IET Quantum Communication最新文献

{"title":"Cybersecure Synchronisation of Entangled Quantum Neural Networks With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface and Quantum Key Distribution for 6G Holographic Communications","authors":"Raad S. Alhumaima,&nbsp;Yassir Al-Karawi,&nbsp;Hamed Al-Raweshidy","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a cybersecure hybrid quantum–classical architecture for synchronising distributed quantum neural networks (QNNs) in 6G holographic communications. The proposed framework targets secure, low-latency and high-fidelity end-to-end operation under realistic noise and adversarial conditions. Multipartite Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) entanglement supports gradient-consensus synchronisation, regularised by von Neumann entropy and trace distance. Holographic tensor teleportation is executed over reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-assisted midhaul links protected by quantum key distribution (QKD). Joint optimisation of QNN parameters and RIS phases targets high end-to-end fidelity under noise. Qiskit simulations averaged over 100 trials achieve <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>F</mi>\u0000 <mtext>avg</mtext>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.961</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${F}_{text{avg}}=0.961$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mtext>sync</mtext>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.010</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${E}_{text{sync}}=0.010$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mi>ρ</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>0.12</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $S(rho )=0.12$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, with 22.5 ms end-to-end latency. Compared with reduced baselines without GHZ synchronisation or without RIS control, fidelity improves by 20%–28% and synchronisation divergence decreases by about 90%. Scalability, security stress scenarios, classical-feedback impairments, hyperparameter sensitivity and noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ)-oriented error mitigation are all evaluated. The architecture scales gracefully to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>N</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>20</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $N=20$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> distributed units with only 7% fidelity reduction, whereas mitigation improves fidelity by 7%–11% under moderate noise. Overall, the RIS-QKD-GHZ integration enables secure, low-latency and scalable quantum–classical 6G networking.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148078333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Tutorial on Quantum Key Distribution Protocols With Interactive Simulation of QBER and SKR Performance Metrics","authors":"Ushnik Nath,&nbsp;Ramniwas Meena,&nbsp;Shahnoor Ali,&nbsp;Neel Kanth Kundu","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has experienced rapid advancements, leading to widespread practical applications and drawing considerable attention from both academic and commercial sectors. Consequently, there has also been a growing interest in investigating the performance and efficiency of various QKD protocols. In this tutorial paper, we present a theoretical simulation-based review of several QKD protocols, such as BB84, Decoy State BB84, Coherent One Way (COW), Differential Phase Shift (DPS), and the entanglement-based BBM92 and E91 protocols. We simulate the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and Secret Key Rate (SKR) under varying parameters to provide a deeper understanding of their performance and inner workings. In addition to the simulation results, we introduce a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) that allows users to interactively explore protocol behaviour and visualise the impact of various system parameters on the QBER and SKR of the QKD protocols. This tutorial aims to offer an intuitive understanding of various QKD protocols from an engineering perspective, using accessible simulation and visual analysis tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148070567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous-Time Quantum Walk on the Homogeneous Tree","authors":"Qi Han,&nbsp;Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Lijie Gou,&nbsp;Shuai Wang","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, we explore continuous-time quantum walk on homogeneous tree. By applying the stratification method, we treat vertices in the same stratum of a homogeneous tree as a single <b>vertex</b> and obtain the probability amplitudes for different strata in finite homogeneous tree parts. In particular, when <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mo>→</mo>\u0000 <mi>∞</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $Sto infty $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (where <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $S$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> denotes the number of strata), we derive the probability amplitudes for each stratum of the homogeneous tree, considering the homogeneous tree's transition from a finite to infinite structure.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148070446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148094618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution: Protocols, Quantum Games and Security","authors":"Syed M. Arslan,&nbsp;Saif Al-Kuwari,&nbsp;M. T. Rahim,&nbsp;Hashir Kuniyil","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum key distribution (QKD) is based on the laws of quantum mechanics to enable provably secure communication. Despite its theoretical security promise, practical QKD systems are vulnerable to serious attacks, including side-channel attacks and detector loopholes, and assumes a trusted device characterisation. Device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) overcomes these limitations by relying solely on observed nonlocal correlations, certified through Bell inequality violations, thereby removing assumptions about the internal workings of the measurement devices. In this paper, we first review the foundational principles underlying DIQKD, including Bell tests and security definitions. We then examine a range of protocol designs, including CHSH-based schemes, and non-local game frameworks, alongside with their security proofs. We also assess recent experimental implementations and discuss source architectures, detection technologies and finite-key analyses. Finally, we identify current open problems, such as noise tolerance, generation rates and integration with quantum networks and outline promising directions for future research to realize robust high-performance DIQKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147666212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148087420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resisting Quantum Key Distribution Attacks Using Quantum Machine Learning","authors":"Ali Al-Kuwari,&nbsp;Noureldin Mohamed,&nbsp;Saif Al-Kuwari,&nbsp;Ahmed Farouk,&nbsp;Bikash K. Behera","doi":"10.1049/qtc2.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/qtc2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of quantum computing poses significant risks to the security of modern communication networks as it breaks today's public-key cryptographic algorithms. Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a promising solution by harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secure keys. However, practical QKD implementations remain vulnerable to hardware imperfections and advanced attacks such as photon number splitting and Trojan-Horse attacks. In this work, we investigate the potential of quantum machine learning (QML) to detect popular QKD attacks. In particular, we propose a hybrid quantum long short-term memory (QLSTM) model to improve the detection of common QKD attacks. By combining quantum-enhanced learning with classical deep learning, the model captures complex temporal patterns in QKD data, improving detection accuracy. To evaluate the proposed model, we introduce a realistic QKD dataset that simulates typical QKD operations, along with seven attack scenarios: Intercept-and-resend, photon-number splitting (PNS), Trojan-Horse attacks on the random number generator (RNG), detector blinding, wavelength-dependent Trojan-Horse and combined attacks. The dataset includes quantum security metrics such as quantum bit error rate (QBER), measurement entropy, signal and decoy loss rates and time-based metrics, ensuring an accurate representation of real-world conditions. Our results demonstrate the promising performance of the quantum machine learning approach compared to traditional classical machine learning models, highlighting the potential of hybrid techniques to enhance the security of future quantum communication networks. The proposed hybrid QLSTM model achieved an accuracy of 94.7.0% after 50 training epochs, outperforming classical deep learning models such as LSTM, CNN, ANN, random forest and RNN. However, our evaluation is conducted on a semi-realistic, simulation-generated decoy-state BB84 dataset with simplified models of attacks and device imperfections, so the reported performance should be interpreted as a proof-of-concept rather than a final assessment on field-deployed QKD systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100651,"journal":{"name":"IET Quantum Communication","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/qtc2.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147299913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}