{"title":"Egg structures of four Nabis species (Rhynchota : Nabidae)","authors":"Elisabetta Chiappini, Maria Cristina Reguzzi","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00042-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00042-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the numerous works on insect egg structure, detailed studies on <em>Nabis</em> genus (Rhynchota : Nabidae) have not been carried out previously. The external morphology and internal chorionic structure of the eggs of <em>Nabis pseudoferus pseudoferus</em> Remane, <em>Nabis occidentalis</em> Rieger, <em>Nabis punctatus</em> Costa and <em>Nabis rugosus</em> L. were investigated, using scanning electron microscopy, to improve our knowledge of their organization. To assess their role in taxonomy, a comparison between the eggs of the 4 species under consideration was carried out. The eggs are jar-shaped with the front end narrowed in a “collar” and closed by an <em>operculum</em>. The chorion, except in the regions of the collar and the <em>operculum</em>, is organized in an outer layer of about 4–5 μm, separated from the inner surface by a “pillars” layer of about 0.5–1 μm. In the region of the collar, the chorion has small internal channels which represent the aeropyles; their number varies very considerably even within the same species. The <em>operculum</em> is made up of closed spaces filled with air in communication with the aeropyles and the “pillars” layer, thus forming a single space that represents the respiratory system. The general shape and characteristics of the eggs of <em>N. pseudoferus, N. occidentalis</em> and <em>N. rugosus</em> are very similar; only <em>N. punctatus</em> can be identified with certainty at the egg stage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00042-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86139222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"External morphology of antennal sensilla of trichogramma australicum girault (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae)","authors":"Weerawan Amornsak , Bronwen Cribb , Gordon Gordh","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00003-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00003-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>External morphology of antennal sensilla on female and male <em>Trichogramma australicum</em> (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae) was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae show strong sexual dimorphism in structure and types of sensilla. The female antenna displays 14 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (types 1 and 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–3), coeloconic sensilla, falcate sensilla, placoid sensilla (types 1 and 2), styloconic sensilla and trichoid sensilla (types 1–3). The male antenna displays 12 types of sensilla: basiconic capitate peg sensilla (type 2), campaniform sensilla, chaetica sensilla (types 1–5), coeloconic sensilla, placoid sensilla (type 1), and trichoid sensilla (types 3–5). Falcate and styloconic sensilla occur only on the female antenna. Both sensilla probably are associated with host examination, host discrimination and oviposition behaviour. Male antennal trichoid sensilla types 4 and 5 are probably associated with courtship behaviour, because these types occur only on the male. We propose the term “falcate sensilla” for a unique female antennal sensilla; the number of falcate sensilla may be used for identification of <em>Trichogramma</em> spp. In addition, we report the presence of placoid sensilla type 2 and difference in structure of coeloconic sensilla in <em>T. australicum</em>. Variation in structure and position of antennal sensilla are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 67-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00003-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74477207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antennal sensilla on cave species of Australian Paratemnopteryx cockroaches (Blattaria : Blattellidae)","authors":"R.G. Bland , D.P. Slaney , P. Weinstein","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00002-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00002-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The external morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of cave-dwelling Australian cockroaches, <em>Paratemnopteryx stonei</em> (Races B and C), <em>P. howarthi</em> and <em>P</em>. sp. nov. (Blattaria : Blattellidae), are described using scanning electron microscopy. Eight major types of sensilla were found. Long and medium-length sensilla chaetica are deeply grooved mechano and contact chemo-receptors with a terminal pore; the long type forms 5–11% and the medium-length 7–22% of all sensilla. Sensilla trichodea type 1 are very slender, non-porous, and form 43–60% of all sensilla. Sensilla trichodea type 2 are stouter, shorter and have wall pores; they form 5–14% of the sensilla. Sensilla basiconica type B are very short, non-porous, inflexible-socket receptors that are known to be hygro- and thermo-receptors; they comprise less than 0.6% of the sensilla. Sensilla basiconica type Gl are short, grooved and have a terminal pore; they form 5–11% of all sensilla. Type G2 are longer with indications of a terminal pore and form 7–10% of the sensilla. Sensilla basiconica type P are short with wall pores, and they form 3–9% of the sensilla. Total sensillar numbers ranged from 5700–8900 for <em>P. stonei</em>, depending on the race and sex, 6950–9950 for <em>P</em>. sp. nov. and 11,700-15,100 for the smaller and possibly more epigean-related <em>P. howarthi</em>. Females had 700–3150 fewer sensilla than males. Comparisons are made between <em>Paratemnopteryx</em> and common epigean cockroaches in relation to sensillar types and numbers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00002-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137132458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Perineurium in the Drosophila (Diptera : Drosophilidae) embryo and its role in the blood-brain/nerve barrier","authors":"Stanley D. Carlson , Susan L. Hilgers","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00004-X","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00004-X","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A monolayer of perineurial cells overlies glia and neurons, and this stratum of the central nervous system is the principal site of the <em>Drosophila</em> (Diptera : Drosophilidae) blood-brain barrier. Perineurial cells are bonded together by pleated-sheet septate junctions that are the anatomical correlate of the vertebrate tight junction. The blood-brain barrier maintains the ionic homeostasis necessary for proper nerve function. It was known that a functioning blood-brain barrier is present in mature (Stage 17) <em>Drosophila</em> embryos, but the genesis of this barrier was not known. We surveyed the central nervous system of late stage embryos (15 through 17) to determine when perineurial cells could first be detected. These cells take their place in (on) the central nervous system and are joined together by pleated-sheet septate junctions, during Stage 17. Those septate junctions are quickly occlusive to lanthanum tracer. This development step occurs during the same time as when chemical synapses first become functional. Such concurrent maturation is far from coincidental, because partitioning nerves and their synapses from hemolymph (with its variable ionic constitution) are essential for normal electrophysiology. We discuss details of the germ line derivation of perineurial cells, their first detection in the embryonic central nervous system, their functional properties, and the polygonal cell-packing pattern seen in the larval central nervous system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00004-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77467507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anatomy of the mouthparts and digestive tract during feeding in larvae of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae)","authors":"Ekhlass Jarjees, David J. Merritt, Gordon Gordh","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00037-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00037-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To aid in the development of artificial diets for mass rearing parasitioids, we investigated the anatomical changes in the digestive tract during feeding behaviour of larval <em>Trichogramma australicum</em> (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae). Larvae begin to feed immediately upon eclosion and feed continuously for 4 h until replete. Feeding is characterised by rhythmic muscle contractions (ca 1 per s) of the pharynx. Contractions of the pharyngeal dilator muscles lift the roof of the lobe-shaped pharynx away from the floor of the chamber, opening the mouth and pumping food into the pharyngeal cavity. Another muscle contraction occurs about 0.5 s later, forcing the bolus of food through the oesophagus and into the midgut. The junction of fore- and midgut is marked by a cardiac valve. The midgut occupies most of the body cavity and is lined with highly vacuolated, flattened cells and a dispersed layer of muscle cells. In the centre of the midgut, food has the appearance of host egg contents. Food near the midgut epithelial cells has a finer, more homogeneous appearance. This change in the physical properties of the gut contents is indicative of the digestion process. In the prepupa, where digestion is complete, the entire gut contents have this appearance. After eclosion, the vitelline membrane remains attached to the posterior end of the larva. We believe this attachment to be adaptive in two ways: (1) to anchor the larva against the movements of its anterior portion, thereby increasing the efficiency of foraging within the egg; and (2) to prevent a free-floating membrane from clogging the mouthparts during ingestion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 103-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00037-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81077386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Organization of the tropharia in the telotrophic ovaries of the dipsocoromorphan bugs Cryptostemma alienum Herrich-Schaeffer and C. carpaticum Josifov (Heteroptera : Dipsocoridae)","authors":"Pavel Štys , Jürgen Büning , Szczepan M. Biliński","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00025-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00025-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The tropharia of the dipsocoromorphan bugs, <em>Cryptostemma alienum</em> and <em>Cryptostemma carpaticum</em> (Heteroptera : Dipsocoridae) are composed of 30–50 mononucleate nurse cells that are connected with centrally located trophic cores by means of broad cytoplasmic strands. The anteriormost nurse cells are markedly smaller and often reveal signs of degeneration. The trophic core is surrounded and penetrated by elaborate F-actin meshwork. Arrested oocytes and prefollicular cells are localized at the base of the tropharium. Anagenesis of heteropteran ovarioles is discussed in relation to the findings presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 129-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00025-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74649680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of the mayfly Baetis rhodani (Pictet) (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae)","authors":"Elda Gaino , Manuela Rebora","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00001-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00001-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The distribution and fine morphology of antennal sensilla of nymphal and adult mayfly, <em>Baetis rhodani</em> (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae), were examined. In the nymph, various kinds of sensilla (chaetica, basiconica, coeloconica and cuticular pits) are differently arranged on the antennal segments, whereas sensilla campaniformia delimit the distal border of the pedicel. A peculiar kind of sensillum basiconicum, named flat-tipped sensillum, is present along the entire antenna, even though in the flagellum it has a regular arrangement between the cuticular lobes that delimit the distal border of each article. In the <em>subimago</em> the scape and pedicel are profusely covered with microtrichia and scattered sensilla trichodea, whereas the flagellum shows cuticular ribs. Sensilla coeloconica are present along the ventral side of the flagellum. In the <em>imago</em>, the antenna is completely decorated with scales among which sensilla trichodea and sensilla coeloconica occasionally occur. As in the nymph, adult mayflies have a ring of sensilla campaniformia along the distal border of the pedicel. When compared with nymphal antennae, those of adults have fewer types of sensilla, presumably in relation to the short, non-feeding terrestrial life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00001-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72828885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Franck Vandenbulcke, Claire Grelle, Marie Chantal Fabre, Michel Descamps
{"title":"Ultrastructural and autometallographic studies of the nephrocytes of Lithobius forficatus L. (Myriapoda, Chilopoda): role in detoxification of cadmium and lead","authors":"Franck Vandenbulcke, Claire Grelle, Marie Chantal Fabre, Michel Descamps","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00034-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00034-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ultrastructural and autometallographic investigations of the nephrocytes of the centipede <em>Lithobius forficatus</em> (Myriapoda : Chilopoda) and their role in detoxification of cadmium and lead are presented. This cell-type exhibits the characteristic features of podocytes, i.e. the typical pedicel-basal lamina complex and the well-developed lysosomal vacuolar system. Ultrastructural study demonstrated that heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, may cause intracellular injuries. The autometallographic procedure showed that large electron-dense granules, referred to as cytosomes in the ultrastructural study, are the main organelles of the nephrocytes to accumulate heavy metals. Consequently, these cells may play an important role in the detoxification process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 111-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(98)00034-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84103323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tom Wenseleers , Eric Schoeters , Johan Billen , Rüdiger Wehner
{"title":"Distribution and comparative morphology of the cloacal gland in ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)","authors":"Tom Wenseleers , Eric Schoeters , Johan Billen , Rüdiger Wehner","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00026-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00026-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cloacal gland is a paired exocrine structure, which has so far been described only in the formicine species, <em>Camponotus ephippium</em> and <em>Cataglyphis savignyi</em> (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). The gland is formed by 2 clusters of bicellular units with slender duct cells, releasing the glandular secretion through the cloacal membrane. In the present work, a number of ant species, largely of the Formicinae subfamily, have been surveyed for the presence of a cloacal gland. The gland is present in nearly all formicines screened, albeit with a variable development. <em>Cataglyphis</em>, one of the genera with a very prominent cloacal gland, was chosen for a more detailed comparative study. At the ultrastructural level, secretory cells were observed having a well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, typical for pheromone-producing glandular cells. The gland is also present in all dolichoderines screened, but in none of the species of the Aneuretinae, Myrmeciinae, Myrmicinae, Nothomyrmeciinae, or Pseudomyrmecinae investigated. This provides tentative evidence that the cloacal gland is a synapomorphy of the Formicinae and Dolichoderinae, giving support for their hypothesized sister group relationship. Up to now, the function of the cloacal gland remains largely enigmatic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00026-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89338648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional morphology of the mandibles of the larvae of Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera : Syrphidae)","authors":"Leonard Ngamo Tinkeu, Thierry Hance","doi":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00015-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00015-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aphidophagous syrphid (Diptera : Syrphidae) larvae have no structures for seizing and killing such as prehensile legs and strongly sclerotized external mouthparts enabling them to capture and feed on their prey. Nevertheless they are considered to be efficient predators. In order to understand this paradox in <em>Episyrphus balteatus</em>, 2 complementary approaches were followed. These consisted of, first, a careful analysis of the morphology of mouthparts of the larvae, and second, an investigation of their feeding behaviour. The mouthparts were found to be composed of 2 groups of dental sclerites, corresponding to the 2 inner elements of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton. The exterior elements or triangular sclerites are absent in the first-instar larvae. These elements appeared close to the mouth in the second and the third-instar larvae, were oriented in the opposite direction to the other elements, and were positioned laterally. This structure probably serves to anchor the anterior part of the predator within the prey, thus preventing it from escaping. During the feeding activity, the seizing process occurred immediately after the recognition. The lifting-up behaviour of the first-instar larvae is probably due to the absence of the triangular sclerites. The suction was marked by an active movement of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton and a peristaltic movement of the abdomen. The feeding time was inversely proportional to the larval development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100701,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology","volume":"27 2","pages":"Pages 135-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0020-7322(97)00015-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80898466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}