{"title":"Adaptive optimal tracking control for underactuated surface vessels using extended state observer and reinforcement learning","authors":"Yinkun Li , Yawen Zhou , Yufeng Zhou , Li Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the adaptive optimal tracking control (AOTC) for underactuated surface vessels (USVs). Compared to the majority of existing studies, the control strategy in this paper innovatively combines an extended state observer (ESO) with reinforcement learning (RL). The designed ESO has high estimation accuracy and robust disturbance rejection capabilities for the unmeasurable information for USVs. To obtain the AOTC, the actor–critic (AC) networks based on RL are constructed to solve the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equations. Due to the uncertainties, it is challenging to obtain the optimal controller by directly solving the HJB equations. To address this issue, this paper employs neural networks (NNs) to approximate the uncertainties and solves the optimal controller via AC-RL and ESO. In addition, the adaptive parameters of the optimal controller is trained in parallel with AC networks, which can ensure that the trained networks can further improve tracking performance. The boundedness of AOTC for USVs is shown by Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 24-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingcheng Tang , Peng Zhou , He Bai , Gangshan Jing
{"title":"GRA: Graph-based reward aggregation for cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning","authors":"Jingcheng Tang , Peng Zhou , He Bai , Gangshan Jing","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has proven its effectiveness in cooperative multi-agent systems (MASs) but still faces issues on the curse of dimensionality and learning efficiency. The main difficulty is caused by the strong inter-agent coupling nature embedded in an MARL problem, which is yet to be fully exploited in existing algorithms. In this work, we recognize a learning graph characterizing the dependence between individual rewards and individual policies. Then we propose a graph-based reward aggregation (GRA) method, which utilizes the inherent coupling relationship among agents to eliminate redundant information. Specifically, GRA passes information among cooperating agents through graph attention networks to obtain aggregated rewards that contribute to the fitting of the value function, making each agent learn a decentralized executable cooperation policy. In addition, we propose a variant of GRA, named GRA-decen, which achieves decentralized training and decentralized execution (DTDE) when each agent only has access to information of partial agents in the learning process. We conduct experiments in different environments and demonstrate the practicality and scalability of our algorithms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 46-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Essay on robust prescribed-time stabilization","authors":"Yury Orlov","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As well-known, prescribed-time stabilizing design faces the need of using time-varying high gains which escape to infinity as time approaches the desired instant. In the presence of measurement noise, the corresponding state response is also significantly amplified that leads to the lack of robustness in the closed-loop implementation. In order to eliminate this drawback, the implicit Euler discretization of the closed-loop in question is recently developed in where desired robustness properties are conserved beyond the prescribed-time interval while also bounded state dynamics are ensured in the presence of measurement noise. Along this line, stabilizing prescribed-observer-based output feedback algorithms and their digital implementation are reviewed. For tutorial value, the underlying state feedback and observer designs are recalled side by side in continuous- and discrete-time perspectives, followed by the desired output feedback design. Open problems, calling for future investigation, conclude the review.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 57-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Looking back at JAI’s 2025: A year of steady progress and distinguished achievements","authors":"Yongduan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2026.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2026.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"5 1","pages":"Page 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ume Nisa , Muhammad Shirazi , Mohamed Ali Saip , Muhammad Syafiq Mohd Pozi
{"title":"Agentic AI: The age of reasoning—A review","authors":"Ume Nisa , Muhammad Shirazi , Mohamed Ali Saip , Muhammad Syafiq Mohd Pozi","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial intelligence has experienced a significant boom with the emergence of agentic AI, where autonomous agents are increasingly replacing human intervention, enabling systems to perceive, reason, and act independently to achieve specific goals. Despite its transformative potential, comprehensive information on agentic AI remains scarce in the literature. This paper provides the first comprehensive review of agentic AI, focusing on its evolution and three core aspects: patterns, types, and environments. The evolution of agentic AI is traced through five phases to the current era of multi-modal and collaborative agents, driven by advancements in reinforcement learning, neural networks, and large language models (LLMs). Five key patterns: tool use, reflection, ReAct, planning, and multi-agent collaboration (MAC) define how agentic AI systems interact and process tasks. These systems are categorized into seven categories, each tailored for specific operational styles and autonomy in decision making. The environments in which these agents operate are classified as static, dynamic, fully observable, partially observable, deterministic, stochastic, single-agent, and multi-agent, emphasizing the impact of environmental complexity on agent behavior. Agentic AI has revolutionized systems through autonomous decision making and resource optimization, yet challenges persist in aligning AI with human values, ensuring adaptability, and addressing ethical constraints. Future research focuses on multidomain agents, human–AI collaboration, and self-improving systems. This work provides researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with a structured approach to understanding and advancing the rapidly evolving landscape of agentic AI systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"5 1","pages":"Pages 69-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147556913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fuzzy adaptive finite-time inverse optimal control for active suspension systems","authors":"Zhenggang Chen , Wei Wu , Shaocheng Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the problem of fuzzy adaptive finite-time inverse optimal control for active suspension systems (ASSs). The fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are utilized to learn the unknown non-linear dynamics and an auxiliary system is established. Based on the finite-time stability theory and inverse optimal theory, a fuzzy adaptive inverse finite-time inverse optimal control method is proposed. It is proven that the formulated control approach guarantees the stability of the controlled systems, while ensuring that errors converge to a small neighborhood of zero within finite time. Moreover, the optimized control performance can be achieved. Eventually, the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy adaptive finite-time inverse optimal control scheme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 312-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel multi-agent action masked deep reinforcement learning for general industrial assembly lines balancing problems","authors":"Ali M. Ali, Luca Tirel, Hashim A. Hashim","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient planning of activities is essential for modern industrial assembly lines to uphold manufacturing standards, prevent project constraint violations, and achieve cost-effective operations. While exact solutions to such challenges can be obtained through Integer Programming (IP), the dependence of the search space on input parameters often makes IP computationally infeasible for large-scale scenarios. Heuristic methods, such as Genetic Algorithms, can also be applied, but they frequently produce suboptimal solutions in extensive cases. This paper introduces a novel mathematical model of a generic industrial assembly line formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), without imposing assumptions on the type of assembly line a notable distinction from most existing models. The proposed model is employed to create a virtual environment for training Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) agents to optimize task and resource scheduling. To enhance the efficiency of agent training, the paper proposes two innovative tools. The first is an action-masking technique, which ensures the agent selects only feasible actions, thereby reducing training time. The second is a multi-agent approach, where each workstation is managed by an individual agent, as a result, the state and action spaces were reduced. A centralized training framework with decentralized execution is adopted, offering a scalable learning architecture for optimizing industrial assembly lines. This framework allows the agents to learn offline and subsequently provide real-time solutions during operations by leveraging a neural network that maps the current factory state to the optimal action. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is validated through numerical simulations, demonstrating significantly faster convergence to the optimal solution compared to a comparable model-based approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 299-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tire wear aware trajectory tracking control for Multi-axle Swerve-drive Autonomous Mobile Robots","authors":"Tianxin Hu , Xinhang Xu , Thien-Minh Nguyen, Fen Liu, Shenghai Yuan, Lihua Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-axle Swerve-drive Autonomous Mobile Robots (MS-AMRs) equipped with independently steerable wheels are commonly used for high-payload transportation. In this work, we present a novel Model Predictive Control (MPC) method for MS-AGV trajectory tracking that takes tire wear minimization consideration in the objective function. To speed up the problem-solving process, we propose a hierarchical controller design and simplify the dynamic model by integrating the magic formula tire model and simplified tire wear model. In the experiment, the proposed method can be solved by simulated annealing in real-time on a normal personal computer and by incorporating tire wear into the objective function, tire wear is reduced by 19.19% while maintaining the tracking accuracy in curve-tracking experiments. In the more challenging scene: the desired trajectory is offset by 60 degrees from the vehicle’s heading, the reduction in tire wear increased to 65.20% compared to the kinematic model without considering the tire wear optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An adaptive dual-domain feature representation method for enhanced deep forgery detection","authors":"Ming Li , Yan Qin , Heng Zhang , Zhiguo Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep forgery detection technologies are crucial for image and video recognition tasks, with their performance heavily reliant on the features extracted from both real and fake images. However, most existing methods primarily focus on spatial domain features, which limits their accuracy. To address this limitation, we propose an adaptive dual-domain feature representation method for enhanced deep forgery detection. Specifically, an adaptive region dynamic convolution module is established to efficiently extract facial features from the spatial domain. Then, we introduce an adaptive frequency dynamic filter to capture effective frequency domain features. By fusing both spatial and frequency domain features, our approach significantly improves the accuracy of classifying real and fake facial images. Finally, experimental results on three real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of our dual-domain feature representation method, which substantially improves classification precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 273-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review on the developments of sliding function and adaptive gain in sliding mode control","authors":"Ke Shao , Jinchuan Zheng , Minyue Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jai.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sliding mode control (SMC) is a well-known robust nonlinear control method with strong robustness and fast response which has been widely used in many applications. This paper introduces the major results of SMC design methods that the authors have achieved in the last decade. Undoubtedly, our results are obtained based on many other researchers’ pioneer work in the literature which will not be discussed in detail here. Notably, our development has a main focus on tackling practical issues such that a proposed or enhanced SMC approach is effectively applicable to motion control systems. Issues on sliding function and adaptive gain designs in SMC and their control features will be both discussed in this paper. Those issues comprise fast convergent speed, predefined convergent time, input saturation restriction, chattering reduction, and unknown disturbance suppression. Lastly, conclusion and a few remarks on future research directions are presented.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100755,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Automation and Intelligence","volume":"4 4","pages":"Pages 266-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}