Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic Effects of Bacillus cereus Mn-5 PGPR-Derived Silver Oxide Nanoparticles on Tomato Plant Growth, Stress Resilience and Nutritional Enhancement","authors":"Indu Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Nidhi Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar,&nbsp;Shikha Kumari,&nbsp;Kanika Dulta,&nbsp;Junaid Aman,&nbsp;Helen Onyeaka,&nbsp;Soumya Ghosh","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Agricultural crops face increasing environmental stresses, such as soil salinity and heavy metal contamination, aggravated by climate change and threatening food security. While PGPRs are eco-friendly agrochemical substitutes, their efficacy in the field is inconsistent. Integrating microbial biotechnology with green nanotechnology presents a solution. This in vitro research investigates a multifunctional <i>Bacillus cereus</i> strain that functions as both a PGPR and a green synthesizer of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag₂O NPs) to enhance early tomato seedling growth sustainably.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Bacterial isolates from tomato rhizosphere were tested for PGPR traits, biocontrol activities and stress tolerance. The most effective PGPR isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and also employed for Ag₂O NPs biosynthesis, followed by characterization using XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR. Tomato seeds were treated with Mn-5-derived Ag₂O NPs (1–100 ppm) and evaluated for in vitro germination and seedling growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The <i>B. cereus</i> Mn-5 PGPR exhibited strong growth-promoting characteristics, including phosphate solubilization (18.91–187.47 µg/mL), siderophores production, nitrogen fixation, protease production and antagonism against <i>Rosellinia necatrix</i>. It tolerated 8% salinity and heavy metals up to 100 µg/mL. Mn-5 PGPR was employed for Ag₂O NP synthesis and characterization. XRD, SEM, TEM and FTIR revealed spherical, agglomerated NPs with a crystallite size of 30.26 nm and a particle diameter of 80.16 ± 1.51 nm, with FTIR bands ranging from 400 to 4000 cm⁻¹. In vitro, 5 ppm Mn-5 PGPR-derived Ag₂O NPs concentrations notably promoted tomato seed germination, shoot–root growth, seed vigour index and biomass by 200% over controls and a 44.4% over PGPR alone. Conversely, higher concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) were phytotoxic inhibiting seedling growth.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study demonstrates the potential of <i>B. cereus</i> Mn-5 PGPR and biosynthesized Ag₂O NPs as eco-friendly bio-stimulants for tomato growth under stress. The findings establish a baseline for future in vivo studies on dosage optimization toward sustainable agriculture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Practices Support Higher Wild Plant Diversity Than Conventional Practices in Tropical Fruit Farms","authors":"Piriya Hassa,&nbsp;Paweena Traiperm,&nbsp;Alyssa B. Stewart","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rising concern over unsustainable agricultural practices has spurred many farmers to adopt organic and eco-friendly practices. While numerous studies have compared conventional and eco-friendly farms in temperate regions, we still lack data from tropical regions, where the agricultural environment is very different (e.g., smaller farms with greater crop diversity). Thus, the objective of this study was to assess plant diversity in tropical smallholdings, comparing 13 eco-friendly and 13 conventional guava farms in central Thailand. We conducted plant surveys across all seasons and quantified plant diversity and floral resources for all wild (weedy) and cultivated plant species observed on study farms. We recorded 154 plant taxa from 51 families (73 wild taxa, 81 cultivated taxa). Wild plant diversity was significantly higher on eco-friendly than conventional farms (11.77 vs. 7.25 taxa, on average). In contrast, cultivated plant diversity did not differ between the two farm types (9.15 vs. 7.77 taxa). Plant diversity was highest during the rainy season, while floral richness and abundance did not differ across seasons. These findings reflect the agricultural practices of tropical smallholders, where crop diversification with both cash and subsistence crops is common, even in conventional farms. Importantly, the lack of herbicide use on eco-friendly farms promotes greater wild plant diversity, providing beneficial habitat and resources for pollinators, natural enemies of crop pests, and other local biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closed Loop Phosphorus Recovery and Recycling for Sustainable Hydroponic Farming","authors":"Suhaib Malkawi,&nbsp;Dharmappa Hagare,&nbsp;Basant Maheshwari","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores the viability of in-situ recycling of hydroponic waste nutrient solutions using alkali treatment to produce micro-calcium phosphate. The recovered precipitate was converted into a usable liquid form (called Part C) and assessed for its effectiveness as a source of phosphorus, replacing 40% of the commercial Part B fertiliser in a hydroponic nutrient solution. The pilot study was conducted in a controlled greenhouse equipped with an automated fertigation system to ensure precise nutrient delivery and environmental control. Snow peas (<i>Pisum sativum L</i>.) were grown for 21 days using this nutrient solution, and its performance was compared with a control system employing commercial fertilisers. Results demonstrated that the test system, incorporating Part C, required 33% less commercial fertiliser while maintaining comparable plant growth, yield, and nutrient uptake. Except for a slightly lower chlorophyll content, plants in the test system exhibited no nutrient deficiencies; exhibited stable phosphorus, and enhanced calcium and magnesium uptake. Moreover, Part C contributed to improved pH and EC stability, reducing the need for frequent nutrient adjustments compared to the control. The economic analysis indicated a significant cost reduction without compromising plant health or productivity, highlighting the potential for broader application in sustainable hydroponic farming.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paddock Tree Arrangement and Pasture Photosynthetic Heat Tolerance in a Temperate Tree-Pasture Grazing System Under Climate Change Scenarios","authors":"Abigail Addo-Danso,&nbsp;Paul Kristiansen,&nbsp;Mukund P. Rao,&nbsp;Brian R. Wilson,&nbsp;Onoriode Coast","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change and associated extreme heat events threaten productivity in agricultural systems. Integrating trees into grazing/pasture systems has the potential to enhance resilience to warming. However, the extent to which tree cover can buffer the impacts of climate change on pasture species is unclear. We examined how tree density and spatial configuration influence leaf nitrogen content, specific leaf area, and photosynthetic heat tolerance (<i>T</i>_crit) of dominant pasture species in a temperate Australian landscape. Traits were assessed across fine-scale spatial gradients from individual trees under different structural configurations. Future thermal safety margins (TSMs) were projected under two climate emission scenarios—the best-case scenario (SSP1-2.6) and the worst-case scenario (SSP5-8.5) using 28 earth system models. While leaf nitrogen varied with tree spatial configuration, T_crit and TSMs remained largely conserved. Projected warming substantially reduced TSMs without exceeding thermal thresholds, suggesting limited physiological capacity for heat tolerance adjustment. These results highlight the constrained role of tree cover in buffering climate impacts on pasture species and the need for broader adaptation strategies in agricultural systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecofriendly Plant Based Hydrogels Improve Drought Resilience and Promote Sustainable Crop Productivity in Rice Based Agroecosystems","authors":"Faiza Javed,&nbsp;Sumera Iqbal,&nbsp;Muhammad Shahbaz Farooq,&nbsp;Khajista Jabeen,&nbsp;Noshin Ilyas,&nbsp;Usman Zulfiqar,&nbsp;Hossam S. El-Beltai,&nbsp;Nazih Y. Rebouh,&nbsp;Mohd Asif Shah","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Water stress affects over one-third of global cropland, with rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) being highly vulnerable, particularly at the reproductive stage. This study evaluated three eco-friendly plant-based hydrogels—potato peel powder-chitosan (PPPC), cellulose-based (CL), and gum arabica (GA)—applied via seed coating and soil amendment to improve drought resilience in rice. Hydrogels were characterized (swelling, FTIR, XRD, SEM) and tested in vitro and in pots under reproductive-stage drought stress. Results showed that under drought, seed coating with CL hydrogel increased germination by 28%, shoot length by 37%, and grain yield by up to 140% compared to the control, while PPPC hydrogel maximized root length (43% increase) and 1000-grain weight. Both hydrogel application methods (seed coating and soil application) enhanced drought tolerance; however seed coating proved to be more cost-effective and efficient approach. These findings provide a sustainable, low-cost adaptation tool for rice farmers in water-scarce regions, enhancing food security, supporting climate-resilient agriculture, and contributing to socioeconomic stability in drought-prone areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host Genotype and Compartment Regulate Bacterial Microbiome Composition, Assembly Pattern and Network Complexity in Three Salt Tolerant Date Palm Cultivars","authors":"Manzoor Ahmad,&nbsp;Shafeeq Rahman,&nbsp;Mughair Abdul Aziz,&nbsp;Khaled Masmoudi","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plant microbiomes play an important role in plant health, growth, disease and stress resistance, but interacting drivers and ecological processes shaping microbiome diversity remain elusive. In this study, we examined bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in bulk soil, rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endosphere of three salt-tolerant date palm cultivars. We found the highest diversity in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, while lower diversity in the rhizoplane and endophyte compartments across the three cultivars. Furthermore, the bacterial microbiome exhibited genotype and compartment-specificity, with significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) noted in community composition between compartments of the same date palm cultivar and among cultivars. Bacterial diversity and co-occurrence network complexity progressively decreased as host selection pressure increased from the soil to epiphytes, then to endophytes. Specialist microorganisms dominate the community composition and play a major role in microbial interactions in each compartment. The ecological model showed that stochastic processes, primarily drift (37%), predominantly shaped microbial community assembly in bulk soil, whereas deterministic processes, mainly homogenous selection, governed microbial assembly in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and endosphere, contributed 59%, 60%, and 64%, respectively. Notably, the heatmap based on PICRUSt2 analysis showed that functional profiles clustered distinctly by compartment, with significant differences (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in differentially abundant metabolic pathways, reflecting the functional specialisation of plant-associated compartments. Our findings provide strong empirical support for the theoretical model of host selection and niche occupation in date palm microbiome assembly, with significant implications for sustainable agriculture in arid ecosystems through improved crop management and microbiome manipulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70088","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Humulus lupulus (L.) cv. Cascade Leaves Throughout the Growing Season","authors":"Leandra Leto,&nbsp;Claudia Favari,&nbsp;Annalisa Ricci,&nbsp;Lorenzo Del Vecchio,&nbsp;Andrea Di Fazio,&nbsp;Anna Agosti,&nbsp;Margherita Rodolfi,&nbsp;Letizia Bresciani,&nbsp;Pedro Mena,&nbsp;Valeria Guarrasi,&nbsp;Valentina Bernini,&nbsp;Martina Cirlini,&nbsp;Tommaso Ganino,&nbsp;Benedetta Chiancone","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70091","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hop (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) is recognised for its abundance of bioactive compounds, which make it a valuable natural resource. While much of the research has focused on the cones, hop leaves remain relatively unexplored, particularly in terms of changes occurring throughout the plant's growing cycle. In this context, the present study aims to characterize extracts from the leaves of the hop variety ‘Cascade,’ harvested monthly over the growing season. The extracts obtained were evaluated for total (poly)phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and (poly)phenolic profile using UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS. Additionally, their antimicrobial activity was assessed. The results highlighted the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential, with some variations observed at different stages of growth. Our analysis identified 29 distinct compounds, with their concentrations fluctuating throughout the plant's life cycle. Furthermore, the leaf extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, particularly during the early stages of the plant's growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144997898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Performance of Multi-Spectral Vegetation Indices for Phenology-Based Rapeseed Classification","authors":"Ehsan Rahimi,&nbsp;Chuleui Jung","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapeseed (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.) is a globally important oilseed crop, and its accurate monitoring through remote sensing is crucial for timely and informed agricultural decision-making. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of 21 vegetation indices (VIs), including both commonly used and flower-sensitive indices, for classifying rapeseed fields using time-series Sentinel-2 imagery. We utilized 50 Sentinel-2 images acquired throughout the growing season to capture phenological variation. A supervised classification approach based on the Random Forest algorithm was implemented to distinguish rapeseed from non-rapeseed pixels. The results revealed that VIs sensitive to changes in green and red reflectance (e.g., GRVI, VARI) and those contrasting green and blue reflectance (e.g., NDYI) performed best, achieving overall accuracy (OA) values up to 0.99, Kappa coefficients around 0.97, and F1 scores near 0.97. These top-performing indices also exhibited the lowest false positive and false negative rates. In contrast, traditional biomass-oriented indices such as CI and MSAVI performed poorly, with lower OA (~0.94) and significantly higher false positive rates, likely due to their insensitivity to the spectral effects of flowering. Our findings confirm that flower-sensitive indices are better suited for capturing the phenological signals of rapeseed flowering, especially those in the visible spectrum, while indices primarily relying on NIR and red-edge features are less effective under flowering conditions. We conclude that a phenology-based classification approach, when supported by well-selected training data and appropriate indices, can yield highly accurate results. We recommend that future studies adopt the most effective indices identified in this study—particularly GRVI, VARI and NDYI—for operational monitoring and mapping of rapeseed fields using Sentinel-2 data.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Predicting Forage Nutritional Quality With Near-Infrared Spectroscopy”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Benelli, A., Primi, R., Evangelista, C., Spina, R., Milanesi, M., Pietrucci, D., Ronchi, B., Bernabucci, U., &amp; Moscetti, R. (2025). Predicting Forage Nutritional Quality With Near- Infrared Spectroscopy. <i>Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 4</i>(3), e70077. https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70077</p><p>In Figure 5(d), the Fit Line (solid blue line) appears incorrectly positioned, nearly overlapping the 1:1 Line. This graphical error was introduced during the production process and does not reflect the version originally submitted by the authors. The correct figure shows the Fit Line slightly offset from the 1:1 Line, in accordance with the model parameters described in the article.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Fungicides in Hevea brasiliensis Latex Serum Extracts and Inhibition Against Phytophthora palmivora, a Black Rot Disease Pathogen in Orchids","authors":"Phattara-orn Havanapan,&nbsp;Supaporn Ieamkheng,&nbsp;Arpaporn Sutipatanasomboon,&nbsp;Thananya Soonkum,&nbsp;Nuanwan Phungthanom,&nbsp;Chartchai Krittanai","doi":"10.1002/sae2.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The para rubber tree (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) is an economic crop cultivated worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. Their latex serum is commonly treated as waste in the rubber industry. We aimed to investigate the latex serum for its antifungal activity. <i>Phytophthora</i> species are major fungal pathogen causing substantial economic losses in crops worldwide, especially <i>Phytophthora palmivora</i> which causes black rot disease in orchid farms. Crude serum extracts from <i>H. brasiliensis</i> latex clone RRIT251 and RRIM600 were evaluated for inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth of <i>P. palmivora</i>. The serum extracts from both clones showed complete inhibition (100%) against the pathogen at a concentration of 20,000 mg/L. A dose–response experiment at a lower concentration of 10,000 mg/L demonstrated greater effectiveness of extracts from RRIT251. Two major volatile organic compounds, 1,2-Dithiane-4,5-diol (DTD) and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP), were identified in these serum extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inhibition studies using synthetic DTD and 2,4-DTBP confirmed their fungicidal activities against <i>P. palmivora</i>. The combined treatment of DTD and 2,4-DTBP showed a trend towards synergistic inhibition. However, combined treatment using synthetic DTD and 2,4-DTBP at concentrations similar to those in crude serum exhibited lower efficacy than the crude extracts. The results suggest that the two compounds may work synergistically with other defensive proteins present in the serum extracts, contributing to antifungal activity. Thus, the latex serum waste of <i>H. brasiliensis</i> demonstrates potential use as a natural fungicide for the management and control of black rot disease in orchid farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":100834,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment","volume":"4 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/sae2.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}