Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy最新文献_第7页

Atmospheric sounding by ground-based and space-based systems 地面和天基系统的大气探测

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00036-9

N.A. Berbeneva, V.E. Kunitsyn, O.G. Razinkov, V.I. Zakharov

{"title":"Atmospheric sounding by ground-based and space-based systems","authors":"N.A. Berbeneva, V.E. Kunitsyn, O.G. Razinkov, V.I. Zakharov","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00036-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00036-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The possibilities of reconstruction of various atmospheric structures and influence of localized atmospheric and ionospheric irregularities on the reconstructed atmospheric profiles are discussed. In the case of vast atmospheric structures (above 400–600 km long), the radiooccultation method of atmospheric studies makes it possible to reconstruct the vertical profiles of meteorological parameters with the accuracy acceptable for applications (the errors in the refractive index profile are 0.5–1% for the altitude region 8–40 km). However, the presence of the atmospheric irregularities with horizontal dimensions up to 300–400 km leads to significant reconstruction errors, the fact being related to the ‘spreading’ of the disturbance to the entire region of the sounding ray intersection of the troposphere. Therefore, near such structures as secondary typo atmospheric fronts and developing cyclones, the profiles are reconstructed with strong distortions reaching 1–10%. The impact of the irregularities in the radio signal propagation media (atmosphere, ionosphere, and protonosphere) on the accuracy of the profiles reconstructed is studied. Possibilities to study various atmospheric irregularities by the tomographic method, using a network of ground-based receivers, are considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 3","pages":"Pages 131-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00036-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91632881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Atmospheric modeling in GPS data analysis for high accuracy positioning 大气模拟在GPS数据分析中的高精度定位

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00069-2

O. Bock , E. Doerflinger

{"title":"Atmospheric modeling in GPS data analysis for high accuracy positioning","authors":"O. Bock , E. Doerflinger","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00069-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00069-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we review the atmospheric modeling methods used in GPS data analysis. Due to the strong spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variability of atmospheric constituents, especially water vapor, accurate modeling of path delay in GPS signals is necessary for high-accuracy positioning (e.g., tectonics and sea-level change) and meteorological applications (climatology and weather forecasting). State-of-the-art path delay modeling consists primarily in parameter estimation. In this strategy, zenith path delays are estimated during the GPS data reduction. External correction is another common strategy, in which the wet path delay is measured by a remote sensing instrument (usually a microwave radiometer). However, the latter is not as generalized, and is rather used for specific field campaigns or local long term observations. Both strategies have led to quite similar coordinate accuracies (using daily GPS observations), at the level of 1–2 mm in the horizontal component and 5–10 mm in the vertical component. The external correction strategy is capable of achieving even higher accuracy under specific conditions. Recent models, including gradients in the parameter estimation strategy have only led to marginal improvement. A major limitation of both strategies seems to be the use of mapping functions for the hydrostatic path delay correction. With the parameter estimation strategy, this limitation applies also to wet path delay correction. The use of numerical weather prediction and analysis models, and/or spaceborne sounding instruments, is suggested for replacing mapping functions and possibly for performing directly the hydrostatic correction. New instruments, such as Raman lidars, might also be used for a more accurate external wet path delay correction in the presence of strong atmospheric inhomogeneity. Further work is still needed for achieving measurements of absolute water vapor distribution in the atmosphere for this purpose.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 373-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00069-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79534639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 44

Theory of compaction bands in porous rock 多孔岩石中的压实带理论

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00031-X

K.A. Issen, J.W. Rudnicki

{"title":"Theory of compaction bands in porous rock","authors":"K.A. Issen, J.W. Rudnicki","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00031-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00031-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Compaction bands are narrow planar zones of localized purely compressive (without shear) deformation that form perpendicular to the most compressive principal stress. Such bands have been observed in high porosity rocks in the laboratory and in the field. Because compaction presumably decreases permeability, these bands can act as barriers to flow within reservoirs. Reexamination of the results of <span>Rudnicki and Rice (J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1975)</span> for shear localization, with corrections by <span>Perrin and Leblond (J. Appl. Mech., 1993)</span>, reveals that they admit solutions for compaction bands in a range of parameters that is representative of porous rock. Solutions for compaction bands are possible when the inelastic volume deformation is compactive and is associated with a “cap” on the yield surface. The expression for the critical hardening modulus (related to the slope of the shear stress vs. shear strain curve at constant mean stress) at which compaction bands are predicted to form differs from that for shear localization. For parameters representative of porous rock, axisymmetric compression is the most favorable deviatoric stress state for formation of compaction bands. Comparison of conditions for shear localization and compaction band formation suggests that either may occur depending on the stress path and magnitude of the confining stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 1","pages":"Pages 95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00031-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76772513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 90

Post-orogenic bimodal volcanism along the Sulu orogenic belt in Eastern China 中国东部苏鲁造山带造山后双峰火山作用

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00123-5

W.-M. Fan , F. Guo , Y.-J. Wang , G. Lin , M. Zhang

{"title":"Post-orogenic bimodal volcanism along the Sulu orogenic belt in Eastern China","authors":"W.-M. Fan , F. Guo , Y.-J. Wang , G. Lin , M. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00123-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00123-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The early Cretaceous volcanism occurring along the Sulu orogenic belt, east Shandong Province, demonstrates a bimodal characteristic. The volcanic rocks belong to high-K alkaline series, dominated by alkali basalt, basaltic trachyandesite, latite and trachyte with LILE (e.g. K, Sr and Ba) and LREE enrichment but HFSE depletion (especially for Nb and P) in the primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams and steeply right-declined REE patterns. The enriched initial Sr-Nd isotopic ratios (<sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr = 0.70724 to 0.70750 and ε<sub>Nd</sub>(t) = −17.0 to −15.9) of the basaltic samples suggest their origin from an enriched lithospheric mantle, which might had undergone a fluid metasomatism or source mixing by the continental crust during or shortly after the Triassic continental subduction. Significantly negative Nb anomalies observed in the spidergrams and other “crustal” signatures of these rocks suggest an important role of continental material in their petrogenesis. The felsic rocks demonstrate geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic features (initial <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr = 0.70814 to 0.70961 and ε<sub>Nd</sub> (t) = −18.9 to −17.0) similar to those of the post-collisional granitic plutons, probably derived from the anatexis of lower/middle crust in response to basaltic magma underplating. The widespread melting of the metasomatized mantle was probably attributed to the thermal perturbation or lithospheric extension induced by the mega-large displacement along the Tan-Lu wrench fault system when northward strike-slipping movement of the Izanagi Plate occurred during the late Mesozoic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 733-746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00123-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74171841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 161

Oxygen isotope composition of granulites from dabieshan in eastern China and its implications for geodynamics of yangtze plate subduction 中国东部大别山麻粒岩氧同位素组成及其对扬子板块俯冲的地球动力学意义

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00118-1

Y.-F. Zheng, B. Fu, Y.-L. Li, C.-S. Wei, J.-B. Zhou

{"title":"Oxygen isotope composition of granulites from dabieshan in eastern China and its implications for geodynamics of yangtze plate subduction","authors":"Y.-F. Zheng, B. Fu, Y.-L. Li, C.-S. Wei, J.-B. Zhou","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00118-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00118-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The oxygen isotope composition of whole-rock and mineral separates was measured for granulite rocks from Dabieshan. According to their whole-rock δ<sup>18</sup>O values relative to the normal mantle δ<sup>18</sup>O values of 5.7±0.5‰, two groups are classified: (1) mafic granulite which exhibits lower δ<sup>18</sup>O values of 3.5 to 4.7‰, and (2) felsic granulite which shows higher δ<sup>18</sup>O values of 7.6 to 7.8‰. Consistent isotope temperatures of 800 to 900 °C are obtained for mineral pairs containing such refractory minerals as pyroxene, garnet, hornblende and iron oxides, suggesting the achievement and preservation of oxygen isotope equilibrium at the conditions of the peak granulite-facies metamorphism. This not only points to a rapid cooling and ascent for the granulite rocks in the early stage of exhumation, but also precludes the infiltration of external fluids during exhumation as the cause for the <sup>18</sup>O-depletion in the mafic granulite. It is evident that the granulite rocks acquired the low δ<sup>18</sup>O values before the granulite-facies metamorphism by interaction with a certain <sup>18</sup>O-depleted surface fluid. The surface fluid is assumed to exchange oxygen isotopes with the granulite protoliths prior to plate subduction. Fluid-absent metamorphism is suggested for the formation of the granulites on local scales. It is likely that the granulites together with the ultrahigh pressure eclogites and gneisses in Dabieshan were part of a single tectonic entity in the processes of subduction and Triassic metamorphism but experienced differential two-stage uplifts prior to amphibolite-facies retrogression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 9","pages":"Pages 673-684"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00118-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75698781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 48

Paleoclimatic record from a loess-paleosol profile in southeastern Romania 罗马尼亚东南部黄土-古土壤剖面的古气候记录

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00138-7

C.G. Panaiotu , E.C. Panaiotu , A. Grama , C. Necula

引用次数: 91

Spatial error correlation of GPS atmospheres as determined from simulations 由模拟确定的GPS大气的空间误差相关性

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00082-5

P. Jarlemark , J. Johansson , B. Stoew , L. Gradinarsky , G. Elgered

引用次数: 6

Mapping function induced bias in tropospheric delay estimation using GPS GPS对流层时延估计中的映射函数诱导偏差

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00085-0

F. Kleijer

引用次数: 14

Elimination of tropospheric path delays in GPS observations with the ECMWF numerical weather model 用ECMWF数值天气模式消除GPS观测中的对流层路径延迟

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00089-8

T. Pany , P. Pesec , G. Stangl

{"title":"Elimination of tropospheric path delays in GPS observations with the ECMWF numerical weather model","authors":"T. Pany , P. Pesec , G. Stangl","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00089-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00089-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent comparisons have shown that zenith total delays (ZTD's) derived from Global Positioning System (GPS) observations and ZTD's calculated from analysis fields of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models agree within 1–2 cm (rms). Thus NWP models describe the tropospheric delay quite well, even though no GPS data are assimilated into the model. In this work we investigate how a NWP model can be used to calculate and eliminate the influence of the troposphere on GPS measurements. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global weather model we calculate the GPS path delays for each single GPS observation using a high precision 3D ray tracing procedure and subtract it from the GPS observations.</p><p>We discuss two methods to process the corrected GPS observations. We find a reduction of the rms value of the phase residuals at low elevations, if the dry delay is eliminated and the wet delay is modeled in the adjustment. If the total delay is eliminated, tropospheric modeling of the remaining delay, whose correlation matrix will be determined, is still necessary. The analysis of the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix gives a set of mapping functions and weights which can be used to process the corrected GPS observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 6","pages":"Pages 487-492"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00089-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82198624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 29

Record of industrial pollution in polish ombrotrophic peat bogs 波兰肥厚泥炭沼泽工业污染记录

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy Pub Date : 2001-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00133-8

Z. Strzyszcz, T. Magiera

{"title":"Record of industrial pollution in polish ombrotrophic peat bogs","authors":"Z. Strzyszcz, T. Magiera","doi":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00133-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00133-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Peat contains mostly diamagnetic organic matter, which is a good collector of all kinds of atmospheric dusts and industrial pollution. Ombrotrophic peat bogs are built up above the ground water table, so deposition and accumulation of magnetic particles are not influenced by ground water and the deposited particles remain largely “in situ”. During this study, 6 Polish ombrotrophic peat bogs from different locations have been investigated. Peat cores of about 30–50 cm in depth were taken from every bog. The specific low-frequency magnetic susceptibility was measured along the peat profile in fresh, not dried sample. In most profiles the susceptibility below 10 cm was slightly negative, which is characteristic for clean organic material. Above a depth 8–10 cm the susceptibility starts to increase. Independently of the profile location, the increase is observed in all bogs and according to isotopic (C-14) dating it is connected with the post war industrialisation (1945–1955). The maximum of the magnetic deposition noticed as maximum susceptibility enhancement is observed in a depth of about 5 cm below the surface. In the south-western part of Poland the peat profiles show the maximum susceptibility above 350 ×10<sup>−8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>kg<sup>−1</sup>. The susceptibility decreases in profiles from the central part of Poland to 30–60. In the northern and southeastern part of the country the maximum observed susceptibility is about 10 ×10<sup>−8</sup>m<sup>3</sup>kg<sup>−1</sup>. Hysteresis parameters pointed at anthropogenic ferromagnetic minerals as a carrier of magnetic signal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":101024,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy","volume":"26 11","pages":"Pages 859-866"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00133-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74903737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39