Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia最新文献

{"title":"Sevoflurane anaesthesia in clinical equine cases: maintenance and recovery","authors":"N. Matthews, S. M. Hartsfield, G. Carroll, E. Martinez","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-2995.1999.TB00177.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-2995.1999.TB00177.X","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A new inhalant anaesthetic, sevoflurane, was used to maintain anaesthesia in 40 animals (2 mules and 38 horses of 9 breeds) presented for various surgical procedures. Eighteen mares, 11 stallions and 11 geldings underwent 6 orthopaedic and 34 soft tissue operations. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with combinations of xylazine (0.5–1.1 mg/kg), diazepam (0.03–0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 mg/kg), guaifenesin (50–84 mg/kg) and ketamine (1.1 mg/kg). Following tracheal intubation, a surgical plane of anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen delivered from a precision vaporiser. Temperature, ECG, arterial blood pressure and expired gas composition were monitored. Mechanical ventilation was used in most animals (n=37) because of hypoventilation (PaCO2 > 7.31 kPa [55 mmHg]). Following surgery, horses were moved to a recovery room and allowed to recover alone (n=36) or with assistance (n=4). Time to sternal recumbency, standing, the time when satisfactory coordination was present (after standing) and the number of attempts to stand were recorded. The quality of recovery was scored on a 1 (best) to 6 (worst) scale. Mean blood pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 72, 73, 74, 75 and 72 mmHg, respectively. Systolic and diastolic pressures at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 97, 97, 94, 96, 93 and 59, 63, 64, 68, 67 mmHg, respectively. Dobutamine was used in 23 horses to maintain mean arterial blood pressure > 60 mmHg. Mean heart and respiratory rates at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min of anaesthesia were 36, 38, 39, 38 and 38 beats/min, and 9, 8, 8, 8 and 8 breaths/min. Mean duration of anaesthesia was 121 rnin (sd: 56 min), mean time to sternal recumbency was 27 min (sd: 13 min), average time to standing (all horses) was 33 min (sd: 12 min) and time to satisfactory coordination was 44 min (sd: 13 min). Most horses (n=37) received xylazine during recovery (mean dose 0.18 mg/kg iv). The median number of attempts to sternal recumbency and standing were 1.0 (range; 1–7) and 2.0 (range; 1–20), respectively, while the median recovery score was 1.5 (range; 14). The ‘depth’ of anaesthesia was easy to control and recoveries were generally very satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"55 1","pages":"13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80439914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidural injection of ketamine for caudal analgesia in the cow","authors":"F. Marsico, P. R. .. Nascimento, A. C. Paula, A. N. Jnr, F. Tendillo, A. Criado, I. Segura","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-2995.1999.TB00182.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-2995.1999.TB00182.X","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The objective of the study was to determine the analgesic and sedative effects of epidural ketamine in the cow. Eight healthy cows weighing 350–450 kg were used. One of 3 doses of ketamine (0.5, 1 and 2.0 mg/kg) or a saline control were injected into the epidural space at the first intercoccygeal interspace in random sequence at one-week intervals. Ketamine was diluted in saline (0.9%) before the experiment, and the volume adjusted according to animal size. Analgesia was tested by applying a standard stimulus (needle insertion into the skin and deep muscle) and scored using a 3-point scale. A second voltage-based stimulus was also applied and the responses scored. Another scale was used for scoring the degree of sedation. The response and the degree of sedation were assessed before drug administration and at 2, 5, 10, 15 min, and every 15 min until 120 min after ketamine or saline administration. Ketamine produced dose-related analgesia of the tail, anus, perineum and vulva but not of the hindlimb area. The effect was dose-dependent in terms of intensity and duration. None of the doses produced analgesia when 70 or 80 volts were applied. Minimal side effects were observed. Epidural ketamine produces caudal analgesia in the cow. Further studies are required to determine whether this is sufficient for surgery.","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"17 1","pages":"27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86301193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depth of anaesthesia","authors":"S. Petersen-Felix","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00161.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00161.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One hundred and fifty years after the first general anaesthetic in 1846 our knowledge about the mechanisms of general anaesthetics is still very sparse. The concept ‘depth of anaesthesia’ was introduced by John Snow (1847). He described ‘5° of narcotism’. Because one single agent had to provide all the components of general anaesthesia, the main problem for the anaesthetist was to avoid morbidity and mortality associated with excessively deep anaesthesia. The introduction of curare in 1942 allowed muscle relaxation required for surgery during a lighter level of anaesthesia, but also changed the emphasis from the problem of too deep anaesthesia and death, to too light anaesthesia and litigation. The problem of awareness during general anaesthesia with muscle relaxants provided the main impetus for monitoring depth of anaesthesia.</p><p>During daily clinical practice the anaesthesiologist relies on clinical signs to evaluate anaesthetic depth, although several studies have shown a poor correlation between the 2 (Cullen <em>et al</em>. 1972; Evans and Davies 1984; Russell 1993). Different methods have been used in attempts to measure anaesthetic depth (Evans and Davies 1984; Stanski 1994), but none have been developed to a state where they can be used routinely in the operating theatre. This review will cover some of the parameters used to evaluate anaesthetic depth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Pages 4-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00161.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72286178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood pressure measurement in anaesthetised sows: comparison between invasive and oscillometric methods during short term laparoscopic surgery","authors":"J. I. Cruz, N. Caulkett, C. B. Riley, A. Cruz","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-2995.1998.TB00167.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-2995.1998.TB00167.X","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY A study comparing invasive versus oscillometric techniques for the measurement of arterial blood pressure was carried out in 4 anaesthetised sows undergoing laparoscopy. Regression analysis was used to determine the correlation coefficient. Bias was 19.2 for systolic, 20.6 for mean and 18.8 for diastolic. Both bias and precision showed a consistent underestimation of blood pressure values recorded by oscillometry. These results do not support the use of the oscillometric method when accurate figures for blood pressure are required in sows.","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"64 1","pages":"37-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79509144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists: An introduction to the Association","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00172.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00172.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Page 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00172.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72247586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pharmacokinetics of ketamine after a continuous infusion under halothane anaesthesia in horses","authors":"D. Flaherty,&nbsp;J. Reid,&nbsp;A. Nolan ,&nbsp;A.M. Monteiro","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00166.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00166.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ketamine, when administered by infusion as an adjunct to halothane anaesthesia in horses, were investigated in 5 equine patients presented for routine castration. Anaesthesia was induced with detomidine, 20 μg/kg, followed by ketamine, 2.2 mg/kg bwt, the trachea intubated and the horses allowed to breathe halothane in oxygen. Five minutes later, a constant rate infusion of ketamine, 40 μg/kg min, was commenced and the halothane vaporiser concentration adjusted to maintain a light plane of anaesthesia. The mean infusion duration was 62 min (range 40–103). The ketamine was switched off approximately 15 min before the halothane. Plasma ketamine and norketamine levels, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, ranged from 0.74–2.04 μg/ml and 0.15–0.75 μg/ml, respectively, during the infusion period.</p><p>The harmonic mean elimination half-life of ketamine was 46.1 min, mean volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) was 1365 (271) ml/kg, mean body clearance (Cl) was 32.3 (9.1) ml/min.kg, and average mean residence time for the infusion (MRTinf) was 105.9 (20.4) min, respectively.</p><p>Following termination of halothane, mean times to sternal recumbency and standing were 21.1 (6.9) and 41.6 (17.0) min, respectively. Surgical conditions were considered highly satisfactory, and physiological parameters were well preserved in most animals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Pages 31-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00166.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72283375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endocrine and metabolic responses to halothane and pentobarbitone anaesthesia in sheep","authors":"P.M. Taylor","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00165.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00165.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Some metabolic and endocrine responses to anaesthesia in sheep were studied. Adult sheep were anaesthetised with thiopentone and halothane (n=9), acepromazine, thiopentone and halothane (n=8) and pentobarbitone (n=10) on separate occasions. Routine cardiovascular monitoring was carried out and blood samples were taken for assay of cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), glucose and lactate. Halothane anaesthesia induced hypotension, hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis. Sheep anaesthetised with pentobarbitone were also hypercapnic and acidotic but did not develop hypotension. Plasma cortisol, ACTH and AVP (mean maximum values: cortisol: 83 ng/ml, ACTH 278 ng/ml, AVP 135 pg/ml), increased during halothane anaesthesia but did not change significantly from control values during pentobarbitone anaesthesia (mean maximum values: cortisol: 30 ng/ml, ACTH 71 ng/ml, AVP 7.8 pg/ml). Glucose tended to increase during both halothane and pentobarbitone anaesthesia but lactate decreased. It is not clear what facet of halothane anaesthesia evokes the stress response but it may be associated with cardiovascular depression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Pages 24-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00165.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72286175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing oral and intramuscular administration of medetomidine in cats","authors":"O.B. Ansah,&nbsp;M. Raekallio,&nbsp;O. Vainio","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00168.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00168.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Medetomidine (200 μg/kg) was administered orally and, on a seperate occasion, im to 7 cats. Peak serum drug concentrations were reached more slowly after oral (43.6 ± 14.3 min) than after im administration (21.6 ± 10.0 min). The onset of sedation and recumbency lagged after oral administration. There were no statistically significant differences between the 2 routes of administration in peak serum concentrations, systemic drug availability or extent of sedation. However, there was considerable variation in these parameters between individuals after oral administration. The extent of salivation correlated negatively with systemic drug availability after oral administration. Where excessive salivation did not occur, systemic drug availability and the depth of sedation were comparable to, or even higher than, were obtained after the corresponding im administrations. In conclusion, oral administration of medetomidine induced a clinical sedation but, when accurate dosing is a necessity, the oral route may not be very reliable due to possible drug losses through salivation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Pages 41-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00168.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72286176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partitioning of propofol between blood cells, plasma and deproteinised plasma in sheep","authors":"B. Weaver, G. Staddon, D. Raptopoulos, W. W. Mapleso","doi":"10.1111/J.1467-2995.1998.TB00164.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-2995.1998.TB00164.X","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The partitioning of propofol within the blood, when administered in its usual emulsion carrier, has been determined in vitro in sheep. The blood:plasma ratio was found to be 1.13 and the blood-cell:plasma ratio 1.42. When oxalate was used as the anticoagulant, the plasma protein binding was calculated to be 92.6% - slightly lower than reported for dog, rat, rabbit and man. However, when heparin was the anticoagulant, the binding was significantly less, 83.0%. Differences from some results in the literature may be attributable to other workers using propofol without the lipid emulsion carrier. From the results of this study it is argued that anaemia and plasma levels of protein and lipid may affect propofol requirements.","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"5 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73504630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Partitioning of propofol between blood cells, plasma and deproteinised plasma in sheep","authors":"B.M.Q. Weaver ,&nbsp;G.E. Staddon ,&nbsp;D. Raptopoulos ,&nbsp;W.W. Mapleso","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00164.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00164.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The partitioning of propofol within the blood, when administered in its usual emulsion carrier, has been determined <em>in vitro</em> in sheep. The blood:plasma ratio was found to be 1.13 and the blood-cell:plasma ratio 1.42. When oxalate was used as the anticoagulant, the plasma protein binding was calculated to be 92.6% - slightly lower than reported for dog, rat, rabbit and man. However, when heparin was the anticoagulant, the binding was significantly less, 83.0%. Differences from some results in the literature may be attributable to other workers using propofol without the lipid emulsion carrier. From the results of this study it is argued that anaemia and plasma levels of protein and lipid may affect propofol requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100854,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":"Pages 19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1998.tb00164.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72286177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}