Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy最新文献

{"title":"The nature of basement beneath the Songliao Basin in NE China: geochemical and isotopic constraints","authors":"F.-Y. Wu ,&nbsp;D.-Y. Sun ,&nbsp;H.-M. Li ,&nbsp;X.-L. Wang","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00128-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00128-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Songliao Basin, located in northeastern China with an area of about 260,000 km² and having the Daqing Oil Field as the most important center of the petroleum industry in China, is much debated about the basement nature. According to the drill holes, its basement is mainly composed of granites and the Paleozoic strata, some of which have undergone weak metamorphism and somewhat deformation. Gneiss has also been identified, but the petrographical studies indicate that the gneiss is in fact deformed granitic intrusions. Therefore, the granites are the major rock types beneath the Songliao Basin. Geochemical research indicates that these granites are peraluminous, and generated mainly by partial melting of juvenile crust. Geochronological studies show that one undeformed granitic sample gives an U-Pb age of 305 ± 2 Ma, and the mylonitic granite yields an U-Pb age of 165 ± 3 Ma; neither sample contains inherited zircon, which suggests that the basement of the Songliao Basin is not Precambrian, but part of Phanerozoic orogenic belt. With respect to Sr-Nd isotopes, these basement granites are characterized by low I_Sr (≈0.705), high ε_Nd(t) (−2.2–+2.4) and young Nd model ages (690 to 1160 Ma with most less than 1000 Ma) which is the same as that of the granites in the surrounding orogenic belts such as the Zhangguangcai, Great Xing'an and Lessor Xing'an Ranges, but distinctly different from granites emplaced in the adjacent Precambrian Jiamusi Massif. The simple mass balance calculation indicates that the mixing between the depleted mantle and ancient crust could not reasonably explain the Sr-Nd isotopic features, but the mixing modeling between the juvenile and pre-exited ancient crust suggests that the granites would have about 90% of the juvenile crustal component. Therefore, the Sr-Nd isotopic studies suggest that the basement of the Songliao Basin is juvenile crust, identical to the surrounding orogenic belts, and that there is no Precambrian basement to the Songliao Basin.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 793-803"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00128-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79370896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional densification of the IGS in europe using the EUREF permanent GPS network (EPN)","authors":"C. Bruyninx ,&nbsp;M. Becker ,&nbsp;G. Stangl","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00096-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00096-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 1995 EUREF took the initiative to coordinate the activities related to existing permanent GPS stations in Europe and created the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) for the maintenance of the European Terrestrial Reference System (ETRS89).</p><p>Presently, the data from most of the EPN stations is available within a 24-hour delay and additionally one third of the stations provides hourly data. The performance evaluation of the EPN data flow indicates that the reliability of the hourly data flow and the development of fallback procedures in case of unreachable data centres are requiring further improvements. Half of the EPN stations belong to the IGS network and as a consequence, improvements of latency, availability and reliability within EUREF will benefit the IGS too.</p><p>Each of the twelve analysis centres process part of the EPN and obtain weekly estimated coordinates and their covariance info. The combination of these individual solutions constitutes the EPN weekly combination. The quality of this solution is in average 1.6, 1.7 and 4.9 mm for the North, East and up components, respectively.</p><p>A multi-year combination of the weekly EPN solutions was submitted to IERS for inclusion into the ITRF2000. As a first accuracy assessment this solution was compared to the ITRF2000 contribution of CODE and showed to be consistent with the internal precision of the weekly solutions.</p><p>The establishment of an EPN Coordination Group, in June 2000, allows the continuation of an efficient management of the expanding GPS tracking network and the growing array of related multi-disciplinary projects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 531-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00096-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79638251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatio-temporal tomography of the lower troposphere using GPS signals","authors":"A. Flores ,&nbsp;A. Rius ,&nbsp;J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano ,&nbsp;A. Escudero","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00074-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00074-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The obtaining of the spatio-temporal representation of the wet refractivity distribution in the lower troposphere using GPS has been a line of research that has recently achieved very promising results. We here present a review of the work done and discuss some aspects as well as trace some future lines of development to increase the impact of GPS data in meteorological studies. Starting from the refinement of the tomographic technique, we assessed its capabilities using simulations based on the ground network of GPS receivers at mount Kilauea, Hawaii, and finally applied the whole procedure to the GPS data campaign conducted at the Onsala Space Observatory, verifying the results there obtained using traditional meteorological tools and analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 405-411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00074-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77844735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric GPS slant path delays and ray tracing through numerical weather models, a comparison","authors":"T. Pany, P. Pesec, G. Stangl","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00044-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00044-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"15 1","pages":"183-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73151326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting rock-magnetic characteristics of two upper Paleozoic loessite-paleosol profiles","authors":"M. Cogoini,&nbsp;R.D. Elmore,&nbsp;G.S. Soreghan,&nbsp;M.T. Lewchuk","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00140-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00140-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 11","pages":"905-910"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00140-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72282219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability of the temperature-dependent susceptibility of the Holocene eolian deposits in the Chinese loess plateau: A pedogenesis indicator","authors":"C. Deng ,&nbsp;R. Zhu ,&nbsp;M.J. Jackson ,&nbsp;K.L. Verosub ,&nbsp;M.J. Singer","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00135-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00135-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 11","pages":"873-878"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00135-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72282221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of external path delay correction techniques for high accuracy height determination with GPS","authors":"O. Bock ,&nbsp;J. Tarniewicz ,&nbsp;C. Thom ,&nbsp;J. Pelon ,&nbsp;M. Kasser","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00041-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00041-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For specific applications such as permanent GPS network calibration and national leveling network surveying, a vertical accuracy of ∼1 mm for observing durations of a few hours to a few days at maximum in 10–100-km baselines would be required. To achieve a 1-mm accuracy in height determinations with differential-GPS measurements, path delay must be corrected with an accuracy of ∼0.3 mm. This level of accuracy is not achievable with standard GPS data analysis procedures. External correction from a water vapor remote sensing technique is therefore necessary. Microwave radiometers, which have been most extensively used for this purpose, solar spectrometers, DIAL and Raman lidars are considered in this paper. The principle and performance of these techniques is reviewed in the context of wet path delay retrieving. Namely, we evaluate the errors arising during the conversion of raw measurements to wet path delay, using retrieval coefficients or standard profiles. It is shown that changes in temperature profiles can produce errors of up to 1 cm in wet path delay with microwave radiometers. Similarly, mismodeled temperature profiles can produce errors of 2–3 mm in wet path delay with DIAL and Raman lidars. Raman lidar offers the possibility to retrieve the temperature profile from total air density. Assuming that absolute concentrations of water vapor and dry gases can be retrieved, the accuracy would be unbiased. In addition, Raman lidar would also allow for the correction of hydrostatic path delay without requiring the use of mapping functions. This might reduce the residual errors due to horizontal pressure and temperature gradients. This technique will therefore be investigated in more details in a future study.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 165-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00041-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91632876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second network workshop of the International GPS Service (IGS)","authors":"Angelyn Moore","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00095-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00095-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Page 529"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00095-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80959119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential uses of surface based GPS water vapour measurements for meteorological purposes","authors":"D. Jerrett,&nbsp;J. Nash","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00083-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00083-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The current user requirements for relative humidity measurements in the atmosphere will be reviewed and the contribution which surface based GPS measurements can contribute to satisfying this requirement will considered. The potential of GPS data is discussed in view of some data assimilation, nowcasting/ synoptic and climate applications.</p><p>Some potential uses of GPS water vapour are considered, particularly in relationship to thunderstorm forecasting on occasions of potential instability. These depend on the ability of the forecaster to visualise the horizontal distribution of water vapour and to be able to compare this with satellite products on a very short time scale. In terms of potential operational GPS water vapour measurements it is suggested that in the UK, initial demonstration experiments concentrate on the problems of forecasting summertime convection over southern England.</p><p>The use of GPS water vapour measurements for climate change verification has been suggested in the past. The Hadley Centre Climate model data is used to estimate the magnitude and distribution of IWV changes over Europe to be expected in the next 50 years.</p><p>Some outstanding problems are highlighted, particularly the accuracy of the Ocean tide loading correction and the impact of errors in the total delay measurements in colder conditions. The latter has implications for the optimum distribution of GPS receivers for purely meteorological purposes in any planned network.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 457-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00083-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81921202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle vs. Laboratory modelling of In Situ compaction","authors":"R.M. Holt","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00028-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00028-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Physical (in particular mechanical) behaviour is altered because of the stress release occurring when a core sample is retrieved from the Earth. Numerical and experimental simulations have been performed in order to assess the main discrepancies between laboratory measured and virgin <em>in situ</em> rock mechanical behaviour, and in particular, the main characteristics of virgin compaction behaviour. In the laboratory, synthetic sandstones were cemented under stress, permitting virgin compaction as well as stress-released core compaction experiments. Numerically, a discrete particle model (PFC) was used to mimic closely the laboratory procedures. Cement bond breakage causes a transition from stiff to soft behaviour above a certain stress level during virgin compaction. Both techniques show that core compaction may exceed virgin compaction during initial loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 1","pages":"Pages 89-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00028-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89192553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}