCS). The analysis considered the main three distinct climates in Egypt, represented by the cities of Alexandria, Cairo and Asyut. The hotter and drier weather conditions resulted in a higher cooling potential and larger temperature differences. The simulated cooling power in Asyut was 28.4 W/m² for a 70 m² absorber field. For a smaller field area of 10 m², the cooling power reached 109 W/m² but with humble temperature differences. To meet the rigorous thermal comfort conditions, the proposed sensible RCS cannot fully replace conventional air-conditioning units, especially in humid areas like Alexandria. When working in a hybrid system, a 10% reduction in the active cooling energy demand could be achieved in Asyut to keep the cooling set-point at 24 °C. This percentage reduction was nearly doubled when the thermal comfort set-point was increased by two degrees (26 °C). In a sensitivity analysis, external shading devices as a passive measure as well as the implementation of the Egyptian code for buildings (ECP306/1–2005) were also investigated. The analysis of this study raised other relevant aspects to discuss, e.g. system-sizing, environmental effects, limitations and recommendations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat pipe collectors with overheating prevention in a cost-optimized system concept: Monitoring of system performance and stagnation loads under real conditions","authors":"Bert Schiebler ,&nbsp;Jan Köhler ,&nbsp;Lukas Wagner ,&nbsp;Julian Jensen ,&nbsp;Federico Giovannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat pipe collectors can significantly reduce stagnation loads in solar thermal systems due to their thermophysical properties. The paper experimentally investigates a novel system concept based on both evacuated tube collectors and flat-plate collectors with overheating prevention. Due to the resulting temperature limitation in the collector, the use of polymeric pipes as well as a significantly downsized expansion volume is possible. We implemented this concept in five demonstration plants and monitored their behavior over more than one year of operation. Both domestic hot water systems and combi-systems with space heating support in residential and office buildings are under consideration. The measured collector performance in all the systems matches the theoretical collector efficiency curve with a maximum deviation of five percentage points. Depending on the individual system configurations, the specific annual yield ranges between 174 kWh/m² and 445 kWh/m². During stagnation, we report a maximum temperature between 105 °C and 127 °C. In comparison to state-of-the-art systems, the maximum temperature in the solar circuit is 80–100 K lower and evaporation does not occur. The approach leads to reductions in investment costs of up to 16% and can significantly decrease the annual maintenance effort. Assuming a system lifetime of 25 years, we estimate a cost reduction of up to 22% in Levelized Cost of Heat (LCoH) compared to common system configurations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of the soiling effect on the PV systems performance and the cleaning intervals in Oman","authors":"Ibrahim S. Al Jassasi ,&nbsp;Hilal S. Al Hashmi ,&nbsp;Ali Al Humairi ,&nbsp;Yusuf Bulale ,&nbsp;Afzal Husain ,&nbsp;Marwah Al-Azzawi ,&nbsp;Peter Jung","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The trend toward diminishing dependence on fossil fuels as an energy source has become a government obsession, resulting in the acceptance of renewable energy as an alternative green energy source. Photovoltaic energy is considered the most viable renewable energy source in the MENA region due to the high solar irradiation level and the number of clear sky days during the year. However, environmental factors such as dust limit the optimum utilization of the source. In this paper, the effect of the accumulated dust on the Photovoltaic module surface has been studied for six months in Oman's weather conditions to suggest an economical cleaning interval. The experiment was conducted on a 5.85 kW grid-tie ground mount system with two strings of 9 modules in series. Two manual cleaning intervals have been applied on each string to observe the effect of the dust on the PV system performance. The results show that the dust accumulation reduced the PV modules' current performance by up to 28 %, with the average current output of the uncleaned string measured at 4.1 A compared to 5.6 A from the cleaned string. Based on the study results, the recommended economic interval in Oman is 8–12 cycles annually, and it is expected to increase in the summer compared to the winter season. This work offers valuable insight to investors, consultants, PV plant O&amp;M companies, PV engineers, and researchers offering prosecutable strategies for optimizing PV system efficiency in Oman.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266711312300013X/pdfft?md5=369acd59617f08ebc07f21f6d52e827b&pid=1-s2.0-S266711312300013X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135607350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fault detective: Automatic fault-detection for solar thermal systems based on artificial intelligence","authors":"Lukas Feierl ,&nbsp;Viktor Unterberger ,&nbsp;Claudio Rossi ,&nbsp;Bernhard Gerardts ,&nbsp;Manuel Gaetani","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fault-Detection (FD) is essential to ensure the performance of solar thermal systems. However, manually analyzing the system can be time-consuming, error-prone, and requires extensive domain knowledge. On the other hand, existing FD algorithms are often too complicated to set up, limited to specific system layouts, or have only limited fault coverage. Hence, a new FD algorithm called <em>Fault-Detective</em> is presented in this paper, which is purely data-driven and can be applied to a wide range of system layouts with minimal configuration effort. It automatically identifies correlated sensors and models their behavior using Random-Forest-Regression. Faults are then detected by comparing predicted and measured values.</p><p>The algorithm is tested using data from three large-scale solar thermal systems to evaluate its applicability and performance. The results are compared to manual fault detection performed by a domain expert. The evaluation shows that <em>Fault-Detective</em> can successfully identify correlated sensors and model their behavior well, resulting in coefficient-of-determination scores between R²=0.91 and R²=1.00. In addition, all faults detected by the domain experts were correctly spotted by <em>Fault-Detective.</em> The algorithm even identified some faults that the experts missed. However, the use of <em>Fault-Detective</em> is limited by the low precision score of 30% when monitoring temperature sensors. The reason for this is a high number of false alarms raised due to anomalies (e.g., consecutive days with bad weather) instead of faults. Nevertheless, the algorithm shows promising results for monitoring the thermal power of the systems, with an average precision score of 91%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49883638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case study on decarbonization strategies for LNG export terminals using heat and power from CSP/PV hybrid plants","authors":"Sabrina Hasni ,&nbsp;Werner J. Platzer","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The race towards decarbonization is driving major oil and gas companies to explore means to use renewable heat and power for their plants as part of their commitment to reduce their carbon intensity by 80% to 100% by 2050 (Holbrook, 2023). In terms of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions, natural gas is considered the cleanest fossil fuel option available, and decarbonization of new LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) projects is on the radar of many LNG projects developers. In addition, LNG cargos will have to be certified in the future by accredited authorities to meet defined GHG emission levels (Stern, 2019).</p><p>This research study investigates a new concept of providing both heat and power from a PV (Photovoltaic) and CSP (Concentrated Solar Power) hybrid plant to meet the energy demand of an LNG export terminal. Two locations have been investigated for potential future LNG projects: Karratha in Australia and Ras Laffan in Qatar. Both locations have DNI values higher than 2000 kWh/m²/year, which is the minimum level required for CSP technology (Lovegrove and Stein, 2021).</p><p>The LCCA (Levelized Cost of CO2 abatement) was used to compare the various solar configurations to select the option that will bring the greatest amount of CO2 reduction for the same investment cost (CGEP, 2020). The solar configurations technical parameters were defined based on the surface land available, natural gas feed composition and LNG plant design characteristics. The techno-economic assessment was carried-out taking into consideration the electricity price, the grid carbon intensity, and the CO2 tax in the region.</p><p>Whilst in Australia a collocated single plant is favourable in terms of land availability and DNI (Direct Normal Irradiation) level, in Qatar, heat and power production have been separated into two distinct locations. Next to the LNG plant, a CSP plant provides heat only, whereas 130 km away, the hybrid PV/CSP plant located at Qurain EL Bawl provides electric power.</p><p>The results indicate that the PV/CSP hybrid plant significantly accelerates the decarbonization of energy supply to the “All electric” LNG Plant. Depending on the solar field size, the quantity of CO₂ emitted between 2025 and 2050 is reduced by 78–81% for Karratha (Australia) and by 82–88% for Ras Laffan (Qatar) compared to a grid connected plant.</p><p>In addition, the economic assessment indicated that buying electricity from the grid during the period 2025–2050 would be more expensive for Australia then investing in a PV/CSP plant. In Qatar, the LCOE range of 93–110 US$/MWh is not competitive with the price of electricity in the region Qatar, mainly because of energy subsidies, however both the carbon tax and electricity price will need to be raised to the same level as in Australia to diversify and expand the power sector in the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum Regarding Previous Published Articles","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100037"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, commissioning and operation of a mini hybrid parabolic trough solar thermal power plant for direct steam generation","authors":"Hamdi Kessentini,&nbsp;Souha Ferchichi,&nbsp;Chiheb Bouden","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2023.100039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2023.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTCs) are the most mature, reliable and widespread among Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies for electricity generation. The conventional power plants relying on PTCs use synthetic oil as Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) which has limited life span, has limited operation temperature, is expensive and harmful to the environment. In the present research work, a new perspective has been developed to directly generate steam in the collectors, eliminating the need for HTF in the solar field and avoiding auxiliary heat exchangers. A mini hybrid Direct Steam Generation PTC power plant having a boiler as a backup that can be operated with biogas or natural gas is installed at Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT) within the framework of REELCOOP project (Renewable ELectricity COOPeration). The description, commissioning and operation of the solar plant are presented in this paper. The plant is designed and tested under real-life operating conditions in the south Mediterranean region. The feasibility of the DSG process in horizontal parabolic trough collectors has been confirmed and an important know how has been acquired regarding the operation of DSG solar plant. The main instructions for the operation of the solar plant have been presented including start-up and shutdown procedures of the plant, as well as the safety measures to be considered.</p><p>The development of this plant is aimed to address the challenge of coupling intermittent solar radiation and the presence of a two-phase fluid in the absorber tubes. An important know how has been acquired regarding the operation of DSG solar plants in solar only mode and in hybrid mode which allowed to balance strengths and weaknesses of solar and biogas/natural gas technologies. By combining both systems, we have tackled the problem of the controllability of the energy supply while exploiting as much as possible renewable sources.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49884226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of PVT - heat pump systems with reference systems for the energy supply of a single-family house","authors":"Bharat Chhugani ,&nbsp;Peter Pärisch ,&nbsp;Sebastian Helmling ,&nbsp;Federico Giovannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.seja.2022.100031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seja.2022.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photovoltaic - Thermal (PVT) collectors convert solar radiation into useful heat and electricity simultaneously, and with the same PV area, higher solar energy is harvested; hence PVT can be a key technology for the future supply of buildings. The paper compares different heat supply systems for a single-family house, focusing on PVT and heat pump systems. The results show that the PVT - heat pump achieves a higher seasonal performance factor (SPF) than an air-source heat pump. With 30 m² efficient PVT and the heat pump achieves ≈14% higher <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>P</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub><mspace></mspace></mrow></math></span>than air source heat pump (3.82 for PVT - brine water heat pump to 3.29 air-source heat pump). With the same PVT area, <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>P</mi><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mspace></mspace><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> including self-consumed PVT electricity by the heat pump system, reaches 4.3 with a demand-based control strategy and 4.97 with a PV-based control strategy. Furthermore, results confirm that by combining PVT collectors and ground-source heat pumps with borehole heat exchangers (BHE), BHEs can be dimensioned 30 to 35% smaller without impacting the system efficiency. The paper also presents the monitoring results of one of the demonstration plants under investigation. The experimental results confirm the good performance of the PVT as a single heat source for heat pumps, with achieved <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>P</mi><msub><mi>F</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> of 3.1 (with 16 m² of the same efficient PVT).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101174,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Advances","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49883637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}