{"title":"Human membership in the large carnivore guild: Was it always “tooth and claw”?","authors":"John D. Speth","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conventional wisdom holds that when humans began acquiring meat on a regular basis, whether by hunting or by scavenging, they became part of the large carnivore guild and, as a consequence, faced greatly increased levels of potentially life-threatening competition with other predators. This paper offers an alternative view based on fundamental nutritional and metabolic differences between humans, who are descended from primates of largely vegetarian heritage, and hypercarnivores, who are specialized flesh-eaters with a much greater tolerance for protein. Because of these differences, the prey choices and body-part selections made by humans and carnivores, while overlapping, are not isomorphic, with the former prioritizing fatty tissues, the latter prioritizing lean muscle. Competition and confrontation are further minimized by the fact that humans forage during the day, while most predators hunt at night. These and other lines of evidence, including numerous examples from early ethnohistoric accounts, suggest that mutual tolerance rather than deadly confrontation may often have been the most prudent and profitable course of action for all concerned.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950236524000021/pdfft?md5=1f238a2f3ffa8766763c3d0e832ed338&pid=1-s2.0-S2950236524000021-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139639016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.P. Kleijne , V. Bērziņš , D.J. Huisman , M. Kalniņš , B. Krause-Kyora , J. Meadows , B.J.H. van Os , U. Schmölcke , F. Steinhagen , H. Lübke
{"title":"No time to waste. Evidence for communal waste management among hunter-gatherer-fishers at Riņņukalns, Latvia (5400-3200 BC)","authors":"J.P. Kleijne , V. Bērziņš , D.J. Huisman , M. Kalniņš , B. Krause-Kyora , J. Meadows , B.J.H. van Os , U. Schmölcke , F. Steinhagen , H. Lübke","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study discusses waste management by mid-Holocene hunter-gatherer-fisher communities at Riņņukalns, on the Salaca river in Latvia. It combines microscopic analyses with geochemistry and radiocarbon dating. We observe natural landscape changes and human responses, with Mesolithic and earlier Middle Neolithic occupation on the backswamp. During the later Middle Neolithic, we see a pattern of selective deposition of waste categories (food waste, combustion waste, and excrements) as part of collective waste management practices, which led to the formation of a shell midden. Analysis of these waste layers provides an alternative perspective on subsistence practices and craft activities. A dump of ochre production waste illustrates the burning of iron-rich sediments to obtain this pigment. These later Middle Neolithic hunter-gatherer-fisher communities had a collective approach to waste and waste management. The shell midden, which was also used for funerary rituals, can be regarded as a persistent and significant place in the landscape of these, perhaps not so mobile, communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S295023652400001X/pdfft?md5=17fe7c3b030d115df9fcaeb6412371f7&pid=1-s2.0-S295023652400001X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139493903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas GARCIA-FERMET , Agnès TESTU , Anne-Marie MOIGNE , Thibaud SAOS , Sophie GRÉGOIRE
{"title":"The bird remains from La Crouzade Cave (Gruissan, Aude): The mixed origin of a Middle Palaeolithic bone accumulation","authors":"Thomas GARCIA-FERMET , Agnès TESTU , Anne-Marie MOIGNE , Thibaud SAOS , Sophie GRÉGOIRE","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2023.100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qeh.2023.100001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Avian remains are commonly found in Pleistocene cave sites. La Crouzade Cave (Gruissan, Aude, Southern France) is no exception, as it yielded thousands of bird bones recovered from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic deposits. In Mousterian layers 8, 7 and 6 (MIS 3) the avifaunal spectrum is dominated by cliff-nesting taxa such as doves and corvids from the genus <em>Pyrrhocorax</em>. Some of these birds may have died naturally in situ but the presence of digestive damage on a great number of specimens indicates that most of the individuals were consumed by non-human predators (carnivorous mammals and raptors). Furthermore, the presence of a few cut-marked specimens suggests that Neanderthals took part in the accumulation. Striae located on wing bones such as ulna could be linked to feather removal. The bird assemblage from La Crouzade thus provides a new example of mixed accumulation in which Middle Palaeolithic human populations were involved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"1 ","pages":"Article 100001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950236523000014/pdfft?md5=bdfa815bffd12d879a4f5bc798d28754&pid=1-s2.0-S2950236523000014-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138490063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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