The Phase Noise Resistant Semi-Quantum Private Comparison Based on Non-Maximally Entangled W States

Abstract

Private comparison is an important research topic in the field of quantum communication security, with wide applications in scenarios such as e-commerce and anonymous voting. Currently, although several semi-quantum private comparison schemes based on Bell states and GHZ states have been proposed, studies utilising nonmaximally entangled W states remain relatively scarce. To address the impact of environmental noise, we employ logical nonmaximally entangled W states as the communication channel to effectively resist the interference caused by phase noise. Based on this approach, this paper proposes a semi-quantum private comparison method resistant to phase noise using nonmaximally entangled W states. Compared with existing protocols, the proposed method not only enhances the resistance to phase noise but also significantly extends the applicability of the communication channel. Extensive security evaluations demonstrate that the proposed scheme exhibits strong robustness against various external and internal attacks from third parties (TP). Furthermore, compared to traditional methods, our scheme achieves notable improvements in communication efficiency and application versatility, thereby enhancing its practicality and robustness in real-world applications.