Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards最新文献

{"title":"Megacities and small towns: different perspectives on hazard vulnerability","authors":"John A. Cross","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The vulnerability of megacities to hazards was highlighted during the recent International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, yet in many respects residents of small cities and rural communities are more vulnerable to disasters. Small cities and towns, deprived of the political and economic influence of megacities, lack the potential to suffer catastrophic losses that would seriously impact the global economy. Megacities, however, have greater disaster resilience. Hazard vulnerability of communities, ranging from small towns to megacities, can best be viewed as the summation of a continuum of conditions that define physical and social exposure, disaster resilience, pre-event mitigation or preparedness, and postevent response. Megacities have large populations at risk, but have the greatest resources to deal with hazards and disasters. Small communities have far smaller populations at risk, but often far higher proportions of their populations can be vulnerable. The impacts of many disasters can be experienced over the entirety of smaller communities, but many hazards lack the spatial dimension to affect an entire metropolitan area.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"68 1","pages":"63 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86122379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policy forum: human rights to disaster assistance and mitigation","authors":"J. K. Mitchell","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0311","url":null,"abstract":"The pages that follow contain a variety of challenging opinions about proposed modifications of the international system for addressing problems of natural disaster. These are organized around a call for an international treaty on human rights to disaster assistance. One commentator wants the United Nations to spearhead a drive for the adoption of low cost available hazard management measures by vulnerable populations (Wisner). Another advocates replacing the present narrow attack on disasters with a broader strategy for dealing with environmental hazards (Doran). A third calls on hazard scientists to take the lead in formulating new institutions of public policy (Burton). Yet, others advocate the professionalization of emergency management (Alexander), the adoption of new treaties and standards of performance (Kent), and the empowerment of women (Enarson and Fordham). That the authors speak in support of calls for reform, but emphasize different recommendations is deliberate and appropriate because many alternative policy choices are possible and now is the time for debate as a prelude to informed action. In assessing these critiques and recommendations it may be helpful to remember that international disaster policies have come under fire frequently over the past 30 years and there have been a number of attempted reforms. The fact that major disasters still occur (and may be growing worse), suggests that these efforts have fallen well short of success. Each round of criticism has taken place against a backdrop of specific disasters and particular societal contexts, both of which have varied from decade to decade. Calls for reform in the 1970s were made in the context of unprecedently large disasters like the Bangladesh cyclone (1970) and the Sahelian drought (1970–1976). Structural changes in global institutional arrangements were also under way as a result of Cold War tensions, rising concern about human-caused environmental degradation, a vast increase in the number of poor newly independent states and growing disillusionment with the role of governments as catalysts for societal change. This round of criticism produced a spate of influential books, government reports and press accounts that called for thoroughgoing reforms of what was then unapologetically labelled the international disaster relief system. These focussed particularly on two shortcomings: (1) an emphasis on short-term postdisaster recovery tasks that ignored long-term predisaster development needs; and (2) poor coordination of the many private organizations and public agencies involved in the relief system. Many of the suggestions for improvement—especially those pertaining to better coordination—were subsequently adopted. International economic and political arrangements continued to shift dramatically in the 1980s. The trends included: a precipitous decline in the importance of European state socialist governments; a resurgence of free-market capitalism; and the emergence o","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"83 1","pages":"123 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89853469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From women's needs to women's rights in disasters","authors":"E. Enarson, M. Fordham","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0314","url":null,"abstract":"Writing after a major Australian flood, an observer noted that women’s concerns after the flood were ‘‘an extreme version of what they did before the flood’’ (Dobson, 1994, p. 11). Child care, domestic labor, employment and community work all increased, as did violence against women and strain on caregiving networks. ‘‘Human relationships were laid bare and the strengths and weaknesses in relationships came more sharply into focus.’’ As violation of women’s rights is also more stark when catastrophic events transform physical and social worlds, we make a practical and a political case for explicitly addressing gender equality in the Treaty on human rights to disaster assistance proposed by Wisner and others in the preceding papers.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"4 1","pages":"133 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89234755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flood insurance and floodplain management: the US experience","authors":"R. Burby","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With over six million buildings located within the boundaries of the 100-yr floodplain, flood losses across the United States are widespread (88% of US counties experienced at least one flood disaster during the second half of the twentieth century). To deal with this problem, the federal government provides flood insurance through the National Flood Insurance Program, which was initiated by Congress in 1968 and amended significantly in 1969, 1973, and 1994. This article describes the US approach to flood insurance and notes a number of problems that have limited its effectiveness. Flood hazard identification is incomplete, and methods used are flawed. Mitigation has failed to contain increasing exposure to property damage in floods and coastal storms, and it has failed to markedly reduce exposure to loss of older buildings located in flood hazard areas. Market penetration of flood insurance is low, in spite of mandatory purchase requirements for new construction and the availability of subsidized insurance rates for older buildings located in flood-hazard areas. These problems, although serious, can be remedied through a variety of actions taken by governments at the federal, state, and local level.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"309 1","pages":"111 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76616612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The secret history of natural disaster","authors":"T. Steinberg","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0304","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores the failure of historians to properly engage the study of natural hazards. It argues that by focusing mainly on individual calamities, historians have overlooked the larger social and economic forces that have shaped the response to natural disaster over the last century. Two important trends, real estate capitalism and the entry of the state into the political economy of hazards after World War II, are singled out as crucial for understanding US society's response to natural disaster. As a result of these historical forces, risk became a commodity, with harmful environmental consequences.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"3 1","pages":"31 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87403141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving flood warnings in Europe: a research and policy agenda","authors":"J. Handmer","doi":"10.3763/ehaz.2001.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3763/ehaz.2001.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Warnings and emergency planning for flooding are based on the reality that no matter how thorough our investigations and flood prevention efforts through engineered structural works or land use management, some risk will always remain. This paper examines recent experience with flood warnings in the UK and continental Europe. It combines this experience with an overview of the relevant literature to identify lessons for incorporation into policy, and problem areas which would most obviously benefit from additional research. Throughout, the emphasis is on the non-engineering aspects of warning systems. Results indicate that much is being achieved in terms of the detail of warning design, but the broader issues seem to be largely ignored by both the research literature and practice. First among these broader issues is the failure, by those charged with warning system development and operation, to conceptualise the warning task as one based explicitly on the needs of those at risk. Making this happen will require the development of processes to build the necessary culture of cooperation and learning among the many organisations involved.","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"72 1","pages":"19 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88321533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public orders and personal opinions: household strategies for hurricane risk assessment","authors":"Kirstin Dow,&nbsp;Susan L Cutter","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00014-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00014-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper examines the relationship between household evacuation decisions and official emergency management practices in light of recent increases in the availability and diversity of hurricane-related information. While we focus on Hurricane Floyd in South Carolina, we incorporate findings of our longitudinal research effort covering the last four years and six post-1995 hurricane threats to the state. While only 64% of residents in the mandatory evacuation zone complied with the Hurricane Floyd evacuation order, over 80% agreed that calling an evacuation was an appropriate precautionary response given the uncertainties of the storm. Longitudinal surveys indicate that Horry County residents have developed a fairly robust strategy in making evacuation decisions. This “hurricane savvy” population depends more heavily on individuals’ assessments of risks than on official orders. Individual assessment practices differ from official orders in that greater weight is given to household circumstances and preferences, the diligent monitoring of a variety of information sources, and the incorporation of past experiences into the decision-making process. Surveys indicate differences between the general public and officials in terms of priorities and preferences about hurricane evacuations. The public demands more information about the hurricane threat. Officials place more emphasis on planning evacuation routes and public safety measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 143-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00014-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138260738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling flooding extent from Hurricane Floyd in the coastal plains of North Carolina","authors":"Jeffrey D Colby,&nbsp;Karen A Mulcahy,&nbsp;Yong Wang","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00012-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00012-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this article two modeling approaches were developed based on the use of US Geological Survey digital elevation model (DEM) data. These models were utilized to delineate the extent of flooding induced by precipitation from Hurricane Floyd in a portion of Pitt County, North Carolina. The patterns of flood extent derived from the two models were compared to the extent of flooding indicated on a digital aerial photograph taken two days after peak flood levels had been reached. In addition, floodplain boundaries based on Federal Emergency Management Agency Q3 maps were compared to the extent of flooding on the aerial photo. Actual emergency response operations undertaken through the Pitt County Emergency Operations Center during the flood event are described, and are used to provide a context for evaluating the potential utility of these models. The flood extents produced by the modeling methods performed well at representing the actual extent of the flooding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 157-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00012-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138260740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume Contents & Author Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00017-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00017-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages I-V"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00017-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138260539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heading for higher ground: factors affecting real and hypothetical hurricane evacuation behavior","authors":"John C Whitehead ,&nbsp;Bob Edwards ,&nbsp;Marieke Van Willigen ,&nbsp;John R Maiolo ,&nbsp;Kenneth Wilson ,&nbsp;Kevin T Smith","doi":"10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00013-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00013-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this paper is to assess the determinants of hurricane evacuation behavior of North Carolina coastal households during Hurricane Bonnie and a future hypothetical hurricane. We use the data from a telephone survey of North Carolina coastal residents. Hypothetical questions are used to assess whether respondents will evacuate and where in the case of a future hurricane with varying intensities. We examine the social, economic, and risk factors that affect the decisions to evacuate and whether to go to a shelter or motel/hotel relative to other destinations. The most important predictor of evacuation is storm intensity. Households are more likely to evacuate when given evacuation orders, when they perceive a flood risk, and when they live in mobile homes. Households who own pets are less likely to evacuate. Non-white households, pet owners and those with more education are less likely to go to either a motel/hotel or shelter, preferring instead to stay with friends or family.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100587,"journal":{"name":"Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 133-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S1464-2867(01)00013-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138260739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}