IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Quantum Subroutines in Branch-Price-and-Cut for Vehicle Routing","authors":"Friedrich Wagner;Frauke Liers","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3688001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3688001","url":null,"abstract":"Motivated by recent progress in quantum hardware and algorithms, researchers have developed quantum heuristics for optimization problems, aiming for advantages over classical methods. To date, quantum hardware is still error-prone and limited in size, such that quantum heuristics cannot be scaled to relevant problem sizes and are often outperformed by their classical counterparts. Moreover, if provably optimal solutions are desired, one has to resort to classical exact methods. However, as quantum technologies may improve considerably in the future, we demonstrate in this work how quantum heuristics with limited resources can be integrated into large-scale exact optimization algorithms for NP-hard problems. To this end, we consider vehicle routing as a prototypical NP-hard problem. We model the pricing and separation subproblems arising in a branch-price-and-cut algorithm as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization problems. This approach allows us to use established quantum heuristics like quantum annealing or the quantum approximate optimization algorithm for their solution. A key feature of our algorithm is that it benefits not only from the best solution returned by the quantum heuristic but also from all solutions below a certain cost threshold, thereby exploiting the inherent randomness in quantum algorithms. Moreover, we reduce the requirements on quantum hardware since the subproblems, which are solved via quantum heuristics, are smaller than the original problem. We provide a proof-of-concept experimental study comparing quantum annealing to simulated annealing and to established classical algorithms in our framework. While our hybrid quantum–classical approach is still outperformed by purely classical methods, our results reveal that both pricing and separation may be well suited for quantum heuristics as quantum hardware improves","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103116-3103116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11495275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Graphical Rule Book for Clifford Manipulations of Stabilizer States","authors":"Ashlesha Patil;Saikat Guha","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3653200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3653200","url":null,"abstract":"Stabilizer states, along with Clifford manipulations (unitary transformations and measurements) thereof—despite being efficiently simulable on a classical computer—are an important tool in quantum information processing, with applications to quantum computing, error correction, and networking. Graph states, defined on a graph, are a special class of stabilizer states that are central to measurement-based quantum computing, all-photonic quantum repeaters, distributed quantum computing, and entanglement distribution in a network. All stabilizer states are local-Clifford equivalent to graph states. In this article, we review the stabilizer framework and extend it by incorporating general stabilizer measurements such as multiqubit joint projections. We provide an explicit procedure—using Karnaugh maps from Boolean algebra—for converting arbitrary stabilizer gates into tableau operations of the <sc>cnot</small>–Hadamard–Phase formalism for efficient stabilizer manipulations. We derive graphical rules for arbitrary stabilizer manipulations of graph states, including multiqubit stabilizer projections and unitaries. We implement the graphical rulebook resulting from above into a MATLAB simulator with a graphical user interface. A user of this tool, e.g., for research in quantum networks, will not require any background in quantum information or the stabilizer framework.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11346080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148481214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entanglement Distribution and Teleportation in Assisted and Scalable Quantum Access Networks","authors":"Amir Mohammad Yaghoobianzadeh;Jawad A. Salehi","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3722517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3722517","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation in quantum passive optical networks, where an entangled state is distributed between the central node and multiple end users through lossy fibers and passive optical splitter/combiner. The entanglement degradation is quantified using logarithmic negativity and teleportation fidelity, both in nonassisted and assisted strategies. We find that nonassisted teleportation fidelity rapidly drops below the classical limit as the number of users increases (possible up to five users), while assisted teleportation remains robust against both network size and photon loss, provided that the distributed entangled resource has sufficiently high fidelity. These results highlight the fundamental limitations of bipartite schemes and establish cooperative assisted strategies as essential primitives for scalable fiber-to-the-home quantum access networks and the quantum internet with several end users.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4102012-4102012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11651337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Nonidealities on Nonlocal Quantum Entanglement Quality as Measured by the CHSH Inequality Violation","authors":"Richard A. Brewster;Julius Goldhar;Mark Morris;Gerald Baumgartner;Yanne K. Chembo","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3732924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3732924","url":null,"abstract":"The violation of Bell-like inequalities unambiguously verifies the entanglement of a multipartite quantum state. However, experimental impairments and nonidealities often compromise the entanglement quality, and this degradation translates into a nonmaximal violation of these inequalities. We present a detailed analysis of the influence of experimental impairments on the quality of nonlocal polarization entanglement for a two-qubit state as measured by the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt parameter, with a particular emphasis on beamsplitters, polarization controllers, filters, and photon sources. This analysis allows the identification of the impairments that are critical and that need to be specifically monitored at the experimental level.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4102316-4102316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11685392","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum Computing for Computational Sciences","authors":"Saleh Almutairi;Asem Alenaizan;Abduljabar Al-Sayoud;Joakim Beck;Sheikha Lardhi;Shuroog Al-Ogbi;Muhamad Felemban","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3697204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3697204","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a comprehensive survey of the current frontier in quantum computing for computational sciences, evaluating the technical requirements to translate theoretical asymptotic speedups into practical utility in the areas of chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science. We review foundational algorithms, including the quantum Fourier transform, quantum phase estimation, and the quantum linear-system solver, along with variational heuristics such as variational quantum eigensolver and quantum approximate optimization algorithm. Particular emphasis is placed on near-optimal Hamiltonian simulation frameworks, specifically qubitization and quantum signal processing. Furthermore, we shed light on the current advances in quantum error correction codes, quantum hardware, and quantum software platforms. We then provide a comprehensive review of the application of quantum algorithms in four computational science domains that collectively represent the most compelling near-term targets for quantum advantage. This article aims to provide a clear and balanced perspective on the current state of the field and its future potential for advancing computational science.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103728-3103728"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11535407","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Minimal-Complexity Clifford Circuits Controlled by Microwaves via Coherent Phonon-Mediated SiV$^{-}$ Centers in Diamond","authors":"Ali Hassan Homid;Reyad Salah","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3697185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3697185","url":null,"abstract":"Engineering quantum circuits that use minimal resource requirements are essential for suppressing noise-induced errors and enhancing the performance of quantum processors. Here, we propose minimal-complexity hardware constructions of Clifford circuits for implementing new two-qubit Clifford gates, effectively expanding the available Clifford circuit library. The circuits are realized through engineered coherent phonon-mediated interactions between two subsets of negatively charged silicon-vacancy centers, each of which is independently controlled by microwave driving fields that modulate the effective Hamiltonian. In addition, we demonstrate that under appropriate microwave driving parameters, this setup can significantly reduce circuit depth, enabling more efficient gate execution and improved complexity speedup. Moreover, we investigate the impact of pulse-area errors in the proposed circuits to evaluate their robustness against systematic errors. The protocol shows potential compatibility with scalable quantum hardware for implementing advanced algorithms in future quantum technologies.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103814-3103814"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11535400","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148478967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Modular Quantum Network Architecture for Integrating Network Scheduling With Local Program Execution","authors":"Thomas R. Beauchamp;Hana Jirovská;Scarlett Gauthier;Stephanie Wehner","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2025.3624658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2025.3624658","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we propose an architecture for scheduling network operations enabling the end-to-end generation of entanglement according to user demand. The main challenge solved by this architecture is to allow for the integration of a network schedule with the execution of quantum programs running on processing end nodes in order to realize quantum network applications. A key element of this architecture is the definition of an entanglement packet to meet application requirements on near-term quantum networks where the lifetimes of the qubits stored at the end nodes are limited. Our architecture is fully modular and hardware agnostic and defines a framework for further research on specific components that can now be developed independently of each other. In order to evaluate our architecture, we realize a proof-of-concept implementation on a simulated six-node network in a star topology. We show that our architecture facilitates the execution of quantum network applications and that robust admission control is required to maintain quality of service. Finally, we comment on potential bottlenecks in our architecture and provide suggestions for future improvements.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4100629-4100629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11215885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148626104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Active-Visibility-Control Loop for Stabilized DPS-QKD Decoding Under Dynamic Wavelength Drift","authors":"Kuan-Wei Hu;Chih-Hsien Cheng;Atsushi Matsumoto;Kouichi Akahane;Gong-Ru Lin","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3712194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3712194","url":null,"abstract":"Automated and instantaneous stabilizing control of the quantum key decoder is the mandatory procedure, which guarantees real-time and high-speed differential-phase-shift (DPS) quantum key distribution (QKD) at low erroneous rate, and ensures the delay-line interferometric (DLI) decoding of the weak-coherent-pulse quantum bit-stream at a qualified and constant visibility. As the QKD system often suffers from environmental temperature/acoustic/vibrational perturbations, employing in situ software-controlled active-feedback-loop circuits is the alternative solution, which automatically preserves the constant visibility of a DLI decoder by dynamically tuning the wavelength of the weak-coherent-pulse carrier. To compensate for wavelength or phase inaccuracy, this work proposes the active-visibility-control (AVC) of the DLI by in situ monitoring its interferometric visibility and fine controls it with combined proportion-integral-loop and hill-climbing-stepper (PI-loop and HC-stepper) feedback algorithms, thus providing the 40-km-long SMF transmission of the weak-coherent-pulse bit-stream at 192-Mbit/s clock rate and 1-Mbit/s receiving rate. By adopting the PI-loop+HC-stepper combined algorithm to stabilize the long-term visibility of the AVC-DLI, such an AVC-DLI loop effectively overcomes environmental disturbances to confine the overall spectral linewidth and wavelength drift of the DPSQKD carrier within 266 kHz, and enabling the predicted lowest quantum bit-error-ratio (QBER) of 0.4% when decoding the weak-coherent-pulse bit at the first second. With the AVC-DLI, the back-to-back weak-coherent-pulse transmission guarantees a secure key rate of 91.6 kbit/s with a QBER stabilized to 1.8% over 10 min, and the long-reach capability is extended to 40-km transmission with a secure key rate of 2.6 kbit/s and QBER of 3.7% for 25–60 min. The technical improvement of AVC-DLI unveils the dynamic long-distance weak-coherent-pulse DPS-QKD transmission.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4101915-4101915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11603572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148836548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix Low-Dimensional Qubit Casting Based Quantum Electromagnetic Transient Network Simulation Program","authors":"Qi Lou;Yijun Xu;Wei Gu","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3712782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3712782","url":null,"abstract":"In modern power systems, the integration of converter-interfaced generations requires the development of electromagnetic transient network simulation programs (EMTP) that can capture rapid fluctuations. However, as the power system scales, the EMTP’s computing complexity increases exponentially, leading to a curse of dimensionality that hinders its practical application. Facing this challenge, quantum computing offers a promising strategy for reducing the computational burden of EMTP. To realize this in noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers, the variational quantum linear solution (VQLS) was advocated because of its robustness against depolarizing noise. However, it suffers from data inflation issues in its preprocessing phase, and no prior research has applied quantum computing to high-frequency switching EMT networks. To address these issues, this article designs the matrix low-dimension qubit casting method to reduce the admittance-matrix preprocessing burden of VQLS in EMT networks. Besides, we propose a real-only quantum circuit reduction method tailored to the characteristics of the EMT network admittance matrices. Finally, the proposed quantum EMTP algorithm has been successfully verified for networks with power electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3104314-3104314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11606162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148747389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Superconducting High-$Q$ Seamless Cavity for Quantum Memory and Qubit Readout Applications","authors":"Mohamed Fouad Hagag;Kareem H. El-Gendy;Bashar A. Zyoud;Thomas R. Jones;Karim G. Seddik;Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3728781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3728781","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents a novel micromachined, seamless sapphire–silicon hybrid evanescent-mode cavity architecture incorporating selectively engineered coupling channels and flux-tunable external coupling via a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The proposed design enables two simulated operating states within a single device: an ultra-high-<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> memory configuration and a high-speed readout configuration with intrinsic Purcell filtering, which is expected to enhance readout fidelity while preserving the coherence of the stored quantum information. Unlike prior 3-D and multimode cavity approaches, the design employs a distributed embedded-capacitance network that confines electric fields into ultra-low-loss dielectric regions while distributing magnetic fields to an air-filled enclosure, thus substantially reducing simulated surface and dielectric losses beyond reported architectures. Moreover, the structure employs contactless superconducting metallization between two wafers, eliminating seam losses typically observed in micromachined resonators. The designed selective field-coupling strategy enables pure magnetic coupling through the lower silicon substrate, enabling fast readout, while pure electric coupling through the upper sapphire interface ensures strong qubit–cavity interaction, without mixed-coupling artifacts. High-fidelity mixed electromagnetic and circuit-level modeling predicts an intrinsic-<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> exceeding <inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{8}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 5554.5 MHz. The flux-tunable asymmetric DC-SQUID enables a dynamic external-<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> reconfiguration from <inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{9}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (memory mode) to <inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (readout mode). When coupled to a 6981.7 MHz transmon qubit, the architecture provides a nearly six-order-of-magnitude simulated Purcell-limited qubit lifetime improvement and achieves 66<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> simulated memory efficiency at 1 ms under realistic coherence assumptions. These simulated results show that the proposed seamless, capacitively engineered architecture can work as a promising, high-coherence, and rapidly reconfigurable platform for scalable superconducting quantum systems.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"5100116-5100116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11672889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}