IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Defending QKD Networks: Routing and Wavelength Assignment to Mitigate Physical-Layer Attacks","authors":"Mengyao Li;Qiaolun Zhang;Zheng Zhang;Zongshuai Yang;Stefano Bregni;Alberto Gatto;Vicente Martin Ayuso;Raouf Boutaba;Massimo Tornatore","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3684081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3684081","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) supports secret key exchange to enable data exchange with guaranteed security but remains vulnerable to key exchange interruption caused by physical-layer threats, such as high-power jamming attacks. In particular, in a fiber-based QKD network equipped with optical switching capabilities, a high-power jamming signal injected into <italic>a single link</i> can be optically switched and propagated to other links, resulting in the interruption of key exchange on multiple links. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel metric, the maximum number of affected requests (maxNAR), which quantifies the worst-case impact of a single physical-layer attack. Based on this, we investigate a new problem: Routing and Wavelength Assignment with Minimal Attack Radius (RWA-MAR). The objective of RWA-MAR is to assign routes and wavelengths to QKD requests so that the maximum number of requests disrupted by any single physical-layer attack is minimized. We first formulate the problem using an integer linear programming (ILP) model to minimize maxNAR. Due to computational limitations of ILP, we develop a scalable solution that dynamically balances security (minimizing maxNAR) and resource efficiency. The DRL solution is designed to utilize key caches (defined as QKP) to minimize the maxNAR, as the QKP can save the keys for future use. Extensive simulations across diverse topologies and workloads show that our approach achieves a significant reduction in maxNAR (over 50%) compared to the baseline. Meanwhile, our approach maintains reasonable resource efficiency in key delivery, marking a step toward robust and attack-aware QKD network design.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4101113-4101113"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11481794","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147937596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Autotuning of a SiGe Quantum Dot Into the Single-Electron Regime With Machine Learning and RF-Reflectometry FPGA-Based Measurements","authors":"Marc-Antoine Roux;Joffrey Rivard;Victor Yon;Alexis Morel;Dominic Leclerc;Claude Rohrbacher;El Bachir Ndiaye;Felice Francesco Tafuri;Brendan Bono;Stefan Kubicek;Roger Loo;Yosuke Shimura;Julien Jussot;Clément Godfrin;Danny Wan;Kristiaan De Greve;Marc-André Tétrault;Dominique Drouin;Christian Lupien;Michel Pioro-Ladrière;Eva Dupont-Ferrier","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3670353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3670353","url":null,"abstract":"Spin qubits need to operate within a very precise voltage space around charge state transitions to achieve high-fidelity gates. However, the stability diagrams that allow the identification of the desired charge states are long to acquire. Moreover, the voltage space to search for the desired charge state increases quickly with the number of qubits. Therefore, faster stability diagram acquisitions are needed to scale up a spin qubit quantum processor. Currently, most methods focus on more efficient data sampling. Our approach shows a significant speedup by combining measurement speedup and a reduction in the number of measurements needed to tune a quantum dot device. Using an autotuning algorithm based on a neural network and faster measurements by harnessing the field-programmable gate array embedded in Keysight’s Quantum Engineering Toolkit, the measurement time of stability diagrams has been reduced by a factor of 9.8. This led to an acceleration factor of 2.2 for the total initialization time of a SiGe quantum dot into the single-electron regime, which is limited by the Python code execution.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11421007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Hole Spin Qubit Optimization in SOI Quantum Dots via $boldsymbol {k}cdot boldsymbol {p}$ Simulations and Perturbative Analysis","authors":"Lorenzo Raschi;Antonio Gnudi","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3696519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3696519","url":null,"abstract":"Hole spin qubits in silicon nanostructures offer fast, all-electrical control through electric dipole spin resonance, yet their performance strongly depends on device geometry. In this work, optimization criteria of Rabi frequency of single-hole spin qubits in silicon-on-insulator quantum dots are identified by combining electrostatic and <inline-formula><tex-math>$boldsymbol {k}cdot boldsymbol {p}$</tex-math></inline-formula> simulations with a perturbative model of the Rabi frequency linear in the magnetic field magnitude. Starting from a reference device deeply studied in the literature, the dominant terms governing the Rabi frequency are recalled, remarking the key role of the component of the RF electric field parallel to the long axis of the nanowire cross section. Guided by such insights, two alternative devices designed to enhance this field component are proposed, leveraging the gate geometries and the crystal orientation. In the strain-free case, a more than fourfold improvement in the peak Rabi frequency over the reference device is achieved, partially offset by a shorter dephasing time, yet still providing an improvement of more than 10% in the quality factor <inline-formula><tex-math>$Q_{2}^{*}$</tex-math></inline-formula>.The analyses are then repeated with uniform in-plane biaxial strain. Again, higher Rabi frequenciesare generally obtained, accompanied by shorter dephasing times, resulting in improvements in <inline-formula><tex-math>$Q_{2}^{*}$</tex-math></inline-formula> that can approach one order of magnitude, although strongly dependent on the strain value.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103513-3103513"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11534572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum Circuit-Based Adaptation for Credit Risk Analysis","authors":"Halima Giovanna Ahmad;Alessandro Sarno;Mehdi El Bakraoui;Carlo Cosenza;Clément Bésoin;Francesca Cibrario;Valeria Zaffaroni;Giacomo Ranieri;Roberto Bertilone;Viviana Stasino;Pasquale Mastrovito;Francesco Tafuri;Davide Massarotti;Leonardo Chabbra;Davide Corbelletto","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3691176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3691176","url":null,"abstract":"Noisy and intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors are sensitive to noise, prone to quantum decoherence, and are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Hence, quantum algorithms designed in the prefault-tolerant era cannot neglect the noisy nature of the hardware, and investigating the relationship between quantum hardware performance and the output of quantum algorithms is essential. In this work, we experimentally study how hardware-aware variational quantum circuits on a superconducting quantum processing unit can model distributions relevant to specific use-case applications for credit risk analysis, e.g., standard Gaussian distributions for latent factor loading in the Gaussian Conditional-Independence model. We use a transpilation technique tailored to the specific quantum hardware topology, which minimizes gate depth and connectivity violations, and we calibrate the gate rotations of the circuit to achieve an optimized output from quantum algorithms. Our results demonstrate the viability of quantum adaptation on a small-scale, proof-of-concept model inspired by financial applications and offer a good starting point for understanding the practical use of NISQ devices.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103316-3103316"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11511822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148442541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum-Based Resilient Routing in Networks: Minimizing Latency Under Dual-Link Failures","authors":"Maher Harb;Nader Foroughi;Matt Stehman;Bob Lutz;Nati Erez;Erik Garcell","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3702858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3702858","url":null,"abstract":"Network optimization problems represent large combinatorial search spaces that grow exponentially with network size, making them computationally intensive to solve. This article addresses the latency-resilient Layer 3 routing optimization problem in telecommunications networks with predefined Layer 1 optical links. We formulate this problem as a graph-based optimization problem with the objective of minimizing latency, creating vertex-disjoint paths from each site to the internet backbone, and maximizing overall resiliency by limiting the impact of dual-link failures. By framing the problem as finding two disjoint shortest paths, coupled together with a resiliency component to the objective function, we establish a single formulation to produce optimal path design. The mathematical formulation was adapted to solve the problem using quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) executed over both classical quantum simulator and quantum hardware. QAOA was tested on an illustrative graph with five vertices and seven edges and considering two limiting scenarios, respectively, representing independent (uncorrelated) link failures and highly correlated failure for one pair of edges. Both explored scenarios produced the optimal network design—corresponding to the valid solution with highest frequency of occurrence and minimum energy state, hence, validating the proposed formulation for optimizing Layer 3 routing on quantum systems of the future.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3103913-3103913"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11558550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Allocation of Pauli Measurements for Low-Rank Quantum State Tomography","authors":"Zhen Qin;Casey Jameson;Zhexuan Gong;Michael B. Wakin;Zhihui Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3654929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3654929","url":null,"abstract":"The process of reconstructing quantum states from experimental measurements, accomplished through quantum state tomography (QST), plays a crucial role in verifying and benchmarking quantum devices. A key challenge of QST is to find out how the accuracy of the reconstruction depends on the number of state copies used in the measurements. When multiple measurement settings are used, the total number of state copies is determined by multiplying the number of measurement settings with the number of repeated measurements for each setting. Due to statistical noise intrinsic to quantum measurements, a large number of repeated measurements is often used in practice. However, recent studies have shown that even with single-sample measurements–where only one measurement sample is obtained for each measurement setting–high accuracy QST can still be achieved with a sufficiently large number of different measurement settings. In this article, we establish a theoretical understanding of the tradeoff between the number of measurement settings and the number of repeated measurements per setting in QST. Our focus is primarily on low-rank density matrix recovery using Pauli measurements. We delve into the global landscape underlying the low-rank QST problem and demonstrate that the joint consideration of measurement settings and repeated measurements ensures a bounded recovery error for all second-order critical points, to which optimization algorithms tend to converge. This finding suggests the advantage of minimizing the number of repeated measurements per setting when the total number of state copies is held fixed. In addition, we prove that the Wirtinger gradient descent algorithm can converge to the region of second-order critical points with a linear convergence rate. We have also performed numerical experiments to support our theoretical findings.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11355860","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QATNet: A Lightweight Quantum–Classical Tabular Network for Low-Latency Intrusion Detection","authors":"Abubakar Danasabe;Muhammad Afaq;Aiman H. El-Maleh;Ajmal Khan;Sami El-Ferik;Zeeshan Kaleem","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3674396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3674396","url":null,"abstract":"Modern communication environments ranging from smart mobility infrastructures to digitally integrated health care systems demand adaptable and trustworthy network security. In this situation, software-defined networks (SDNs) play a vital role by providing programmable control and global visibility, enabling rapid policy updates and fine-grained traffic management. As a result, the need for efficient and interpretable intrusion detection becomes increasingly critical. To achieve this, SDN controllers require real-time intrusion detection system (IDS) models capable of adapting to evolving traffic behaviors while operating within strict latency and resource constraints. However, most of the existing deep learning and ensemble-based models rely on either heavy architectures or nontransparent optimization processes that increase inference delay, limiting their deployability in latency-sensitive SDN controllers. This article presents quantum amplitude tabular network (QATNet), a hybrid quantum–classical framework that integrates amplitude encoding, a shallow variational quantum circuit, and an attentive TabNet head for flow-based intrusion detection. Unlike conventional deep or ensemble methods, QATNet leverages quantum-inspired feature transformations to reshape the geometric structure of network flows, enhancing class separability while maintaining controller-side efficiency. Experiments on two modern benchmarks OD-IDS2022 and CIC-IDS2018 demonstrate that QATNet consistently outperforms classical PCA–TabNet and amplitude-only baselines in accuracy, macro-F1, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, achieving consistent accuracy and F1-score performance across different qubit budgets (<inline-formula><tex-math>$Q,,{leq },,6$</tex-math></inline-formula>). Noise-simulation studies using IBM's <monospace>FakeNairobi</monospace> and <monospace>FakeJakarta</monospace> backend confirm robustness under realistic quantum noise, while runtime analysis verifies that inference latency (0.012 ms/sample) satisfies SDN controller timing requirements. The results prove that lightweight hybrid encoders provide resource-aware and noise-tolerant intrusion detection advancing the practical integration of quantum-enhanced learning in next-generation SDN security analytics.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11454676","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148478971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Interface Properties on Direct Tunneling in Al/ALD-Al2O3/Al Capacitors for Josephson Junction Applications","authors":"Daniel Rocha-Aguilera;Gabriela Méndez-Jerónimo;Joel Molina-Reyes","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3700568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3700568","url":null,"abstract":"The Al/AlO_x/Al system is widely used for the fabrication of Josephson junctions, which constitute the central element of superconducting qubits. The process parameters for growing ultra-thin AlO_x barriers by thermal oxidation in-between physical vapor deposition (PVD) runs of Al films are well understood, but the resulting barriers present several drawbacks that limit performance, such as thickness inhomogeneity and oxygen deficiency, that leads to high defect densities in its bulk and interfaces. In this work, we present advances in the development of an alternative fabrication process for Al/Al₂O₃/Al structures by using thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) able to produce high-quality Al₂O₃ films with thickness close to 2 nm. We focus on reducing the low-quality interfacial oxide between Al and Al₂O₃ by using well-controlled wet chemical etching to eliminate the surface oxide layer that forms on the bottom PVD-deposited Al film. In addition, the ALD deposition process for Al₂O₃ is also optimized by adjusting the length of the precursor pulses and purges to promote the nucleation of the Al₂O₃ first cycles on the Al surface. The effect of the processing conditions was observed through spectroscopic ellipsometry, electrical measurements at room temperature, and modeling of charge transport mechanisms on Al/Al₂O₃/Al structures. The electrical characterization revealed nonlinear <italic>J–V</i> characteristics consistent with tunneling-dominated transport, while the transport modeling enabled estimation of effective barrier thickness, interfacial layer thickness, barrier normal resistance, and critical current. The results show that interface engineering and ALD process optimization can effectively reduce the interfacial oxide contribution and improve barrier uniformity, providing useful insights for the development of Al/Al₂O₃/Al tunnel junctions for superconducting quantum circuit applications.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"5500212-5500212"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11551510","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148480471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissipative Feedback and Hybrid Lyapunov–Reinforcement Learning Control for NV-Center Quantum Sensing","authors":"Yuxuan Zhao;Xiaofeng Jiang;Tianxiang Xiong;Sen Kuang;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3724318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3724318","url":null,"abstract":"Practical Nitrogen-vacancy (NV)-center magnetometry requires both accurate modeling of open quantum dynamics and robust control under environmental drift. However, commonly used perturbative descriptions inadequately capture dissipative processes, while existing control strategies remain individually limited: open-loop protocols cannot adapt to unknown frequency variations, Lyapunov feedback typically converges only to a neighborhood of the optimal sensing state, and reinforcement learning alone lacks stability guarantees and requires extensive training. Here, we develop a Lindblad-based framework for one effective NV center that explicitly incorporates relaxation and dephasing; the analytical model does not describe a collective many-NV ensemble. We introduce a dissipation-triggered feedback mechanism that restores high-sensitivity states following spontaneous emission events. Building on this model, we propose a hybrid control architecture that combines Lyapunov stabilization with reinforcement-learning-based adaptive correction to compensate unknown Hamiltonian drift. Robustness tests over detuning and microwave-amplitude variations show that hybrid attains the highest quantum Fisher information (QFI), substantially lower cross-realization dispersion than pure reinforcement learning (RL) and robust gradient-ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE), faster fixed-budget learning than pure RL, and substantially lower offline dynamical-propagation cost with smoother control modulation than robust GRAPE. This physics-informed and data-driven strategy provides a robust and resource-efficient approach for maintaining high QFI in realistic NV sensing environments.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"3500818-3500818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11656347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148925243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interconnecting Regional QKD Networks: Hybrid Key Delivery Across Quantum Domains","authors":"David Barral;Aitor Brazaola-Vicario;Diego Cifrián;Natalia Costas;Gonzalo Blázquez;Ana Fernández-Vilas;Iago Fernández Llovo;Pedro Otero;Pablo Pío Rejo;Alejandra Ruiz;Juan Villasuso;Manuel Fernández-Veiga","doi":"10.1109/TQE.2026.3728800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TQE.2026.3728800","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum key distribution (QKD) technology is being increasingly adopted within the network core for protecting information transport against any form of computational attacks. However, the use of QKD for wide-area internetworking is still challenging and costly, due to its strong trust assumptions and the low achievable key rates in long-distance QKD links. This article presents a standards-driven design and implementation of a unified hybrid key delivery service for a network of isolated QKD domains (subnetworks that use QKD as a provider technology for secret key generation) connected via classical wide area network links. The framework follows a distributed architecture and uses a hybrid approach in which keys generated in a domain are securely relayed to other domains with post-quantum cryptography (specifically Kyber), routed through automatic topology-aware path computation, and managed at the system level. The solution has been implemented in an operational testbed comprising three regional subnetworks. We present the design principles, deployment methodology, and experimental performance results of this scalable key delivery service.","PeriodicalId":100644,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering","volume":"7 ","pages":"4102117-4102117"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11672281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149133421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}