Indoor Environments最新文献

{"title":"Fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) emission rates from new and old rain jackets to air determined by iodide high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry","authors":"Clara M.A. Eichler ,&nbsp;Michael J. Davern ,&nbsp;Jason D. Surratt ,&nbsp;Glenn C. Morrison ,&nbsp;Barbara J. Turpin","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which include fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), are synthetic chemicals used in consumer products because of their water-, stain-, and grease-repellent properties; thus, PFAS are commonly found in functional clothing such as rain jackets. To date, emissions of PFAS from products to indoor air have not been well characterized, although many PFAS-containing products are used and stored indoors. We used a test chamber connected to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with iodide as a reagent ion (I-HR-ToF-CIMS) to measure emission rates for four FTOHs from 10 rain jackets and one backpack cover. The materials were categorized as old/used, new, or “PFAS-free”, and they were tested under two different scenarios, i.e., immediately out of package and after airing out. We observed real-time FTOH emissions from all materials. Under the out-of-package scenario, emissions of 6:2, 8:2 and 10:2 FTOH showed characteristics that indicate mass transfer is limited by internal diffusion, with a high initial peak followed by a lower steady-state emission rate. Peak emission rates correlated well with material-phase concentrations determined by an offline extractive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Our results further suggest that the old, used jackets had, on average, higher peak emission rates and higher material-phase concentrations than the new jackets, largely driven by 8:2 FTOH. “PFAS-free” materials had the overall lowest emission rates and material-phase concentrations. After airing out, emission rates were on average an order of magnitude lower than peak emission rates. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering consumer products like rain jackets as sources of indoor exposure to PFAS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An architectural design framework to promote healthy indoor-outdoor connections in Arctic housing","authors":"Tarlan Abazari ,&nbsp;André Potvin ,&nbsp;Claude M.H. Demers ,&nbsp;Louis Gosselin","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research proposes biophilic intermediate spaces as a promising architectural solution to improve indoor-outdoor connections, occupant well-being, and energy efficiency in Arctic housing. Basic examples of intermediate spaces in Arctic housing models include porches and vestibules. However, the architecture of these spaces has not yet been optimized to adress extreme climatic conditions and occupants’ needs. Therefore, this research develops an architectural design framework to optimize the architecture of intermediate spaces for Arctic housing to meet occupants’ well-being needs and improve housing energy efficiency. The research methodology combines an archetypal approach, exploratory case study analysis, and scoping literature review. The archetypal study examines the historical development of Canadian Arctic housing models in Nunavut, revealing the typological evolution, features, potentials, and deficiencies of intermediate spaces in the Arctic. The study identifies of the main design variables and performance indicators of intermediate spaces corresponding to healthy and positive indoor-outdoor connections, thermal and visual comfort, and energy efficiency. A conceptual model of an intermediate space is then simulated as an exploratory case study for a public Canadian Arctic residential building. The architectural design framework is established based on findings from the literature, archetypal studies of Arctic housing, and simulation results of an integrated model for an intermediate space and a public Arctic housing model in Nunavut. The proposed framework includes main architectural variables such as physical adjacency, material, orientation, space depth, and transparency ratio which impact thermal, lighting, and energy performance. This design framework can serve as a reference for creating policies and decision-making processes that integrate biophilic intermediate spaces with Arctic building practices, contributing to Canada's strategic plan for energy efficiency and vegetable production in the Arctic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in the perception of the indoor environment: Findings from residential buildings in a nordic climate","authors":"Theofanis Psomas ,&nbsp;Paul O.’ Sullivan ,&nbsp;Pavlos Kolias ,&nbsp;Adam O.’ Donovan ,&nbsp;Pawel Wargocki","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research suggests gender (“sex assigned at birth”) differences with respect to indoor environmental conditions, indicating females are more critical and demanding towards satisfaction and preferences. The present paper analyzes the results of a subsample of a national survey completed in 375 representative dwellings in Sweden. The survey collected information on twelve comfort factors and satisfaction aspects concerning thermal comfort, indoor air quality, acoustic comfort, satisfaction with daylight, size, standard, layout, appearance, well-being, cost, and neighborhood. Advanced statistical analyses were used to investigate whether the responses of occupants experiencing similar indoor conditions (cohabitation) were different with respect to gender. The analysis did not observe any significant gender differences with respect to the ratings of indoor environments in dwellings. Males reported slightly higher satisfaction, while thermal and acoustic comfort exhibited the highest gender variability. Satisfaction aspects were generally very high, with the costs and acoustic comfort registering the highest levels of dissatisfaction. Additional analyses across various building characteristics and individual attributes (variables levels) confirmed no differences. Several hypotheses were put up to explain these results, including the extreme climatic conditions and the collaborative use of dwellings. The findings suggest that Swedish dwelling designs can provide some best practice guidance for stakeholders and practitioners elsewhere in similar climatic conditions. Future studies should confirm the present observations and the social and cultural aspects of the findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An analytical model to predict the mass loading of air cleaners in typical indoor environments and to estimate the service interval from standardized filter loading tests","authors":"Stefan Schumacher,&nbsp;Christof Asbach","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For indoor air cleaners, especially those using electret filters, it is known that the clean air delivery rate (CADR) can strongly decrease over time due to loading of the filters with particles. Standardized tests like in GB/T 18801 are used to determine the mass of test aerosol particles leading to a reduction of the initial CADR by 50 % (cumulative clean mass), but this method does not allow to draw conclusions on when this reduction is reached in a typical indoor environment. However, a good estimate would help manufactures to give reasonable recommendations in which intervals a service of the air cleaner becomes necessary. Therefore, we developed an analytical model including the most relevant parameters of a typical indoor environment and assumed different courses for the time-dependent decay of the CADR. We show that consistent estimates for the service interval can be derived, which do only slightly depend on the exact choice of the model. However, we partially find pronounced differences between scenarios dominated by either indoor or outdoor sources. We compare the new model to the model of GB/T 18801 and show that the standard overestimates the service interval for a given set of parameters by about 30 %. We finally propose a method for estimating the service interval from only one loading and one discharging step and give perspectives for further applications of the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100054"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of bedroom environment on average heart rate during sleep in temperate regions: A nonlinear analysis of annual variations in healthy males in their twenties with average BMI","authors":"Noriaki Oota ,&nbsp;Yasuki Yamauchi ,&nbsp;Gota Iwase ,&nbsp;Masaru Abuku ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Hiraguri","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models obtained in our previous studies were adapted from a linear model. In these models, the operative temperature has a positive coefficient with respect to the average heart rate during sleep (SHR) in summer and a negative coefficient in winter. Therefore, there are limitations to using linear models to examine annual variations. This study attempted nonlinear modeling and conducted an analysis. The participants were nine healthy males in their twenties, with an average body mass index, living in a temperate region. The objective variable was SHR. The explanatory variables were the body movement rate during sleep (BM), room temperature, radiant temperature, bed microclimate temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration. In addition, the interaction effects between the bed microclimate temperature and CO₂ concentration were considered because they showed significant correlations in the linear model. Results showed that the BM and SHR exhibited a positive linear correlation throughout the year. Radiant temperature showed a higher importance than room temperature in winter, as evaluated by permutation importance. SHR was lowest when room and radiant temperatures were approximately 25 [℃] to 26 [℃]; under higher or lower temperatures, the SHR increased. Additionally, when temperatures fell below 10 [℃], the trend shifted to a positive correlation. Bed microclimate temperature and SHR showed a positive correlation when exceeding 30 [℃]. The CO₂ concentration and SHR exhibited a positive correlation below 1000 [ppm] during autumn and winter. Overall, a greater understanding of how environmental conditions affect SHR could enable the design of environments that promote a lower heart rate during sleep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methanol and ethanol in indoor environments","authors":"William W Nazaroff ,&nbsp;Charles J. Weschler","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although rarely the subject of focused research, methanol (CH₃OH) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) are among the most abundant organic compounds in indoor air. We review the state of knowledge about these alcohols as constituents of indoor air, first summarizing their physical, chemical, biological, and toxicological characteristics. Central tendencies of concentrations measured in ordinary indoor environments are 35 ppb for methanol (median; mean = 34 ppb) and 44 ppb for ethanol (median; mean = 163 ppb), much higher than in outdoor air. Concentration variability can be large both among indoor environments and over time within a given environment. Indoor ethanol concentrations above 1 ppm have been reported. Emissions from occupants contribute substantially to indoor concentrations. Other important indoor sources of methanol include wooden building materials and furnishings. Methanol emissions indoors exhibit substantial increases with increasing temperature. Indoor ethanol concentrations are strongly influenced by episodic emission events, including cooking, cleaning activities, and alcoholic beverage consumption. Homogeneous oxidation pathways appear slow as a removal mechanism relative to ventilation. Evidence regarding the importance of sorption to indoor surfaces is not fully resolved, with known sorptive reservoirs indicating little importance of this process, but a variable-ventilation experiment suggesting substantial reversible sorption for ethanol. Photocatalytic oxidation devices, intended to control indoor levels of volatile organic compounds, have a demonstrated tendency to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde, a more toxic indoor air contaminant. Ethanol transported outdoors from indoor sources may contribute to urban and regional photochemical smog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100049"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142425914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalized low-cost thermal comfort monitoring using IoT technologies","authors":"Carlos Chillón Geck ,&nbsp;Hayder Alsaad ,&nbsp;Conrad Voelker ,&nbsp;Kay Smarsly","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal comfort plays an essential role in the well-being and productivity of occupants. Typically, thermal comfort is assessed either through surveys completed by building occupants or through sensor data that is analyzed using thermal comfort models. Automating comfort surveys and data collection processes reduce the risk of information loss, providing more accurate and personalized thermal comfort assessments over longer periods of time. To this end, this paper presents the design and implementation of a thermal comfort monitoring system consisting of low-cost hardware components and using IoT technologies. The system consists of intelligent wireless sensor nodes that collect and process environmental data, a portable main station that integrates and stores data, and a digital survey that provides feedback from building occupants. To ensure accuracy, the low-cost hardware components of the intelligent sensor nodes are calibrated in a climate chamber, using high-precision sensors for reference. After calibration, the system is deployed in a field test where several intelligent sensor nodes collect environmental data in an office, while occupants complete the digital thermal comfort survey. In addition, thermal comfort indexes are computed by the intelligent sensor nodes and compared with the feedback of each building occupant. The results indicate that the low-cost thermal comfort monitoring system successfully collects and integrates thermal comfort data from the intelligent sensor nodes and the digital survey, being able to create personalized thermal comfort profiles. In future work, the system can be used in large-scale thermal comfort surveys, to develop personalized thermal comfort models and to control personalized comfort systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100048"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000456/pdfft?md5=f465ce9e832ee4d188392afadcd04acb&pid=1-s2.0-S2950362024000456-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142312222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollutant exposure concentrations from cooking a meal with a gas or induction cooktop and the effectiveness of two recirculating range hoods with filters","authors":"Jiayu Li ,&nbsp;Haoran Zhao ,&nbsp;Marion L. Russell ,&nbsp;William W. Delp ,&nbsp;Alexandra Johnson ,&nbsp;Xiaochen Tang ,&nbsp;Iain S. Walker ,&nbsp;Brett C. Singer","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares air pollutant concentrations resulting from cooking with gas or induction cooktops, with or without either of two recirculating range hoods with filters. A meal of pasta, plant-based “meat” sauce and stir-fried broccoli was cooked three times for each cooktop and hood combination in a 158 m³ room. Time-resolved measurements were made of nitrogen oxides (NO_X), carbon dioxide (CO₂), size-resolved particles, and speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during cooking and 30 minutes after cooking. Cooking with induction used half as much energy, produced no discernible NO_X, and significantly reduced ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter &lt; 100 nm) and CO₂ compared to gas cooktops. Induction produced statistically higher PM_2.5 when calculated using size-resolved particle measurements from one pair of instruments, but the difference was not discernible when calculating from another pair. With gas cooktops, roughly half of the PM_2.5 was in particles smaller than 0.3 μm and thus below the lower quantitation threshold for many optical particle instruments; optical devices may thus substantially under-report PM_2.5 from gas cooking. VOCs did not significantly differ between gas and induction. Both recirculating range hoods substantially reduced all particle sizes when cooking with either fuel, and the reductions were larger for gas cooking. One of the range hoods also substantially lowered some of the VOCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100047"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CFD modeling of reactive species air cleaner applications in a classroom","authors":"Youngbo Won ,&nbsp;William Bahnfleth ,&nbsp;John Cimbala","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to increasing concerns related to airborne virus spread indoors, more reactive species air cleaners are being utilized in classrooms. Reactive species generated by air cleaners decompose airborne pathogens chemically, decreasing the risk of infection. Due to the high reactivity of these oxidants, reactive species may be distributed nonuniformly in indoor environments, as are viral aerosols emitted by infectors. Heterogeneous distributions of reactive species may cause spatially non-uniform removal rates of viral aerosols. However, there is little information regarding spatial distributions of either reactive species or viral aerosols in ventilated classrooms. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate spatial distributions of reactive species and infectious aerosols and to examine how operating conditions of air cleaners affect viral aerosol removal rates. A CFD model simulated the operation of a reactive species air cleaner generating hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in a mechanically ventilated 237 m³ classroom with nine occupants. The reactive species air cleaner showed a 3–20 times higher equivalent air change rate to a HEPA filter air cleaner with the same inlet and outlet flows. During the operation of reactive species air cleaners, elevated viral aerosol concentration was confined to regions near infectors. This was due to the high reactivity of reactive species, decreasing the infection probability of receptors from 3.2 % to 0.1 % with a 1-hour exposure time. As the room average concentration of reactive species increased from 15.6 to 50.4 ppb, both below the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 1000 ppb, the room average infection probability decreased from 0.3 % to 0.1 %. Due to the residence times of reactive species, the location of reactive species air cleaners affected the inactivation rate of viral aerosol, resulting in a 24 % variation of concentration difference of infectious aerosol with air cleaner locations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000432/pdfft?md5=00d1fd71455578042cf0602d1ae07ba4&pid=1-s2.0-S2950362024000432-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of air quality perception in aircraft cabin based on psychophysical model and artificial neural network (ANN)-based model","authors":"Yihui Yin ,&nbsp;Lei Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruoyu You ,&nbsp;Jingjing Pei ,&nbsp;Hanyu Li ,&nbsp;Junzhou He ,&nbsp;Yuexia Sun ,&nbsp;Xudong Yang ,&nbsp;Qingyan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.indenv.2024.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As people are the ultimate arbiters of air quality in built environments, perceived air quality (PAQ) is receiving increasing attention. Odor is often designated as the main target of PAQ regulation, but due to the complex mechanism of cross-modal human perception under multi-pollutant coupling, the accuracy of odor perception evaluation and prediction in the real environment is limited. This study obtained passengers’ evaluation of their perception of cabin air quality (CAQ) and odor intensity (OI) in commercial aircraft cabins through on-board measurement of 36 flights and 878 supporting questionnaires. Although the CAQ was generally acceptable, 25 % of passengers were not satisfied, and odor complaints (OI ≥ 3) were captured on 6 flights. The odor concentration (OC) and OI in the aircraft cabin were calculated based on the olfactory threshold and the Weber-Fechner psychophysical model, and the total OC distribution in different flight phases ranged from 28.4 to 66.1. Aldehydes (especially long-chain) were most likely to be smelled directly. Limited by the two basic assumptions that VOC interaction was non-existent and that the odor intensity was only related to VOC, the accuracy of OI calculated by the existing model was about 0.4. In order to improve the accuracy of evaluation, a new data-driven model for human perception (CAQ and OI) prediction based on a knowledge-based BP neural network was proposed, and its prediction accuracy (R²: 0.81–0.87) and generalization (R²: 0.76–0.93) were verified. The new model is able to consider the interactions among individual differences, environmental factors and VOC concentrations, thus providing a method innovation for realizing people-oriented VOC control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100665,"journal":{"name":"Indoor Environments","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000419/pdfft?md5=265a486b8a7b38c98aad5eb81c3a3a14&pid=1-s2.0-S2950362024000419-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142243941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}