Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Therapeutic effects of raw rhubarb on gastrointestinal complications in ischemic stroke: An integrated analysis of gut microbiota, metabolomics, and network pharmacology","authors":"Zhanhao Ye ,&nbsp;Dongmin Cao ,&nbsp;Wenxing Ao ,&nbsp;Ting Li ,&nbsp;Minghua Xian ,&nbsp;Shumei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Gastrointestinal complications (GITC) are a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality in stroke patients, significantly impairing recovery by triggering systemic inflammation and hindering brain healing. Raw Rhubarb (RR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine with significant potential in treating GITC of ischemic stroke (IS). However, its therapeutic mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of RR on GITC in IS through an integrated analysis of gut microbiota, metabolomics, and network pharmacology.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) to induce IS. The rats were divided into six groups: sham, model, nimodipine-treated, and three different dose groups for RR. Neuroprotective efficacy was assessed using infarct size measurement, neurological scoring, and histopathological analysis. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, while metabolomic profiling of brain and colon tissues was performed using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS/MS. Multivariate statistical methods were employed to identify the key metabolites and pathways affected by RR treatment. Correlation analysis was conducted to establish links between gut microbiota alterations and differential metabolites. Additionally, network pharmacology, molecular docking analysis, and Western blot assays were utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying RR's treatment of GITC in IS.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RR showed significant neuroprotective effects, reducing infarct volume, improving neurological scores, and restoring intestinal function compared to the model group. In addition, gut microbiota analysis revealed that RR administration reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis in MCAO/R rats by increasing the abundance of <em>Bifidobacterium</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em> while decreasing the abundance of <em>Escherichia-Shigella</em>. Metabolomics analysis indicated that RR reversed the metabolic disturbances in MCAO/R rats by modulating arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. Correlation analysis showed that AA and its metabolites, such as PGE2, were closely associated with <em>Bifidobacterium</em> and <em>Lactobacillus</em>. Combining metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular docking analysis suggested that RR might regulate AA metabolism through the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway to treat GITC in IS. Finally, Western blot validation confirmed that RR modulates the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings indicate that RR holds significant promise as a therapeutic strategy for addressing GITC of IS. The protective effects mediated by RR are associated with the improvement of gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 136-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial function maintenance and mitochondrial training in ageing and related diseases","authors":"Gan Gao ,&nbsp;Zhihui Xie ,&nbsp;Hongliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cellular senescence driven by mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to ageing and related diseases. The decline in the quality and quantity of healthy mitochondria with ageing disrupts energy production, redox homeostasis, and intracellular signaling. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is a cellular self-repair mechanism that protects mitochondrial function and maintains a healthy mitochondrial network. Targeted regulation of MQC is expected to moderate the development of cellular senescence and related diseases. We explored the impact of mitochondrial function on cell fate at the molecular and organelle levels, analyzed the role of mitochondria-targeted interventions for delaying cellular senescence and ameliorating age-related diseases, and pointed out the idea of increasing the critical level of healthy mitochondria to cope with internal and external stressful stimuli and to improve the ability of self-repairing by exercising and protecting mitochondria in the long term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 159-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baicalin induces apoptosis and autophagy in resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel-7402/5-FU cells via PI3K/AKT pathway","authors":"Fei Li ,&nbsp;Zilin Lan ,&nbsp;Weiwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Jianheng Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiumao Lin ,&nbsp;Jinyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one main cause of chemotherapy failure. Baicalin is an important active ingredient with anticancer potential in many Chinese herbal medicines. In order to understand the function of baicalin reversing MDR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the molecular mechanisms that underlie it, the current study was designed.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Bel-7402 and Bel-7402/5-FU cells were cultured, and MTT assay was applied to detect cell viability and the cross-resistance of Bel-7402/5-FU cells. The pump function, apoptosis, and autophagy were detected by flow cytometry. The related proteins were detected by Western blot assay. The PI3K agonist (740Y-P) was used to verify whether baicalin overcomes the drug resistance of HCC cells by blocking the PI3K/AKT pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings showed that Bel-7402/5-FU cells were cross-resistant to different chemotherapeutic drugs. Baicalin inhibited cell viability in both Bel-7402/5-FU and Bel-7402 ​cells, and baicalin increased sensitivity of Bel-7402/5-FU cells to 5-FU in time- and dose-dependent manners. Baicalin increased the accumulation of doxorubicin and rhodamine-123 in Bel-7402/5-FU cells and inhibited the protein expression of ABCG2, ABCB1, and ABCC1, associated with pump function. In addition, baicalin induced apoptosis of Bel-7402/5-FU cells via up-regulating Bax expression. Furthermore, baicalin increased autophagy through regulating LC3-Ⅱ, p62, and Beclin-1. Baicalin reversed drug resistance in Bel-7402/5-FU cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, which promoted autophagy and apoptosis to restore chemosensitivity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Baicalin increased accumulation of chemotherapy drugs and induced apoptosis and autophagy in Bel-7402/5-FU cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, that may be the important mechanism by which baicalin reverses the MDR of HCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 150-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transformative power of artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical manufacturing: Enhancing efficiency, product quality, and safety","authors":"Mukesh Vijayarangam Rajesh,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Elumalai","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pharmaceutical manufacturing industry transforms through artificial intelligence (AI) by implementing process improvements along with productivity enhancements and product quality improvements. The combination of big data and AI applications through machine learning algorithms analyzes manufacturing inefficiencies and recommends improvements for both medicine formulation and packaging as well as quality control measures. The combination of temperature adjustment, pressure adjustment, and ingredient proportion control enables AI to enhance the production efficiency of tablets, capsules, and injections, and decrease both time requirements and cost expenses. AI also enhances blister pack and vial packing methods and automates quality control inspections to ensure consistency of products by detecting defects. Consistent, reliable, and effective production processes rely on real-time monitoring and AI-driven adjustments, which directly contribute to manufacturing pharmaceutical products of improved quality. The continuous observation of the production process by AI helps to detect safety-related risks, including equipment failures and contamination risks, while addressing them promptly to preserve production security. The utilization of AI helps businesses identify necessary equipment maintenance demands which enables companies to organize maintenance before equipment breakdowns occur. AI-driven data insights enable companies to make strategic choices based on real-time data, automate operational processes for efficiency, and respond to emerging industry patterns positively. Through enhanced operational efficiency, waste minimization, and improvement of profit margins, AI integration in pharmaceutical production can transform the sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 125-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143923015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The repair effect of α-ketoglutarate combined with mesenchymal stem cells on osteoarthritis via the hedgehog protein pathway","authors":"Liyan Li,&nbsp;Han Shen,&nbsp;Li Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy represents a promising treatment strategy for osteoarthritis (OA). Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs may be attenuated under conditions of cellular senescence or when the available clinical quantity is insufficient. α-Ketoglutarate (AKG) exerts beneficial effects on skeletal tissues and the activity of stem cells. Consequently, the present study was designed to explore the potential of AKG in augmenting the viability of MSCs and the potential of their combined utilization in the treatment of OA.</div></div><div><h3>Method<em>s</em></h3><div>MSCs with senescence induced by <em>in vitro</em> passaging served as the experimental subjects. The effects of AKG on the activity of senescent MSCs were investigated via morphological observation, scratch assay, and DAPI staining. Bioinformatics methods were employed to explore the action targets and pathways of AKG in the treatment of OA, providing a theoretical basis and experimental evidence for further experiments. The feasibility of this pathway was verified at the animal level. A rat model of OA was induced by intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), a representative drug for clinical OA treatment, was used as a positive control. The efficacy of combined high-dose and low-dose medications was evaluated through morphological observation and pathological section staining.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The outcomes of the <em>in vitro</em> cellular experiments indicate that AKG is capable of decreasing the quantity of MSCs exhibiting senescent morphological features, enhancing the migratory capacity of MSCs, and suppressing the apoptotic process of MSCs. Consequently, AKG exerts a reparative influence on senescent MSCs. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that AKG exerts its repairing effect on OA by inhibiting the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway. Additionally, at the animal experiment level, we found that the synergistic effect of high-dose AKG combined with MSCs could more significantly alleviate the severity of OA. It enhances matrix synthesis, reduces endochondral ossification, and promotes cartilage repair through the HH pathway.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our research indicates that AKG has a significant effect on enhancing the activity of MSCs. The combined treatment can promote the repair of articular cartilage in OA rats through the HH pathway, and it provides a novel approach for the treatment of OA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 11-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the pharmacological effects of Alpinia offiinarum Hance and its active ingredients","authors":"Jiahui He,&nbsp;Yanfen Chen,&nbsp;Chaoyan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Alpinia officinarum</em> Hance (<em>A. officinarum</em>), as an important interior-warming herb in traditional Chinese medicine, is used to warm interior and disperse cold, regulate <em>Qi</em> and relieve pain. Modern research has found that <em>A. officinarum</em> has various active components and pharmacological effects. With the deepening of related studies, more attention has been focused to <em>A. officinarum</em>. This article reviews and summarizes the active components and pharmacological effects of <em>A. officinarum</em> by searching recent domestic and international literature, in order to provide a reference for the research on the mechanisms of action of <em>A. officinarum</em> and its active components, as well as for further clinical applications and new drug development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of ginger oleoresin-enriched marshmallow candy as a nutraceutical for managing pediatric chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting","authors":"Marzooka Kazi-Chishti ,&nbsp;Umme Jasvi Kulsum ,&nbsp;Mohamed Hassan Dehghan ,&nbsp;Mohd Nazimuddin Chishti ,&nbsp;Kazi Bilal","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) significantly impact pediatric cancer patients, affecting treatment adherence and quality of life. This study aimed to develop gingerol-enriched marshmallow candy as a nutraceutical to alleviate CINV, offering a palatable and effective antiemetic formulation for children.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A central composite experimental design was employed to optimize the formulation. The various parameters, including textural attributes (hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness), weight variation, disintegration time, <em>in vitro</em> release, moisture content, water activity coefficient, and stability, of the marshmallows were evaluated to ensure the efficacy and quality of the product.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study identified an optimal formulation comprising ginger powder extract (4% w/w), gelatin (6% w/w), gum acacia (2.5% w/w), and agar (2.5% w/w). This composition demonstrated excellent textural characteristics, rapid disintegration, and efficient gingerol release in simulated conditions. The marshmallow candy also exhibited high acceptability in terms of stability and potential usability as a pediatric nutraceutical.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The ginger oleoresin-enriched marshmallow candy presents a novel and appealing delivery system for managing CINV in pediatric patients. Its favorable sensory and functional properties could improve compliance and enhance the overall treatment experience for children undergoing chemotherapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143547970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review on application and development of pharmacogenomics of adverse drug reactions","authors":"Hongyu Bi ,&nbsp;Jun Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuanxuan Cai ,&nbsp;Xiaofang Shangguan ,&nbsp;Zherui Chen ,&nbsp;Maimoon Shihab Ahmed ,&nbsp;Rui Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant public health issue, contributing substantially to patient morbidity and mortality. The growing accessibility of genomic technologies has greatly advanced our understanding of the genetics underlying ADRs. Pharmacogenomics, which investigates how genetic polymorphisms influence individual responses to drug therapy on a genome-wide scale, plays a pivotal role in this field. The article summarizes the relationship between ADRs and genes, outlines the current applications and advancements of pharmacogenomics in the prediction, diagnosis, prevention, regulation, and personalized treatment of ADRs, and reviews cutting-edge research methods and large-scale international studies. These insights aim to provide a reference for the future development of pharmacogenomics in ADR research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 105-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the factors affecting the competitiveness of biopharmaceutical industry cluster: Evidence from Guangdong and Zhejiang of China","authors":"Qiu Zhang ,&nbsp;Mandong Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxin Huang ,&nbsp;Lu Gan ,&nbsp;Yiling Li ,&nbsp;Huiying Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This study aims to analyze factors affecting the competitiveness of China's biopharmaceutical industry cluster, offering insights for policymakers and stakeholders, while providing Chinese experience and theoretical support for sustainable development of global biopharmaceutical industry clusters.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Based on relevant data from Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces in China, the entropy value method was used to evaluate the comprehensive competitiveness of biopharmaceutical industry clusters in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces respectively, and the principal component regression method was applied to respectively examine factors affecting the competitiveness of biopharmaceutical industry clusters in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The competitiveness study showed that the comprehensive competitiveness scores of biopharmaceutical industry clusters in Guangdong and Zhejiang both show an upward trend from 2010 to 2020. From 2010 to 2020, the average value of Zhejiang's competitiveness was 0.53 and Guangdong's was 0.41. The influencing factor study showed that the top five factors affecting the competitiveness of biopharmaceutical industry clusters in Guangdong and Zhejiang were the same, namely, the ratio of general public service expenditure to regional GDP, ratio of regional road freight turnover to regional road mileage, proportion of R&amp;D expenditure to total industrial output, ratio of total healthcare expenditure to provincial consumption, and product sales rate.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results suggested that core factors affecting the competitiveness of China's biopharmaceutical industry cluster center on four aspects: infrastructure, innovation resources, enterprise performance, and market environment. Therefore, the primary strategy is to strengthen infrastructure construction and investment in innovation resources, while balancing enterprise performance with market environment optimization. This study pioneered the research on factors influencing the competitiveness of China's biopharmaceutical industry cluster, providing a new perspective and reference framework for subsequent research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 117-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of TPM–NCs–gel and its effect on subcutaneous abscess caused by Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Quanwei Xie ,&nbsp;Feirong Zhou ,&nbsp;Runan He ,&nbsp;Lianbao Ye ,&nbsp;Zonghao Lin ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Nie ,&nbsp;Yuanzheng Wei ,&nbsp;Chuqin Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhip.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The insoluble compound 1,1′-(2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3-phenylene)bis(3-methylbutan-1-one) (TPM) is used in preparing a TPM nanocrystals gel (TPM–NCs–gel), and its <em>in vitro</em> antibacterial activity and therapeutic effect on subcutaneous abscesses caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The effect of a prescription technology on the particle size of a TPM–NCs suspension was investigated using a single factor, and the TPM–NCs prescription was optimized using a Box–Behnken design. A TPM–NCs–gel was prepared using hydroxyethyl cellulose–HHX (HEC–HHX) as a gel matrix and characterized. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of TPM–NCs–gel were determined with the microdilution method. The susceptibility of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> to mupirocin ointment, TPM–NCs–gel, and TPM–gel was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. The efficacy of the TPM–NCs–gel for subcutaneous abscess caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was evaluated using a mouse model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The optimized TPM–NCs prescription consisted of Tween 80 and TPGS (2.47%), TPM (1.24%) and mannitol (2.32%). The size of the TPM–NCs was 98.2 ​± ​3.9 ​nm, and the polydispersion coefficient (PDI) was 0.235 ​± ​0.023. The particle size and PDI of the TPM–NCs–gel were 112.4 ​± ​7.3 ​nm and 0.148 ​± ​0.068, respectively. The MIC and MBC were both 2.98 ​μg/mL. After 12 days of administration, the bacteria in the abscess site of 2% TPM–NCs–gel experimental group were cleared, the inflammatory cells were reduced, and the skin structure was remodeled.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>After TPM was prepared into TPM–NCs–gel, the antibacterial activity was enhanced, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> at the site of abscess was effectively removed, and wound healing was promoted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100787,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}