{"title":"Privacy-preserving distributed consensus over directed networks with limited communication","authors":"Yang Song , Jian Guo , Jimin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The issue of privacy leakage in distributed consensus has garnered significant attention over the years, but existing studies often overlook the challenges posed by limited communication in algorithm design. This paper addresses the issue of privacy preservation in distributed weighted average consensus under limited communication scenarios. Specifically targeting directed and unbalanced topologies, we propose a privacy-preserving implementation protocol that incorporates the Paillier homomorphic encryption scheme. The protocol encrypts only the 1-bit quantized messages exchanged between agents, thus ensuring both the correctness of the consensus result and the confidentiality of each agent’s initial state. To demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method, we carry out numerical simulations that illustrate its ability to reach consensus effectively while ensuring the protection of private information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distributed optimal formation control of heterogeneous Euler–Lagrange multi-agent systems","authors":"Mengmeng Duan, Fengping Huang, Shanying Zhu, Ziwen Yang, Cailian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the distributed optimal formation control problem of heterogeneous Euler–Lagrange multi-agent systems with generic formation constraints and inequality constraints is investigated. Based on the primal–dual dynamics and the adaptive control technique, a distributed optimal formation controller consists of a velocity reference signal generator and a velocity tracking controller is proposed. By using the optimality condition, the relationship between the equilibrium point of the closed-loop system and the optimal solution of the optimization problem is established. Then, by utilizing Lyapunov stability analysis, it is rigorously proved that the optimal formation is reached with the proposed controller. Lastly, simulation examples are provided to substantiate the theoretical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 282-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zheng Li , Jiaxin Li , Shaojie Liu , Bo Zhao , Derong Liu
{"title":"CLAD: Criterion learner and attention distillation for automated CNN prunning","authors":"Zheng Li , Jiaxin Li , Shaojie Liu , Bo Zhao , Derong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Filter pruning effectively compresses the neural network by reducing both its parameters and computational cost. Existing pruning methods typically rely on pre-designed pruning criteria to measure filter importance and remove those deemed unimportant. However, different layers of the neural network exhibit varying filter distributions, making it inappropriate to implement the same pruning criterion for all layers. Additionally, some approaches apply different criteria from the set of pre-defined pruning rules for different layers, but the limited space leads to the difficulty of covering all layers. If criteria for all layers are manually designed, it is costly and difficult to generalize to other networks. To solve this problem, we present a novel neural network pruning method based on the Criterion Learner and Attention Distillation (CLAD). Specifically, CLAD develops a differentiable criterion learner, which is integrated into each layer of the network. The learner can automatically learn the appropriate pruning criterion according to the filter parameters of each layer, thus the requirement of manual design is eliminated. Furthermore, the criterion learner is trained end-to-end by the gradient optimization algorithm to achieve efficient pruning. In addition, attention distillation, which fully utilizes the knowledge of unpruned networks to guide the optimization of the learner and improve the pruned network performance, is introduced in the process of learner optimization. Experiments conducted on various datasets and networks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Notably, CLAD reduces the FLOPs of ResNet-110 by about 53% on the CIFAR-10 dataset, while simultaneously improves the network’s accuracy by 0.05%. Moreover, it reduces the FLOPs of ResNet-50 by about 46% on the ImageNet-1K dataset, and maintains a top-1 accuracy of 75.45%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 254-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Stackelberg game-based optimal secure control against hybrid attacks for networked control systems","authors":"Wei Xiong , Yi Dong , Liubin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the problem of optimal secure control for networked control systems under hybrid attacks. A control strategy based on the Stackelberg game framework is proposed, which differs from conventional methods by considering both denial-of-service (DoS) and false data injection (FDI) attacks simultaneously. Additionally, the stability conditions for the system under these hybrid attacks are established. It is technically challenging to design the control strategy by predicting attacker actions based on Stcakelberg game to ensure the system stability under hybrid attacks. Another technical difficulty lies in establishing the conditions for mean-square asymptotic stability due to the complexity of the attack scenarios. Finally, simulations on an unstable batch reactor system under hybrid attacks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 236-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Junkai Tan , Shuangsi Xue , Hui Cao , Shuzhi Sam Ge
{"title":"Human–AI interactive optimized shared control","authors":"Junkai Tan , Shuangsi Xue , Hui Cao , Shuzhi Sam Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an optimized shared control algorithm for human–AI interaction, implemented through a digital twin framework where the physical system and human operator act as the real agent while an AI-driven digital system functions as the virtual agent. In this digital twin architecture, the real agent acquires an optimal control strategy through observed actions, while the AI virtual agent mirrors the real agent to establish a digital replica system and corresponding control policy. Both the real and virtual optimal controllers are approximated using reinforcement learning (RL) techniques. Specifically, critic neural networks (NNs) are employed to learn the virtual and real optimal value functions, while actor NNs are trained to derive their respective optimal controllers. A novel shared mechanism is introduced to integrate both virtual and real value functions into a unified learning framework, yielding an optimal shared controller. This controller adaptively adjusts the confidence ratio between virtual and real agents, enhancing the system’s efficiency and flexibility in handling complex control tasks. The stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously analyzed using the Lyapunov method. The effectiveness of the proposed AI–human interactive system is validated through two numerical examples: a representative nonlinear system and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 163-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fault-tolerant control for swarm systems: A geometric-based PDE planning approach","authors":"Yacun Guan , Bin Jiang , Youmin Zhang , Yun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the issue of fault-tolerant control for swarm systems subject to switched graphs, actuator faults and obstacles. A geometric-based partial differential equation (PDE) framework is proposed to unify collision-free trajectory generation and fault-tolerant control. To deal with the fault-induced force imbalances, the Riemannian metric is proposed to coordinate nominal controllers and the global one. Then, Riemannian-based trajectory length optimization is solved by gradient’s dynamic model–heat flow PDE, under which a feasible trajectory satisfying motion constraints is achieved to guide the faulty system. Such virtual control force emerges autonomously through this metric adjustments. Further, the tracking error is rigorously proven to be exponential boundedness. Simulation results confirm the validity of these theoretical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 177-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic hedging of 50ETF options using Proximal Policy Optimization","authors":"Lei Liu , Mengmeng Hao , Jinde Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper employs the PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization) algorithm to study the risk hedging problem of the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) 50ETF options. First, the action and state spaces were designed based on the characteristics of the hedging task, and a reward function was developed according to the cost function of the options. Second, combining the concept of curriculum learning, the agent was guided to adopt a simulated-to-real learning approach for dynamic hedging tasks, reducing the learning difficulty and addressing the issue of insufficient option data. A dynamic hedging strategy for 50ETF options was constructed. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the superiority of the designed algorithm over traditional hedging strategies in terms of hedging effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 198-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Densely-connected Decoder Transformer for unsupervised anomaly detection of power electronic systems","authors":"Zhichen Zhang, Gen Qiu, Yuhua Cheng, Min Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable electricity infrastructure is critical for modern society, highlighting the importance of securing the stability of fundamental power electronic systems. However, as such systems frequently involve high-current and high-voltage conditions, there is a greater likelihood of failures. Consequently, anomaly detection of power electronic systems holds great significance, which is a task that properly-designed neural networks can well undertake, as proven in various scenarios. Transformer-like networks are promising for such application, yet with its structure initially designed for different tasks, features extracted by beginning layers are often lost, decreasing detection performance. Also, such data-driven methods typically require sufficient anomalous data for training, which could be difficult to obtain in practice. Therefore, to improve feature utilization while achieving efficient unsupervised learning, a novel model, Densely-connected Decoder Transformer (DDformer), is proposed for unsupervised anomaly detection of power electronic systems in this paper. First, efficient label-free training is achieved based on the concept of autoencoder with recursive-free output. An encoder–decoder structure with densely-connected decoder is then adopted, merging features from all encoder layers to avoid possible loss of mined features while reducing training difficulty. Both simulation and real-world experiments are conducted to validate the capabilities of DDformer, and the average FDR has surpassed baseline models, reaching 89.39%, 93.91%, 95.98% in different experiment setups respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Wang , Xiushan Jiang , Dongya Zhao , Bor-Sen Chen
{"title":"Multiplayer Pareto optimal control with H∞ constraint for nonlinear stochastic system via online synchronous reinforcement learning","authors":"Li Wang , Xiushan Jiang , Dongya Zhao , Bor-Sen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates a multiplayer Pareto game for affine nonlinear stochastic systems disturbed by both external and the internal multiplicative noises. The Pareto cooperative optimal strategies with the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> constraint are resolved by integrating <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> theory with Pareto game theory. First, a nonlinear stochastic bounded real lemma (SBRL) is derived, explicitly accounting for non-zero initial conditions. Through the analysis of four cross-coupled Hamilton–Jacobi equations (HJEs), we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of Pareto optimal strategies with the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> constraint. Secondly, to address the complexity of solving these nonlinear partial differential HJEs, we propose a neural network (NN) framework with synchronous tuning rules for the actor, critic, and disturbance components, based on a reinforcement learning (RL) approach. The designed tuning rules ensure convergence of the actor–critic-disturbance components to the desired values, enabling the realization of robust Pareto control strategies. The convergence of the proposed algorithm is rigorously analyzed using a constructed Lyapunov function for the NN weight errors. Finally, a numerical simulation example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods and main results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tianyu Tan , Kunwu Zhang , Keyong Shao , Songlin Zhuang , Yang Shi
{"title":"On the stability criteria for constrained switched linear systems with multiple faults","authors":"Tianyu Tan , Kunwu Zhang , Keyong Shao , Songlin Zhuang , Yang Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Switched systems play an imperative role in modeling many real industrial systems with abrupt changes. Due to possible exposure to unreliable and complex physical environments, switching dynamics may simultaneously face multiple faults, including the unexpected controller disconnect, the temporary mismatch between subsystems and desired corresponding controllers, and the intermittent disordering of mode transitions. These commonly arising faults may result in severe and detrimental impacts on the reliability and convergence of the closed-loop solution, thereby bringing significant yet challenging issues to be tackled. This paper provides the first attempt to investigate the stabilization problem for a class of constrained switched linear systems with multiple faults under mode-dependent dwell time (MDT). From a set-theory perspective, we demonstrate a critical necessary and sufficient stability condition for switched systems without uncertainties. Moreover, the non-conservative stability criterion is further extended to the perturbed switched systems with rigorous proof. A switching communication network example verifies the validity of the theoretical result and demonstrates their advantages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 3","pages":"Pages 185-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}