IDS Working Papers最新文献_第2页

Who Wants to Farm? Youth Aspirations, Opportunities and Rising Food Prices 谁想种地?青年抱负、机遇与粮食价格上涨

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2014-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00439.x

Jennifer Leavy, Naomi Hossain

{"title":"Who Wants to Farm? Youth Aspirations, Opportunities and Rising Food Prices","authors":"Jennifer Leavy, Naomi Hossain","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00439.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00439.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Who wants to farm? In an era of land grabs and environmental uncertainty, improving smallholder productivity has become a higher priority on the poverty and food security agenda in development, focusing attention on the next generation of farmers. Yet emerging evidence about the material realities and social norms and desires of young people in developing countries indicates a reasonably widespread withdrawal from work on the land as an emerging norm. While de-agrarianisation is not new, policymakers are correct to be concerned about a withdrawal from the sector: smallholder productivity growth, and agricultural transformation more broadly, depend in part on the extent to which capable, skilled young people can be retained or attracted to farming, and on policies that support that retention. So who wants to farm, and under what conditions? Where are economic, environmental and social conditions favourable to active recruitment by educated young people into farming? What policy and programmatic conditions are creating attractive opportunities in farming or agro-food industry livelihoods?</p>\u0000 <p>This paper explores these conditions in a context of food price volatility, and in particular rising food prices since 2007. To do so, it analyses primary qualitative research on the attitudes of young people and their families to farming in 2012, a time when food prices had been high and volatile for half a decade. In theory, assuming higher prices benefit small farmers, food farming should be more attractive since food prices started to rise in 2007. But this simple causal assumption overlooks both that in many developing countries, it takes considerable economic power – ownership or access to cultivable land and affordable credit for inputs – to turn a profit in farming. It also fails to take into account more sociological explanations governing work and occupational choice – status aspiration and merit on the one hand, and perceived risk on the other. These two explanations help to explain why young people from relatively low income families, particularly those most likely to innovate and raise productivity levels, do not perceive farming as a realistically desirable occupational choice.</p>\u0000 <p>Based on analysis of interviews, focus group discussion and household case studies with almost 1500 people in 23 rural, urban and peri-urban communities in low and middle income Asian, African and Latin American countries in 2012, this research digs deeper into some of the established explanations as to why youth in developing countries appear reluctant to enter farming, and identifies conditions under which capable and enterprising youth are being attracted to farming, and entry-points for youth participation in policymaking around agriculture and food security.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2014 439","pages":"1-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00439.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"100155257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 119

Reducing Child Undernutrition: Past Drivers and Priorities for the Post-MDG Era 减少儿童营养不良:千年发展目标后时代的过去驱动因素和优先事项

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2014-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00441.x

Lisa Smith, Lawrence Haddad

引用次数: 372

An Economics of Wellbeing: What Would Economics Look Like if it were Focused on Human Wellbeing? 幸福经济学:关注人类幸福的经济学会是什么样子?

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2014-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00436.x

Nicky Pouw, Allister McGregor

{"title":"An Economics of Wellbeing: What Would Economics Look Like if it were Focused on Human Wellbeing?","authors":"Nicky Pouw, Allister McGregor","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00436.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00436.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper makes a number of fundamental proposals to reconsider economics by putting human wellbeing at the centre. It emerges from a pluralist perspective in economics and the ontological, conceptual, axiomatic and methodological propositions that are made lead to the construction of what we call an inclusive economy matrix (IEM). In particular, the paper draws on heterodox economics to redefine the scope of economics, economic agency, rational behaviour and put emphasis on wellbeing rather than welfare. Furthermore, from the acknowledgement of human wellbeing as a three-dimensional concept, the economic aggregation problem is reconsidered and the methodological implications discussed. The IEM is proposed as a comprehensive and robust analytical framework that gives space to bring social equity and sustainable development considerations forward as <i>a priori</i> concerns for economic development. As such, the IEM can serve as a point of departure for formulating new research questions, exploring new relationships between human wellbeing and economic development, and building economic models that bring us closer to people's realities on the ground.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2014 436","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2014.00436.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92311248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Evaluating Outside the Box: An Alternative Framework for Analysing Social Protection Programmes 跳出框框进行评估:分析社会保护方案的另一种框架

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00431.x

Stephen Devereux, Keetie Roelen, Christophe Béné, Deepta Chopra, Jennifer Leavy, J. Allister McGregor

引用次数: 37

Local Accountabilities in Fragile Contexts: Experiences from Nepal, Bangladesh and Mozambique 脆弱环境下的地方问责:尼泊尔、孟加拉国和莫桑比克的经验

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00422.x

Rosemary McGee, Celestine Kroesschell

引用次数: 12

Accountability at the Local Level in Fragile Contexts: Bangladesh Case Study 脆弱环境下地方层面的问责:孟加拉国案例研究

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-09-23 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00419.x

Daniela Christina Buchmann

{"title":"Accountability at the Local Level in Fragile Contexts: Bangladesh Case Study","authors":"Daniela Christina Buchmann","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00419.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00419.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This paper, part of an IDS and Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation research project, is about the promotion of accountability at the local level in Bangladesh. By exploring in this context the legal grounds for accountability, the role of social hierarchies based on gender, education, family and wealth, and the impact of political alliances on accountability, the paper focuses on the social and political factors which may enable or prevent emerging accountability practices. The accountability practices studied in this context are local networks formed and supported by SDC's local governance programme Sharique. These networks strive to emerge as catalysts of social and economic development as well as good governance in Bangladesh. Composed of local governance actors, local networks bring information, spaces for participation and opportunities for oversight closer to citizens in rural Bangladesh, making it easier for them to benefit from accountability options provided by their government. This paper elaborates the strategy Sharique applies to help networks take on this role in a socially and politically divided context. It maintains that this strategy contributes to a transfer of power from a powerful individual to a group, setting off a process of collectivisation and affecting each member's role in engaging in local development and promoting accountability. However, the paper also draws attention to disparities that persist between members of the networks studied, with respect to different elements of accountability. It argues that the active promotion of all elements of accountability is necessary for Sharique to reach out to all populations through this initiative. It concludes that the success of accountability practices both on a conceptual and applied level is subject to clear differentiation between elements of accountability, which avoids relying on assumed casual connections between them.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2013 419","pages":"1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00419.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91865231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is there a Win-Win? 性别平等与经济增长:是否存在双赢?

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-09-23 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x

Naila Kabeer, Luisa Natali

{"title":"Gender Equality and Economic Growth: Is there a Win-Win?","authors":"Naila Kabeer, Luisa Natali","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To what extent does gender equality contribute to economic growth? And to what extent does the reverse relationship hold true? There are a growing number of studies exploring these relationships, generally using cross-country regression analysis. They are characterised by varying degrees of methodological rigour to take account of the problems associated with econometric analysis at this highly aggregated level, including the problems of reverse causality. Bearing these problems in mind, a review of this literature suggests that the relationship between gender equality and economic growth is an asymmetrical one. The evidence that gender equality, particularly in education and employment, contributes to economic growth is far more consistent and robust than the relationship that economic growth contributes to gender equality in terms of health, wellbeing and rights. From a growth perspective, therefore, the promotion of certain dimensions of gender equality may appear to offer a win-win solution but from a gender equity perspective, there is no guarantee that growth on its own will address critical dimensions of gender equality. Either growth strategies would need to be reformulated to be more inclusive in their impacts or redistributive measures would need to be put in place to ensure that men and women benefit more equally from growth.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2013 417","pages":"1-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00417.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"97726530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 217

The Great Indian Calorie Debate: Explaining Rising Undernourishment during India's Rapid Economic Growth 大印度卡路里之争:解释印度经济快速增长期间日益严重的营养不良问题

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00430.x

Lisa C. Smith

{"title":"The Great Indian Calorie Debate: Explaining Rising Undernourishment during India's Rapid Economic Growth","authors":"Lisa C. Smith","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00430.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00430.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The prevalence of undernourishment in India – the percent of people consuming insufficient calories to meet their energy requirements – has been rising steadily since the mid-1980s. Paradoxically, this period has been one of robust poverty reduction and rapid economic growth. The reasons for the apparent reductions in calorie consumption underlying increased undernourishment have been the subject of intense debate both within India and internationally. This paper critically reviews this debate, finding that is has taken place outside of the context of India's recent nutrition and epidemiological transitions, which appear to have brought with them increased, not decreased, food consumption. The debate has also taken place under the unchallenged assumption that the data on which the conflicting trends are based, collected as part of the country's Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCESs), are reliable. The paper provides supporting literature and empirical evidence that one key factor driving the measured calorie decline is incomplete collection of data on food consumed away from peoples’ homes, which is widespread and rapidly increasing. The India example shows that complete measurement of this food source in the HCESs of all countries is vital for accurate measurement of undernourishment and, indeed, poverty at national, regional and global levels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2013 430","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00430.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63356779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 87

Taxing the Informal Economy: Challenges, Possibilities and Remaining Questions* 对非正规经济征税:挑战、可能性和遗留问题*

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00429.x

Anuradha Joshi, Wilson Prichard, Christopher Heady

{"title":"Taxing the Informal Economy: Challenges, Possibilities and Remaining Questions*","authors":"Anuradha Joshi, Wilson Prichard, Christopher Heady","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00429.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00429.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent years have witnessed significantly increased attention to the challenge of taxing small businesses in the informal sector. However, much of this recent attention has remained focused on comparatively technical issues of revenue maximisation and policy design. This paper argues that this debate should focus increasingly on the wider development implications of informal sector taxation, as well as the political and institutional barriers to improved performance.</p>\u0000 <p>When considering the merits of committing scarce resources to taxing small informal sector firms, debate has frequently focused on limited revenue potential, high costs of collection and potentially perverse impacts on small firms. By contrast, recent arguments have increasingly emphasised more indirect benefits of informal taxation in relation to economic growth, tax compliance and governance. These potentially broader benefits are increasingly finding support in recent research, but they are contingent on government support and consequently demand further attention.</p>\u0000 <p>When we turn our attention away from whether tax authorities should tax small informal businesses towards the challenge of how to do so more effectively, we again argue that a broader frame of analysis is needed. Most existing research has focused on developing less distortionary tax regimes and on tax simplification in order to reduce the costs of compliance. However, while important, there strategies remain too narrow. Encouraging tax compliance demands not only lowering costs but also strengthening the potential benefits of formalisation, from increased security to new economic opportunities. As importantly, successful reform needs political support from political leaders, tax administrators and taxpayers alike. This demands greater attention to strengthening political incentives for reform, through strategic policy, administrative and institutional reform. With this in mind, the paper highlights a number of recent experiences that have sought to address these challenges, but which need further study.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2013 429","pages":"1-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00429.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137702811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From Poverty Traps to Indigenous Philanthropy: Complexity in a Rapidly Changing World 从贫困陷阱到本土慈善:快速变化世界中的复杂性

IDS Working Papers Pub Date : 2013-09-18 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00425.x

Stephen Jarrett

{"title":"From Poverty Traps to Indigenous Philanthropy: Complexity in a Rapidly Changing World","authors":"Stephen Jarrett","doi":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00425.x","DOIUrl":"10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00425.x","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Poverty persists around the world and is exacerbated by growing inequality especially within countries. The majority of the poor are ‘trapped’ in specific rural and urban localities in countries now classified as middle-income where domestic policy and resources are not sufficiently focused on poverty and where international aid is not significant. The majority of those who manage to move out of poverty report that they achieve this through their own initiative, adapting to changing circumstances. Poverty must be treated as principally domestic and local, with the poor as the principal actors in its reduction.</p>\u0000 <p>Poverty is characterised by its multidimensionality, spanning across a number of factors that can be broadly related to education, health, finance and environment, and which can create poverty traps from which the poor have difficulty in escaping. The dominance and interconnectedness of any of these factors can differ between poverty traps, as can the effect they have on different population groups, with young children and girls being particularly vulnerable. Traditional coping mechanisms help alleviate some immediate aspects of poverty in some populations, but with increasing urbanisation they are weakening considerably, and a greater ‘monetisation’ of help is emerging. More modern coping mechanisms have come into play, not just support from the diaspora, but also help mechanisms being set up by the growing number of wealthy and influential indigenous philanthropists in developing countries, who are on the ‘winning side’ of growing inequality.</p>\u0000 <p>Poverty is closely aligned with deficits in assets, where assets are broadly defined as physical, human, infrastructural and institutional, and originate in the household, community, private sector and the State at local, regional and national levels. The State is often unable or unwilling to deal with poverty, given the difficulty and cost of reaching the poor, and the low political return. Publicly-run services, such as health and education, which are central to building human capital, are notoriously ineffective, with public workers underpaid and conducting private business on the side, leading to the poor, especially in middle income countries, using the private sector for many of their needs. Public works programmes and social protection measures do not have significant penetration amongst the poor in many countries, and the granting of entitlements to specific population groups is of generally low coverage. The rapid spread of mobile phone access, even within poorer populations, is a powerful new asset to be taken into account, both in terms of immediate access to information and also as a channel for financial flows, both of which can enhance livelihoods.</p>\u0000 <p>The poor, trapped in poverty, the State, deficient in its response to poverty, and the evolving development environment, spurred by changing inter-country alliances, ","PeriodicalId":100618,"journal":{"name":"IDS Working Papers","volume":"2013 425","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2013.00425.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"111272105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5