Quaternary Environments and Humans最新文献

{"title":"Constraining the age of the Middle Stone Age locality of Bargny (Senegal) through a combined OSL-ESR dating approach","authors":"E. Ben Arous ,&nbsp;K. Niang ,&nbsp;J.A. Blinkhorn ,&nbsp;M. Del Val ,&nbsp;A. Medialdea ,&nbsp;C. Coussot ,&nbsp;M.J. Alonso Escarza ,&nbsp;M.D. Bateman ,&nbsp;A. Churruca Clemente ,&nbsp;A.F. Blackwood ,&nbsp;J. Iglesias-Cibanal ,&nbsp;C. Saíz ,&nbsp;E.M.L. Scerri ,&nbsp;M. Duval","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle Stone Age (MSA) is the major chrono-cultural phase associated with the emergence and evolution of <em>Homo sapiens</em> in Africa. Despite its importance, the MSA has not been evenly investigated across Africa, and West Africa in particular remains poorly understood. Although new research is beginning to fill in this crucial gap of knowledge, the existing MSA chronologies in West Africa only rely on Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. In this context, the increasing use of a multi-method dating approach appears essential to strengthen this emerging geochronological framework. Here, we apply such approach to constrain the age of Bargny locality, located in close proximity to the modern Senegalese coast (South of Dakar), and which documents one of the oldest MSA occupations in West Africa. Specifically, we combine OSL and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) methods to date the MSA sites of Bargny 3 (BG3) and Bargny 1 (BG1). A mean OSL age of 127±8 ka may be proposed for the MSA of BG3, which is in good agreement with a mean Ti-H ESR age of 125±14 ka from the same unit. Interestingly, similar ages are obtained by OSL (144±7 ka) and Ti-H ESR (138±14 ka) for the MSA horizon from BG1. While these results illustrate the great potential of the combined OSL-ESR dating approach to establish robust chronologies, they also contribute to improve the geographical and chronological resolution of the MSA record in West Africa. More specifically, they also corroborate the presence of MSA occupations along the Senegambian coast around the MIS 6-MIS 5 transition. In combination with the associated estuarine environments and mangrove forest, the evidence from Bargny adds to the known diversity, and likely complex behaviour, of early human populations living by Africa’s coastlines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfur isotope analysis of collagen: Quality controls and proboscidean wetland habitats","authors":"Jessica Z. Metcalfe ,&nbsp;Lauryn E. Eady-Sitar ,&nbsp;Ayumi Hyodo ,&nbsp;Taylor Belot","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfur isotopes (<em>δ</em>^<em>3</em>4S values) have significant potential for addressing archaeological, paleontological, and paleoecological research questions. Studies of ancient materials rely on the assumption that <em>δ</em>^<em>3</em>4S values have been minimally altered by diagenesis, yet meaningful analyses of sulfur isotope preservation/alteration are rare. This paper has 3 objectives: (1) to review and revise previous approaches to evaluating sulfur isotope alteration of collagen, (2) to evaluate sulfur isotope preservation in Great Lakes mammoth (<em>Mammuthus</em> spp.) and mastodon (<em>Mammut americanum</em>) bone, tooth, and tusk collagen, and (3) to make inferences about proboscidean diets and habitat preferences based on <em>δ</em>³⁴S values. To evaluate sulfur isotope preservation in collagen we recommend 3 approaches. First, researchers should examine collagen %C, %N, and atomic C:N values, and exclude samples whose values fall outside the expected ranges (defined according to context-specific considerations). Second, researchers should examine collagen %S, C:S, and N:S values, and exclude samples that fall outside the ranges for modern taxa. These ranges are subject to revision, but this study provides a new compilation of modern mammalian collagen with %S = 0.14–0.63, C:S = 185–873, and N:S = 55–266 (n=119). Third, researchers should check for correlations between collagen <em>δ</em>³⁴S and %S, C:S, or N:S values, which could suggest systematic alteration of sulfur isotope values due to sulfur contamination or amino acid loss. For our Great Lakes proboscideans, the first approach was insufficient to identify sulfur isotope alteration, but the second and third approaches led to the exclusion of 4 samples with probable alteration. Great Lakes proboscideans had lower <em>δ</em>³⁴S values than recent taxa from the same region, and the <em>δ</em>³⁴S of mastodons tended to be lower than those of mammoths. These results suggest that mammoths and (to a greater extent) mastodons consumed an abundance of plants rooted in anoxic freshwater wetland sediments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caring for preservation - coring for prehistoric life. Revisiting 15 000 years of sedimentation at the Ageröd peatland, Southern Sweden","authors":"Anton Hansson ,&nbsp;Mathilda Kjällquist ,&nbsp;Adam Boethius","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Rönneholm-Ageröd peatland complex, situated in central Scania, contains numerous archaeological sites discovered since the 19th century. Two sediment sequences were obtained at the Ageröd peatland to compare the sediment stratigraphy with a previous sequence obtained in 1960 to detect any modern-day changes and to establish the Holocene environmental development in the area. To clarify the timing of ceased peat-cutting activities, dendrochronological analysis was performed on trees growing on the peatland. The results indicate that the lake transitioned into first a fen stage and later a raised bog stage, at about 7300 cal BP and 6500 cal BP, respectively. Furthermore, the dendrochronological analysis indicates that peat cutting ceased at least before 1960 in the sampled areas. Depending on e.g. hydrological conditions and human impact, the potential for preservation of organic remains varies greatly within the Rönneholm-Ageröd peatland complex. After peat-cutting activities ceased at the Ageröd peatland, the area was abandoned, without being restored to its original state and the drainage systems were left open but without maintenance. Our results show that these drainage ditches are still effective at the Ageröd peatland, which contributes to an active loss of peat at the top of the stratigraphic sequence. This causes the youngest formed peat layers to degrade, in turn, exposing older layers and reducing the buffer zone above the preserved organic cultural heritage from the lake-phase of the wetland with their destruction. To increase the understanding of modern-day processes affecting the preservation of organic remains in peatlands, continued monitoring and measuring of the peatland preservation status is needed in areas with archaeological deposits. We predict that if we fail to take action and establish a routine for finding and mitigating ongoing wetland degradation, the organic cultural and environmental heritage in them will, in the not-too-distant future, collapse and irrevocably deteriorate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An open letter to evolutionary and human sciences; Statistics has moved on and so should we. A proposal for more transparent research, and some notes on p < 0.003","authors":"Lloyd A. Courtenay","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Statistical reasoning and inference have become integral to how we reach conclusions as scientists. Few papers in evolutionary, biological, and human sciences, are published at present without at least one report of a</em> p<em>-value, or the term “statistically significant”. As a product of this, discoveries and results often hinge on</em> p<em>-values below the infamous threshold of 0.05. This is due to how well ingrained these notions are in many of our higher education systems, and our practices as researchers. Nevertheless, the concept of a</em> p<em>-value, borrowed from statistics, and dating as far back as the late 20th and early 21st century, has undergone an evolution that we may not be completely aware of, if we do not follow or keep ourselves up to date with the most recent advances in statistical research. The present short communication can be framed as an opinion piece that simply aims to call our attention to the fact that statisticians, in recent years, have asked that we completely abandon the notion of “statistically significant (</em>p &lt; 0.05)”. It is important to point out that none of these observations are new, however certainly merit being re-addressed. Here I attempt to open a dialogue among archaeologists, palaeontologists, palaeoanthropologists, biological anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, and all researchers in related fields, about such statistical research. Finally, I propose a means of moving forward, suggesting we move from a world where p &lt; 0.05 is considered a binary threshold for conclusive results, to a more nuanced practice where different gradients, down to p &lt; 0.003, are interpreted as increasingly suggestive evidence – provided that findings are supported by additional, transparently reported corroborative data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100041"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the applicability of protein residues in combination with lipid residues to reconstruct Indus foodways from Gujarat","authors":"Kalyan Sekhar Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Lindsey Paskulin ,&nbsp;Prabodh Shirvalkar ,&nbsp;Yadubirsingh Rawat ,&nbsp;Heather M.-L. Miller ,&nbsp;Greg Slater ,&nbsp;Camilla Speller","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>When extracted and analysed in tandem, proteomics and lipid residue analysis can provide high resolution identification of ancient foodstuff. Here, we apply lipid residue and shotgun proteomic analyses to 11 ceramic vessel sherds from the Gujarat, India-based Indus Valley Civilization site of Kotada Bhadli. Our results demonstrate variable success. Lipids were successfully recovered from each ceramic vessel and suggest the presence of dairy and meat from cattle/buffalo, and meat from sheep/goat and monogastric animals, such as pigs and birds. Additionally, we were also able to identify the presence of plant products such as leafy vegetables, oils and broomcorn millets. In contrast, none of the extracted proteins could be confidently traced to specific foods or ingredients and were thus unable to contribute to broader interpretations of foodways at Kotada Bhadli. Nevertheless, our results present an opportunity to discuss pathways for improving proteomic methods, and advocate for the need to report negative results as well as positive ones. We support continued efforts to apply multi-proxy approaches to the study of ancient ceramics and consider future applications of shotgun proteomics in this rapidly evolving field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100038"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment to the ICS Anthropocene decision: From stratigraphy to storytelling","authors":"Håvard Kilhavn ,&nbsp;Julie Shipp ,&nbsp;Anastasia Bertheussen","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100036"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coasting into India? - Assessing lithostratigraphic context of Middle Palaeolithic occupation in Saurashtra Peninsula","authors":"Gopesh Jha ,&nbsp;Divyansh Kumar Sinha ,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar Jha ,&nbsp;P. Ajithprasad","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coastal rim of the Indian subcontinent is believed to have played a crucial role in the dispersal of early Modern Humans from Africa into the Indian subcontinent during the Late Pleistocene. However, the paucity of substantial evidence along the Indian coastal margins has made it difficult to assess this hypothesis directly. The peninsular region of Saurashtra in Gujarat (India) is one of the key regions that possesses a vast coastline of ∼1600 km, located east of the Indus Delta. Earlier research has revealed widespread evidence of Late Acheulian and Middle Palaeolithic occupations in the region during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Here, we report evidence of new Middle Palaeolithic localities from the central (Bhadar river basin) and northern (Aji river basin) parts of the Saurashtra peninsula. This study reviews the lithostratigraphic context of hominin occupation across Saurashtra and provides crucial insights into the chronology of Middle Palaeolithic localities. Our comparative data suggest that most of the Middle Palaeolithic assemblages in Saurashtra belong to the Gt2 horizon, which dates back to the onset of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. These findings are further examined in light of ongoing discussions on Late Pleistocene hominin population dynamics, dispersal patterns, and eustatic fluctuations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142529301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into archaeological and modern neotropical biomes: Examining diet and shape variation through white-tailed deer lower third molar","authors":"María Fernanda Martínez-Polanco ,&nbsp;Ana Belén Galán López ,&nbsp;Florent Rivals","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The white-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus virginianus</em> Zimmermann 1780) holds significant ecological importance across the Americas, both historically and in modern times. This species ranges from southern Canada to Brazil and exhibits polytypic characteristics, adapting well to diverse habitats including temperate, subtropical, semi-arid, rainforest, and savanna environments. In paleontology and archaeology, the comparison of dental characteristics between extant mammal species with known diets is commonly employed to infer the feeding behaviors of their ancient counterparts. This method assumes that extant and fossil species share similar dietary preferences, aiding in the identification of past environmental contexts. Consequently, we employed a multiproxy approach, combining the study of dental wear and 2D geometric morphometrics, to investigate potential relationships between molar shape, diet, and biomes among extant white-tailed deer populations across the Americas. Our analysis included a comparison with archaeological data from Panama. We sampled 274 extant lower second molar specimens for micro- and mesowear analysis, along with 105 lower third molar specimens from natural science museums for 2D geometric morphometric analysis. These were compared with a sample of 65 archaeological specimens from Panama. Our findings revealed distinct variations in the shape of lower m3 molars among extant white-tailed deer populations across different biomes, with notable differences observed in the archaeological samples as well. Micro- and mesowear analyses also indicated biome-related differences, suggesting a general browsing diet for white-tailed deer with nuanced variations across biomes. Mesowear analysis further suggested a dietary spectrum ranging from pure browsers to browser-mixed feeders. These findings offer valuable insights for the interpretation of fossil deer specimens recovered from archaeological sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100035"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable isotope analysis of Late Pleistocene mammalian teeth from western, central, and north-central India and the associated Palaeolithic archaeology of the Indian Subcontinent","authors":"Shashi B. Mehra ,&nbsp;Shailesh Agrawal ,&nbsp;Vijay Sathe ,&nbsp;August G. Costa ,&nbsp;Parth R. Chauhan","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and carbon (δ¹³C) ratios in bioapatite from dental tissues of fossil mammals are well-established proxies for climatic conditions and dietary patterns. In the present study, a total of 24 Late Pleistocene mammalian teeth belonging to Cervid, Bovid, Suid, Hippopotamid, Canid, Equid from Gopnath in Gujarat, ten separate localities from the Narmada Basin, and one in Son River Basin, India were analysed for δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values to understand palaeoclimatic conditions and associated dietary habits between marine isotope stages (MIS) 5 and 3 as estimated from stratigraphic and archaeological record. The δ¹³C values in the samples of Gopnath, Narsinghpur and Doma range from −3.1 to 2.3 ‰, −3.2 to 1.3 ‰, and −2.0 ‰, respectively. The higher δ¹³C values in these specimens suggest a diet based predominantly on C4 plants. On the other hand, a relatively lower and large range of δ¹³C values from Nehlai (−11.1 to −3.5 ‰) suggests a predominately C3 to mixed C3-C4 diet. The δ¹⁸O values in Gopnath, Nehlai, Narsinghpur and Doma are −4.1 to −3.1 ‰, −4.7 to −2.1 ‰, −4.0 to −1.9 ‰ and −5.8 ‰, respectively. The relatively lower δ¹⁸O value points towards humid climatic conditions and the relatively higher δ¹⁸O values suggest relatively arid climatic conditions. The regional contexts are dominated by Late Pleistocene geological records predominantly associated with Middle Palaeolithic evidence, and the preliminary isotope results indicate that contemporary hominin groups occupied warm and semi-humid environments. This study attempts to examine the Late Pleistocene environments and hominin adaptations across western, central, and north-central India on a comprehensive scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpreting the edge angle efficiency of middle palaeolithic lithic assemblage with Artifact-3D – A case study Barwaniya W1, North Karanpura Valley, Eastern India","authors":"Shubham Rajak,&nbsp;Pronil Das","doi":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.qeh.2024.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lithic technology is directly linked with knapping skills, cognition, and economic production of a particular culture. The central objective of lithic production was to obtain desirable edge angles and sharpness for cutting/ butchering work in an efficient manner to achieve the highest utility/ efficiency and low production ratio. The angle of an edge, whether unaltered or retouched and as part of the overall tool design, is undoubtedly a parameter that influences the behavioural dimension of a lithic artefact. Thus, lithics artefacts' work efficiency or knapping efficiency depends on their working (cutting) edge angle, length of the parallel edge, centre of gravity, length of lithic, and lesser rate of edge angle damage. The present research has analysed the working edge angle of the Middle Palaeolithic Levallois assemblage from the newly discovered site of Barwaniya W1 from the North Karanpura Valley (North of Upper Damodar Basin), Jharkhand, India with the help of semi-automated 3D edge angle analysis technique. the current study scrutinises the entirety of an artefact's edge angle through automated positioning based on surface tension and a higher number of reference measurement points on the 3D scan surface of the artefact. This research has digitally measured the Middle Palaeolithic quartzite flake-based assemblage from Barwaniya W1 and their working edge angle, parallel edge (thick blunt side used for hafting), and centre of gravity with <em>Artefact-3D</em> software which has provided us with precise measurement without human errors and ambiguity. Further, this research has replicated the quartzite lithic assemblage of Barwaniya W1 with the Levallois reduction technique to interpret the edge angle efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101053,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Environments and Humans","volume":"2 6","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}