Internet Technology Letters最新文献

{"title":"Efficient and Reliable Emergency Routing for Wireless Body Area Networks","authors":"Bhavana Alte,&nbsp;Amarsinh Vidhate","doi":"10.1002/itl2.551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.551","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) is currently in progress with the aim of facilitating communication among small body sensors. This data can be employed to offer prompt or timely aid to individuals who are not just in a critical state but also those who are unable to promptly commute to medical facilities due to physical limitations, congested roadways, or their place of residence. Another crucial requirement for WBAN is their capability to deliver quality of service for diverse forms of network traffic. Privacy and system security are crucial to protecting patient records throughout use and storage by healthcare providers. This study introduces a novel emergency data handling method for emergency healthcare communication networks. Furthermore, the proposed system provides Reliable Emergency Routing to ensure secure transfer of emergency and non-emergency WBAN data rewards are used to establish routes to securely transmit non-emergency and emergency data in highly exposed situations while minimizing data loss and delay. Simulations showed that the recommended approach outperformed current protocols in energy consumption, latency, packet delivery ratio throughput, and communication overhead.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEERP-RL: Enhanced energy-efficient routing protocol based on reinforcement learning for wireless sensor network","authors":"Mohanad J. Jaber,&nbsp;Zahraa Jasim Jaber","doi":"10.1002/itl2.548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.548","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) efficiently monitors and record environmental conditions, transmitting this data to central locations via widely distributed, sensor nodes. One major challenge in WSN involves creating an energy-efficient routing protocol that minimizes energy consumption and extends the network's longevity. In this paper, we propose EEERP-RL, an enhanced energy-efficient QoS routing protocol for WSNs, based on reinforcement learning (RL). The proposed protocol has been compared with two other protocols to determine which one gives the best performance in the network OSPF and SDN-Q. There is an investigation of packet delivery ratios and delays (m), as well as the impact of alive nodes, dead nodes, and energy consumption. Based on simulation results, the proposed protocol outperforms as compared to existing protocol in terms of different network traffic loads and node mobility.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An efficient security and privacy approach for internet of vehicles in vehicular networks for smart cities","authors":"Elham Kariri","doi":"10.1002/itl2.554","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.554","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intelligent sensing plays a crucial role in making vehicles safe and trouble-free. The purpose of this paper is to introduce Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs) in a vehicular IoT-based smart city paradigm, focusing on security. Furthermore, we discuss the robustness and reliability of VSN. In this design, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing-based Internet of Vehicles is integrated with a privacy-aware secure ant colony optimization for smart cities in which suspicious vehicles are prevented from disseminating messages. IoV real-time communication emphasizes data security. A comparison of experimental results shows that the proposed approach outperforms existing approaches. Smart city communication networks can be optimized using the proposed model.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging 5G and cloud computing for outlier detection in IoT environments: A KNN approach","authors":"S. A. Sahaaya Arul Mary,&nbsp;H. Anwar Basha,&nbsp;G. Mohanraj,&nbsp;R. Kiruthikaa,&nbsp;N. Saranya","doi":"10.1002/itl2.550","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a prominent sensing paradigm between the devices. Its evolution in the global digital increases extensively in various domains. For IoT application's sensors are the primary source for generating data. These collected data are subject to the identification and detection of outliers/anomalies. The massive volume of data generation makes anomaly detection a complex and challenging task. The anomalies affect the data accuracy and data quality. In this paper, the k-NN classifier is proposed for enhancing classification accuracy. K-NN follows a non-parametric strategy and is one of the known classification algorithms. In the proposed system, k-NN is utilized to perform classification or regression with estimations of their k nearest neighbors. The proposed system consists of three major processes such as data preprocessing, classification, visualization. This study explores the utilization of 5G connectivity and cloud computing infrastructure for outlier detection in IoT data streams. Leveraging the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classifier, our methodology focuses on efficiently identifying anomalies in IoT data. By integrating 5G connectivity for real-time data transmission and cloud-based machine learning for scalable analysis, we demonstrate a robust framework for outlier detection in IoT environments. The Experimental work with the proposed method is carried out using training and observation is tabulated with respective classes. As a result, on the three metrics, the proposed k-NN proves its efficiency is far better than the others, with an average of 98.4% of accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141351287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing live video streaming: Integrating 5G, IoT, and cloud computing with machine learning","authors":"L. Srinivasan,&nbsp;Humaira Nishat,&nbsp;S. Shargunam,&nbsp;Deepak Kumar Nayak,&nbsp;K. Janani","doi":"10.1002/itl2.556","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.556","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this research, we optimize live video broadcast performance by incorporating advanced technologies such as 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. Our approach utilizes the Random Forest classifier to categorize data, achieving a 99% precision rate. A comparative study demonstrates that our proposed technique outperforms RCNN and Mask-RCNN methods in optimizing video streaming efficacy. We show that our method efficiently enhances video streaming quality by integrating machine learning technologies. The combination of 5G, IoT, and cloud computing creates a robust environment for delivering optimized Live video streaming to users. This research underscores the importance of leveraging cutting-edge technology to address optimization challenges in modern video streaming systems, focusing on the real-time optimization of video streams in contemporary technological environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141375194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-efficient clustering algorithm using distributed fuzzy-logic to prolong the survivability of wireless sensor networks","authors":"Lulwah M. Alkwai,&nbsp;Kusum Yadav","doi":"10.1002/itl2.549","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.549","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Energy efficiency is critical for prolonging the survivability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and clustering algorithms play a significant role in achieving this goal. An application-specific wireless sensor network requires adapted methods and techniques to meet its requirements. A vast amount of research has been done on optimizing energy consumption and enhancing network lifetime of sensor nodes. To increase the lifetime of WSNs, we present and evaluate an energy-efficient clustering algorithm based on distributed fuzzy logic (EECADFL). High reliability, low error rates during clustering, and its ability to perform well in large-scale networks with many nodes are some of the main benefits of this method. In wireless sensor networks, simulation results showed that the scheme provided better lifetime performance while limiting dead nodes and improving cluster head selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141383080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Everything you wanted to know about ChatGPT: Components, capabilities, applications, and opportunities","authors":"Arash Heidari,&nbsp;Nima Jafari Navimipour,&nbsp;Sherali Zeadally,&nbsp;Vinay Chamola","doi":"10.1002/itl2.530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.530","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing have advanced significantly with the creation of a Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) by OpenAI. ChatGPT uses deep learning techniques like transformer architecture and self-attention mechanisms to replicate human speech and provide coherent and appropriate replies to the situation. The model mainly depends on the patterns discovered in the training data, which might result in incorrect or illogical conclusions. In the context of open-domain chats, we investigate the components, capabilities constraints, and potential applications of ChatGPT along with future opportunities. We begin by describing the components of ChatGPT followed by a definition of chatbots. We present a new taxonomy to classify them. Our taxonomy includes rule-based chatbots, retrieval-based chatbots, generative chatbots, and hybrid chatbots. Next, we describe the capabilities and constraints of ChatGPT. Finally, we present potential applications of ChatGPT and future research opportunities. The results showed that ChatGPT, a transformer-based chatbot model, utilizes encoders to produce coherent responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"7 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) for wireless networks with software-defined networking","authors":"Hayder Sabeeh Hadi,&nbsp;Ahmed J. Obaid","doi":"10.1002/itl2.547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/itl2.547","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Network management has been significantly transformed by software-defined networking (SDN), which consolidates control and improves adaptability. As a result of this paradigm shift, security concerns have emerged concurrently. Within SDN environments, maintaining service path integrity is of utmost importance because malicious entities can exploit network flows to gain access to data, resulting in security breaches. Thus, QKD networks require a management plane that can control and manage the QKD resources. Quantum key distribution networks can be controlled and managed separately by SDN, allowing quantum key forwarding to be separated from their control and management. The paper provides an overview of QKD networks enabled by SDN, along with an overview of its architecture, interfaces, and protocols. This paper elaborates on the overall architecture and related interfaces and protocols of QKD networks assisted by SDN. Then, three important paradigms for simulation are presented using three use cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143456083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation and investigation of diffraction optical elements effect on bit error rate of free space optics and performance investigation of space uplink wireless optical communication under varying atmospheric turbulence conditions","authors":"Gaurav Soni,&nbsp;Manish Sharma","doi":"10.1002/itl2.538","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.538","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several other optical antenna topologies have been developed and implemented throughout the years. These topologies include a variety of optical components, including the axicon optical element, dual-secondary mirror, cone reflecting mirror, prism beam slier, and beam-splitter/beam combiner. In contrast, the secondary reflecting mirror causes an obscuration loss that must be compensated for by reducing the transmission power in an optical antenna design. In order to address this issue in space optical communication, the present research helps to develop an enhanced two diffractive optical elements (DOEs) technology however the data presented therein only shows that DOEs may boost transmission power efficiency, which is insufficient for system designers. Though On-Off Keying (OOK) is widely used in optical communication systems at the moment, the proposed research include DOEs into an OOK space uplink optical. The proposed research uses numerical simulation to explore how much a space uplink OOK system's bit error rate (BER) may be improved by using DOEs and adjusting fundamental parameters. The proposed BER model takes environmental factors like wind and detector noise into account. Using this theoretical model, the present work helps to investigate the effect of DOEs on the BER versus fundamental parameter characteristic curves in space uplink optical communication. Based on the findings, the DOEs structure has the potential to significantly enhance the BER performance of space uplink optical communication systems, especially at high obscuration ratios. When the obscuration ratio is 0.25, 0.167, or 0.125 and the transmission power is 1 W, for instance, the DOEs may improve the BER by a factor of two or one order of magnitude or less when the parameters are changed to the typical parameter values as specified. Results increase by a factor of six, three, and two orders of magnitude, respectively, when transmitting at 5 W. The results show that DOEs can significantly enhance the BER performance, especially at high obscuration ratios. The findings suggest that integrating DOEs into the optical subsystem is a straightforward approach to improving the performance of space uplink optical communication systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and analysis of stochastic 5G new radio LDPC decoder using adaptive sparse quantization kernel least mean square algorithm for optical satellite communications","authors":"R. Krishna Priya,&nbsp;Nitin N. Sakhare,&nbsp;Ajay Paithane,&nbsp;R. Shekhar,&nbsp;M. Sabarimuthu","doi":"10.1002/itl2.539","DOIUrl":"10.1002/itl2.539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A Stochastic Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) decoder is a type of 5G New Radio standard LDPC decoder that uses stochastic techniques to perform decoding. Stochastic LDPC decoding with 5G NR standard typically uses an iterative process, where messages exchanged among variable nodes (VN), check nodes multiple times. Stochastic LDPC decoders are often used in scenarios where the received signal is subject to varying levels of noise. They will provide improved error correction performance compared to traditional LDPC decoders, especially when dealing with channels with varying signal-to-noise ratios in 5G networks. Using the adaptive sparse quantization kernel least mean square algorithm (SLDPC-ASQ-KLMSA), this paper proposes an area-efficient architecture design for a stochastic LDPC decoder. The LDPC code (2048, 1723) is taken from the LOGBASE-T standard and used in this study. We examine the ASQ-KLMSA connection effects. Starting with the VN. It makes checking node functioning easier and reduces inter-connect complexity by capping extrinsic message length at 2 bits. Because of the simplified check node operation in ASQ-KLMSA, the decoder nodes must exchange messages with a greater degree of accuracy. The 3–3 input grouping sub-node of the degree-6 VN was changed with an adder-based 5–1 input grouping sub-node for the (2048, 1723) code in order to get more accurate results when the check-to-variable messages aren't strong enough. A suggested decoder architecture was determined using a stochastic LDPC decoder developed for TSMC 65 nm process (2048, 1723). Bite error rate, throughput, mean square error, latency, power, and area usage are some of the metrics used to evaluate the effectiveness of the SLDPC-ASQ-KLMSA algorithm that has been suggested and implemented in Python. Thus, the proposed approach has attained 34.44%, and 38.39% low mean square error while compared with the existing methods such as higher-performance stochastic LDPC decoder architecture designed through correlation analysis (HP-SLDPC-CA), Higher Throughput and Hardware Efficient Hybrid LDPC Decoder Utilizing Bit-Serial Stochastic Updating(HLDPC-BSSU), Flexible FPGA-Based Stochastic Decoder for 5G LDPC codes (FPGA-SD-5G-LDPC), respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":100725,"journal":{"name":"Internet Technology Letters","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}