Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Review on clinical diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of drug-induced liver injury","authors":"Xinxin Tan ,&nbsp;Jiajia Gao ,&nbsp;Chao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a severe adverse reaction caused by various drugs and their metabolites, with complex clinical manifestations, and severe cases may progress to acute liver failure (ALF) or even death. Currently, the pathogenesis of DILI has not been fully elucidated, and specific diagnostic indicators and effective therapeutic strategies are lacking, so it is crucial to deeply analyze its pathogenesis and develop precise intervention strategies. This review explores key pathogenic mechanisms in the development of DILI, with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, immune responses and the gut-liver axis. It further systematically summarizes the clinical diagnostic approaches for DILI, including common diagnostic methods and potential biomarkers. Additionally, the review discusses therapeutic strategies for DILI, encompassing western medical treatments, ethnomedical treatments and non-pharmacological treatments. Although N-acetylcysteine (NAC) remains the FDA-approved standard treatment for acetaminophen (APAP) overdose, superior therapeutic options for DILI need to be explored urgently due to its therapeutic limitations and side effects. In the future, the prevention and treatment strategy of DILI will rely on deeper mechanistic investigations, development of novel biomarkers, and further exploration of multi-targeted traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 308-321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential small-molecule compounds and targets for Alzheimer's disease: Integrating bioinformatics analysis and in vitro verification","authors":"Jiaorong Zheng ,&nbsp;Deti Peng ,&nbsp;Zhigao Liao ,&nbsp;Min Hong ,&nbsp;Weiqu Yuan ,&nbsp;Danping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory decline and cognitive dysfunction. The specific pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the crucial genes and therapeutic small-molecule compounds in AD via integrated bioinformatics analysis, molecular docking, and <em>in vitro</em> verification.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The gene dataset GSE122063, including 12 samples from patients with AD and 11 non-demented control samples, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The online tool GEO2R was used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis of the DEGs was performed using DAVID and ClueGo databases. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database and visualized in Cytoscape. Potential small-molecule compounds for AD therapy were screened using the Connectivity map database. The crucial genes in a rat model of AD were confirmed by RT-PCR. Molecular docking of the screened crucial genes and small-molecule compounds was further performed to identify potential therapeutic drugs for AD.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1145 DEGs were identified, which were enriched in intracellular protein transport, cell cycle, establishment of protein localization to membrane, and so on. Eight hub genes, including <em>RPS29</em>, <em>CREBBP</em>, <em>ANAPC10</em>, <em>ANAPC4</em>, <em>MAGOHB</em>, <em>TCEB2</em>, <em>RPL10A</em>, and <em>SEC61A1</em>, were identified in the protein-protein interaction network. The MAPK signaling pathway was closely related to AD. Furthermore, increased expression of <em>CREBBP</em> was confirmed in the rat model of AD, and molecular docking revealed that CREBBP exhibited the strongest binding affinity with prochlorperazine.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>CREBBP</em> was identified as a crucial hub gene and might serve as a potential target for AD. Prochlorperazine, which exhibited strong binding to CREBBP, showed potential as a therapeutic drug in AD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 324-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical profiles, biological activities and medicinal importance of Aloe vera L.: A review","authors":"Suchhanda Nandi,&nbsp;Golak Majumdar,&nbsp;Shyamapada Mandal","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aloe vera</em> (Av) is revered in Ayurveda as the \"wand of heaven\" or \"heaven's blessing\" and precisely the \"silent healer\". This herbaceous plant belongs to Asphodelaceae family, previously classified as Liliaceae. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Av is acknowledged for its abundant bioactive substances that have considerable therapeutic value. Therefore, the objective of this review is to analyze Av's bioactive compounds, highlighting its medicinal potential in drug development. An extensive literature review is performed utilizing databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, SpringerLink, and more until October 2024. The research investigates the bioactive compounds of Av and their <em>in vivo</em>, <em>in vitro</em>, and <em>in silico</em> effects on infections (bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoan infections), along with their medicinal properties and significance in drug development. The most investigated active constituents of Av are aloin, emodin, acemannan, and aloesin. Av contains more than 100 potentially active components from six different classes: anthraquinone, chromone, phenylpropanoids, coumarins, phenylpyrone, and phytosterols, focusing on its anti-infective, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory activity and impact on neural diseases as well, based on peer-reviewed scientific data. By deepening the understanding of Av's medicinal value, this study may provide a reference for its future research and the development of new bioactive drug molecules from Av.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 251-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ToC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2707-3688(25)00048-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2707-3688(25)00048-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages i-ii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of raw rhubarb on gastrointestinal complications in ischemic stroke: An integrated analysis of gut microbiota, metabolomics, and network pharmacology","authors":"Zhanhao Ye ,&nbsp;Dongmin Cao ,&nbsp;Wenxing Ao ,&nbsp;Ting Li ,&nbsp;Minghua Xian ,&nbsp;Shumei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Gastrointestinal complications (GITC) are a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in stroke patients, significantly impairing recovery by triggering systemic inflammation and hindering brain healing. Raw Rhubarb (RR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine with significant potential in treating GITC of ischemic stroke (IS). However, its therapeutic mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of RR on GITC in IS through an integrated analysis of gut microbiota, metabolomics, and network pharmacology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) to induce IS. The rats were divided into six groups: sham, model, nimodipine-treated, and three different dose groups for RR. Neuroprotective efficacy was assessed using infarct size measurement, neurological scoring, and histopathological analysis. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while metabolomic profiling of brain and colon tissues was performed using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS/MS. Multivariate statistical methods were employed to identify the key metabolites and pathways affected by RR treatment. Correlation analysis was conducted to establish links between gut microbiota alterations and differential metabolites. Additionally, network pharmacology, molecular docking analysis, and Western blot assays were utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying RR's treatment of GITC in IS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RR showed significant neuroprotective effects, reducing infarct volume, improving neurological scores, and restoring intestinal function compared to the model group. In addition, gut microbiota analysis revealed that RR administration reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis in MCAO/R rats by increasing the abundance of <em>Bifidobacterium</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> while decreasing the abundance of <em>Escherichia-Shigella</em>. Metabolomics analysis indicated that RR reversed the metabolic disturbances in MCAO/R rats by modulating arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that AA and its metabolites, such as PGE2, were closely associated with <em>Bifidobacterium</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em>. Combining metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking analysis suggested that RR might regulate AA metabolism through the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway to treat GITC in IS. Finally, Western blot validation confirmed that RR modulates the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate that RR holds significant promise as a therapeutic strategy for addressing GITC of IS. The protective effects mediated by RR are associated with the improvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 136-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scoping review of five selected underutilized medicinal plants of Sri Lanka: Focusing on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and bioactivities, and evaluation of their potential for novel herbal product development","authors":"Isuru Sakbo Uyangoda ,&nbsp;Mayuri Munasinghe","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ageratum conyzoides</em> L., <em>Artocarpus gomezianus</em> Wall. ex Trécul, <em>Euphorbia hirta</em> L., <em>Plectranthus zeylanicus</em> Benth., and <em>Piper sarmentosum</em> Roxb. have long been utilized in traditional medical practices, particularly across South and Southeast Asia. Despite their significant ethnopharmacological potential to treat various disorders, these plants remain underutilized in Sri Lanka. This review aims to evaluate the habit, propagation, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of these five underutilized medicinal plants to promote their sustainable utilization in the herbal products industry of Sri Lanka. The plants were selected based on data from pharmacopeias and interviews with traditional medical practitioners. Scientific information on their ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical compositions, and pharmacological properties was gathered from key scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, as well as web references and books. This information was analyzed to assess the factors contributing to their underutilization and their potential for novel herbal product development in Sri Lanka. All five plants possess a wide range of ethnomedicinal uses and are rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, stilbenoids, and polyphenolic compounds. These bioactive compounds have been scientifically validated for their pharmacological properties, making these plants strong candidates for the development of novel pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals. However, their full potential remains largely untapped, primarily due to the lack of detailed phytochemical characterization and bioactive studies specific to Sri Lanka. Further preclinical and clinical research is needed to evaluate their therapeutic outcomes within the local context. The findings of this scoping review will guide future research and encourage broader use of these underutilized plants. Promoting their use will provide a sustainable alternative to the overexploitation of commonly used medicinal plants and support effective biodiversity conservation and resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 209-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial function maintenance and mitochondrial training in ageing and related diseases","authors":"Gan Gao ,&nbsp;Zhihui Xie ,&nbsp;Hongliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellular senescence driven by mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to ageing and related diseases. The decline in the quality and quantity of healthy mitochondria with ageing disrupts energy production, redox homeostasis, and intracellular signaling. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is a cellular self-repair mechanism that protects mitochondrial function and maintains a healthy mitochondrial network. Targeted regulation of MQC is expected to moderate the development of cellular senescence and related diseases. We explored the impact of mitochondrial function on cell fate at the molecular and organelle levels, analyzed the role of mitochondria-targeted interventions for delaying cellular senescence and ameliorating age-related diseases, and pointed out the idea of increasing the critical level of healthy mitochondria to cope with internal and external stressful stimuli and to improve the ability of self-repairing by exercising and protecting mitochondria in the long term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 159-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research advances in the role of selenium in reversing tumor multidrug resistance","authors":"Haoqiang Hu ,&nbsp;Yunjun Chen ,&nbsp;Hongtao Xu ,&nbsp;Wei Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant challenge in the cancer therapy, with mechanisms primarily involving increased drug efflux mediated by ABC transporters, leading to reduced intracellular drug concentrations. In recent years, various selenium-containing compounds have demonstrated extensive biological activities, including chemoprevention, antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects, and regulation of the nervous and immune system activities. One of the most prominent physiological characteristics of selenium is its antioxidant capacity, which can regulate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, making it a promising group for reversing MDR activity. Furthermore, research has shown that natural selenium compounds, including selenate, selenite, selenomethionine, and selenocystein, can inhibit the activity of drug resistance proteins and increase the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs by regulating intracellular ROS levels. For instance, sodium selenite has been shown to markedly increase the sensitivity of drug-resistant cell lines to doxorubicin, exhibiting significant antitumor efficacy and potential for reversing MDR. These findings suggest that selenium compounds hold considerable promise in addressing multidrug resistance. Consequently, this review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms of MDR and the chemical properties of selenium compounds, with particular emphasis on their activities in reversing MDR, thereby providing novel strategies for overcoming MDR in tumor cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 184-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalin induces apoptosis and autophagy in resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel-7402/5-FU cells via PI3K/AKT pathway","authors":"Fei Li ,&nbsp;Zilin Lan ,&nbsp;Weiwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Jianheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiumao Lin ,&nbsp;Jinyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one main cause of chemotherapy failure. Baicalin is an important active ingredient with anticancer potential in many Chinese herbal medicines. In order to understand the function of baicalin reversing MDR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the molecular mechanisms that underlie it, the current study was designed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Bel-7402 and Bel-7402/5-FU cells were cultured, and MTT assay was applied to detect cell viability and the cross-resistance of Bel-7402/5-FU cells. The pump function, apoptosis, and autophagy were detected by flow cytometry. The related proteins were detected by Western blot assay. The PI3K agonist (740Y-P) was used to verify whether baicalin overcomes the drug resistance of HCC cells by blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings showed that Bel-7402/5-FU cells were cross-resistant to different chemotherapeutic drugs. Baicalin inhibited cell viability in both Bel-7402/5-FU and Bel-7402 ​cells, and baicalin increased sensitivity of Bel-7402/5-FU cells to 5-FU in time- and dose-dependent manners. Baicalin increased the accumulation of doxorubicin and rhodamine-123 in Bel-7402/5-FU cells and inhibited the protein expression of ABCG2, ABCB1, and ABCC1, associated with pump function. In addition, baicalin induced apoptosis of Bel-7402/5-FU cells via up-regulating Bax expression. Furthermore, baicalin increased autophagy through regulating LC3-Ⅱ, p62, and Beclin-1. Baicalin reversed drug resistance in Bel-7402/5-FU cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, which promoted autophagy and apoptosis to restore chemosensitivity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Baicalin increased accumulation of chemotherapy drugs and induced apoptosis and autophagy in Bel-7402/5-FU cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, that may be the important mechanism by which baicalin reverses the MDR of HCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 150-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and ex vivo / in vitro evaluation of sodium alginate/ hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for dermal and/or transdermal delivery of p-hydroxycinnamic acid","authors":"Ayşe Pınar Yağcılar ,&nbsp;Gökçe Karaotmarlı Güven ,&nbsp;Emre Şefik Çağlar ,&nbsp;Neslihan Üstündağ Okur ,&nbsp;Panoraia I. Siafaka","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Skin diseases and chronic wounds are health problems that require solutions for health systems due to their high costs and difficulties in effective and rapid treatment. Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives are powerful antioxidant molecules with widespread applications in medicine, cosmetics, and food industry. In this study, <em>p</em>-hydroxycinnamic acid was used as a potent agent for the management of skin diseases and other disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Herein, sodium alginate and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based films loaded with <em>p</em>-hydroxycinnamic acid at various concentrations were prepared by solvent-casting method and characterized in terms of mechanical, physicochemical, bioadhesive properties, and <em>in vitro</em> release kinetic modelling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The masses of the films were found to be between 16.933 ​± ​1.108 ​mg and 15.200 ​± ​0.432 mg and thicknesses between 135 ​± ​4 μm and 163 ​± ​6 μm. F1 formulation with higher sodium alginate concentration exhibited higher moisture absorption and moisture loss percentages (18.373% ​± ​2.610% and 8.281% ​± ​1.834%). In terms of water absorption, it was observed that F3 had up to 100% and F1 had the lowest absorption capacity. However, F1 degraded in a shorter time compared to other films. In terms of mechanical properties, F1 has shown that it has higher tensile strength, reaches 100% by providing continuous release with <em>in vitro</em> release studies, and has the highest bioadhesion. In addition, as a result of FTIR analysis and <em>ex vivo</em> permeation and penetration studies, the formulation F1 proved that it is suitable for dermal applications.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed formulations exhibited desired dermal film properties, making it a promising treatment option for dermal applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}