Sara Ghasvarianjahromi;Abbas Kiani;Amanda Xiang;John Kaippallimalil;Tony Saboorian;Nirwan Ansari
{"title":"AI/ML-Based QoS Recommendations for Energy Optimization in 6G Networks","authors":"Sara Ghasvarianjahromi;Abbas Kiani;Amanda Xiang;John Kaippallimalil;Tony Saboorian;Nirwan Ansari","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3660985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3660985","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution of 5G networks toward 6G introduces new challenges in simultaneously meeting stringent QoS requirements and improving energy efficiency. In this letter, we propose an AI/ML-based framework that leverages 3GPP-defined functions—specifically, NWDAF, EIF, and SSF—to generate customized per-UE latency recommendations. These recommendations are incorporated into an optimization framework that jointly performs energy-aware UP-path adjustment and transmit-power control. Through simulations, we demonstrate that this method achieves superior energy—latency performance compared to traditional baselines, positioning it as a strong candidate for 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"44-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147280498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muthiah Sivavelan S.;Astitva Kamble;Mahendra K. Shukla;Om Jee Pandey
{"title":"QoS-Aware Network Selection in Hybrid RF-VLC Wireless Systems: A Stackelberg Game Approach","authors":"Muthiah Sivavelan S.;Astitva Kamble;Mahendra K. Shukla;Om Jee Pandey","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3653993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3653993","url":null,"abstract":"This letter proposes a Stackelberg game-theoretic framework for intelligent network selection in hybrid RF–VLC systems, addressing the demand for high-performance, cost-efficient wireless connectivity. Unlike conventional static allocation schemes, the framework enables dynamic decision-making where network providers, acting as leaders, optimize pricing, bandwidth, and transmission power, and users, as followers, select networks to maximize multi-dimensional utility functions. The approach jointly considers data rate, latency, energy efficiency, and reliability for users while balancing provider objectives of revenue and load distribution. Channel modeling uses the Lambertian model for VLC and log-distance path loss for RF, enabling accurate SNR and throughput estimation. Simulation results demonstrate notable gains in network efficiency, load balancing, and user satisfaction, highlighting the framework’s scalability, interpretability, and computational efficiency over purely learning-based methods.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"54-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147280532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"End-to-End AI Lifecycle Management for 6G: Bridging DataOps and MLOps","authors":"Menuka Perera Jayasuriya Kuranage;Ameur Mazene;Abdelkader Mekrache;Adlen Ksentini","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3661251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3661251","url":null,"abstract":"As 6G networks evolve toward a data-centric architecture with full automation capabilities, the softwarization of network functions enables access to a wide spectrum of data across technical, management, and operational domains. This rich data provides a strong foundation for building efficient, dynamic, and scalable network environments, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) play a vital role in enabling data-driven intelligence within 6G networks. Consequently, streamlining AI/ML workflows becomes essential to fully harness the potential of 6G. Given the massive volume of data generated and the extensive applicability of AI/ML across various layers of the 6G architecture, including the Radio Access Network (RAN), Core, and Edge, managing AI/ML workflows at scale presents significant challenges. To address these challenges, we propose a novel microservice-oriented DataOps-MLOps framework designed to streamline AI/ML workflows across all domains. The proposed framework natively supports model training, model versioning and incorporates an automated data pipelining approach that facilitates seamless data collection and real-time inference. To validate the framework’s effectiveness, we implemented a traffic anomaly detection use case involving end-to-end (E2E) ML model training, deployment, and real-time inference. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly streamlines AI/ML operations, unlocking the full potential of AI/ML integration in future 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"169-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-03-04DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2026.3670470
Lorenzo Rosa;Andrea Garbugli;Domenico Scotece;Luca Foschini
{"title":"Accelerating Inter-App Communications for Time-Critical O-RAN Control Loops","authors":"Lorenzo Rosa;Andrea Garbugli;Domenico Scotece;Luca Foschini","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3670470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3670470","url":null,"abstract":"The Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) is reshaping cellular architectures through disaggregation, openness, and programmability, enabling intelligent control across modular RAN components. A growing ecosystem of user-defined control-plane applications, namely rApps, xApps, and the emerging dApps, operates at different timescales and unlocks advanced control loop capabilities, but introduces diverse and stringent Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for communication. Current implementations typically rely on cloud-based messaging systems, which privilege transparency and ease of use for developers and limit support for time-sensitive workloads. In this letter, we propose that O-RAN control loops base their internal communication on INSANE, a cloud-native, data-centric middleware that supports multiple networking stacks, including kernel-bypass option such as eBPF XDP, DPDK, and RDMA. Our preliminary evaluation shows that INSANE achieves nearly <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher throughput than widely used alternatives, while reducing 99.9th-percentile latency of over an order of magnitude for small messages. At the same time, INSANE preserves a uniform and easy-to-use programming interface. These results highlight INSANE as a promising foundation for faster, more predictable control loops, a significant step toward the ultimate goal of enabling AI-driven RAN optimizations in O-RAN systems.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"140-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11421355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147665507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Differential Privacy on Federated Learning: A Correlated Equilibrium and Simulated Annealing Approach","authors":"Sávio Miranda;Luiz Moreira;Aruzhan Sabyrbek;André Riker;Eirini Eleni Tsiropoulou","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3680523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3680523","url":null,"abstract":"Malicious agents can break data privacy of the federated learning users accessing their shared machine learning parameters. To address this problem, this letter proposes a solution, named Differential PRIvacy with buDget Equilibrium (D-PRIDE), that dynamically computes the Differential Privacy budget jointly based Correlated Equilibrium (CE) and Simulated Annealing for grouped FL clients. The CE enables DP budgets recommendation for the clients groups. Simulated Annealing and trimming is applied on the candidate budget values to navigate and reduce the search space for nearby budgets, ensuring a fast and more granular balance of privacy and utility. The proposed solution was tested on real-world datasets, where it was shown superior performance (e.g., accuracy and training time) compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"189-193"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148491472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-08-20DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2026.3724588
Sanghamitra De;Chinmoy Ghorai;Indrajit Banerjee
{"title":"A SPEA-Based Algorithm for Finding Recovery Path in a Network Under Malware Attack","authors":"Sanghamitra De;Chinmoy Ghorai;Indrajit Banerjee","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3724588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3724588","url":null,"abstract":"This article studies the possibilities of alternative recovery paths that can be generated in a network under attack. Multicriteria optimization principles allow for solving such problems while considering restrictions placed by different parameters, which are used to find alternative path solutions. Simulations of the proposed Path Finding Algorithm with Maximum Fitness (PFAMF) helps to understand how it can provide robustness to cloud networks which operate under dynamic conditions. Cloud environments serve multiple clients and need to provide high availability.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"315-319"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
IEEE Networking LettersPub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2026-02-27DOI: 10.1109/LNET.2026.3668871
Mandar R. Nalavade;Ravindra S. Tomar;Gaurav S. Kasbekar
{"title":"Relay Selection in Wireless Networks as Restless Bandits","authors":"Mandar R. Nalavade;Ravindra S. Tomar;Gaurav S. Kasbekar","doi":"10.1109/LNET.2026.3668871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/LNET.2026.3668871","url":null,"abstract":"We consider a wireless network in which a source node needs to transmit a large file to a destination node. The direct wireless link between the source and the destination is assumed to be blocked. Multiple candidate relays are available to forward packets from the source to the destination. A holding cost is incurred for each packet stored at every relay in each time slot. The objective is to design a policy for selecting a relay in each time slot to which the source attempts to send a packet, so as to minimize the expected long-run time-averaged total packet holding cost at the relays. This problem is an instance of the restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problem, which is provably hard to solve. We establish the Whittle indexability of this relay selection problem and propose a computationally efficient policy to compute the Whittle index of each relay in every time slot. In each time slot, our relay selection policy transmits a packet to the relay with the smallest Whittle index. Using simulations, we show that our proposed policy outperforms several relay selection policies proposed in prior work in terms of the average cost, delay, as well as throughput.","PeriodicalId":100628,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Networking Letters","volume":"8 ","pages":"115-119"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148491845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}