Fuel Communications最新文献

{"title":"Diversity in the acceptance of sustainable aviation fuels: Uncovering varying motivational patterns","authors":"Eva-Maria Schomakers,&nbsp;Linda Engelmann,&nbsp;Martina Ziefle","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aviation sector’s significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions has spurred interest in sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) as a means to mitigate environmental impact. This study examines user diversity in the public acceptance of power-to-liquid aviation fuels (eSAF), exploring varying attitudes towards the environment, flying, and eSAF adoption. Through a quantitative survey of a representative German sample, three distinct segments emerged: the Environment-Centered Approvers, the Flying-Centered Approvers, and the Skeptical. The Environment-Centered Approvers prioritize environmental concerns and perceive moral obligations to use eSAF for climate protection. In contrast, the Flying-Centered Approvers prioritize the continuation of flying with reduced environmental impact, while the Skeptical exhibit a more cautious and uncertain stance towards eSAF adoption. The study highlights the importance of tailoring communication strategies based on the unique motivations and concerns of each subgroup to effectively promote eSAF adoption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000244/pdfft?md5=32ab733c7b18d0d4f199763a996b2ec6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000244-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flame stabilization and pollutant emissions of turbulent ammonia and blended ammonia flames: A review of the recent experimental and numerical advances","authors":"Mahmoud M.A. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Leilei Xu ,&nbsp;Xue-Song Bai ,&nbsp;Zubayr O. Hassan ,&nbsp;Marwan Abdullah ,&nbsp;Jaeheon Sim ,&nbsp;Emre Cenker ,&nbsp;W.L. Roberts ,&nbsp;A.M. Elbaz","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Compared to traditional hydrocarbon fuels, ammonia presents significant challenges as a fuel, including high ignition energy, low reactivity, slow flame propagation, and high NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>x</mi></msub></math></span> emissions, which hinder its use as a renewable fuel. Blending ammonia with fossil fuels like natural gas improves its combustion reactivity and helps mitigate CO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></math></span> emissions. However, there is still much to understand about the complex dynamics of ammonia and its blends with hydrocarbons. Key areas such as reaction kinetics mechanisms, ignition properties, flame propagation behaviors, and methods for controlling combustion performance under various conditions require further elucidation. This paper reviews recent advancements in experiments and numerical simulations aimed at developing stable, and low-emission combustors for ammonia-fired power generation. Recent burner and flame configurations, including non-swirling jets, single-stage swirl burners, two-stage burners, and newly developed double-swirl burners are analyzed for their flame stability and pollutant emission potential when firing ammonia and ammonia blends. Chemical kinetic modeling of ammonia and its blends plays a crucial role in understanding combustion behavior and pollutant emissions, particularly for NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>x</mi></msub></math></span>. However, there are challenges in predicting NO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>x</mi></msub></math></span> emissions accurately, with significant disparities among different models. High-fidelity numerical simulations using detailed and skeletal mechanisms, direct numerical simulation, and large eddy simulation, have helped uncover crucial operational conditions affecting combustion and pollutant emissions, such as combustor pressure, air dilution, wall cooling, fuel/air mixing, and fuel blending. Nonetheless, the accuracy of chemical kinetic models and their integration into turbulent flow simulations remain critical limitations for numerical simulations of ammonia combustion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000220/pdfft?md5=cb1bbbaeb7675aae248b7210d3813969&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000220-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141629765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulent partially cracked ammonia/air premixed spherical flames","authors":"S. Zitouni,&nbsp;P. Bréquigny,&nbsp;C. Mounaïm-Rousselle","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The combustion of ammonia requires, for most energy conversion systems, a combustion promoter such as hydrogen to guarantee the start-up, stability and combustion efficiency. Partially cracked ammonia (PCA) can provide sufficient hydrogen concentrations to enhance the burning velocity in comparison with pure ammonia. However, little work exists on the use of PCA blends operating under relevant turbulent conditions. To that end the outwardly propagating spherical flame configuration was employed to determine the laminar and turbulent flame propagation characteristics of PCA (NH₃/(H₂+N₂)) and corresponding binary (NH₃/H₂) mixtures across various turbulent combustion regimes. First, PCA and ammonia-hydrogen blends exhibit similar flame propagation rates under various turbulent intensities, even for the laminar case. The highest turbulent burning velocity was observed at leanest conditions, as opposed to laminar flames which exhibited highest flame speed at conditions above stoichiometry. Under rich conditions, no substantial flame enhancement due to turbulence was measured irrespective of the hydrogen content. This lack of flame enhancement under turbulent conditions is attributed to the effect of preferential diffusion with good agreement observed with trends in measured Markstein numbers. The normalized turbulent flame speed is dominated by the enhanced molecular diffusivity afforded by the presence of hydrogen up to 15 % enrichment, prior to decreasing upon further hydrogen addition under lean and stoichiometric conditions. This ‘bending’ phenomenon may be the contribution of several factors including; the transitioning between combustion regimes associated with low Damköhler numbers (Da) and flame thickening; merging of flamelets due to the presence of ammonia enhancing wrinkling; and combined changes in laminar burning velocity and preferential diffusional behavior. Furthermore, good agreement for turbulent flame speed is observed with a correlation that includes the influence of turbulent stretch (Ka) and non-equidiffusion (Le), with the agreement reducing with decreasing chemical to turbulent time scale ratios (Da &lt;&lt; 1).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000219/pdfft?md5=b28a457cf286e40da95a940c730bee7b&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000219-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141438706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing sustainable urban mobility: insights from best practices and case studies","authors":"Dimitrios Minas Papadakis,&nbsp;Andreas Savvides,&nbsp;Aimilios Michael,&nbsp;Apostolos Michopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cities continue to expand along with the growth of population, while our mobility systems often fail to meet the demands for social, environmental and economic sustainability. The second industrial revolution enabled the extensive use of private vehicles, posing various challenges to the sustainability of such systems. Luckily, several best practices aiming at tackling this issue have been identified in the past, facilitating progress towards sustainability. Nowadays, this progress is strongly supported by the call for cities to develop Sustainable Mobility Plans (SUMPS), which stands as an opportunity for best practices to be implemented in coordination with relevant policies. This research identifies the best practices that promote a modal shift, while it investigates their alignment with the strategy that enhances public transport services, encourages active mobility and disincentivizes private vehicle usage. Therefore, the presentation of these practices, introduces a set of initiatives that under aforementioned strategy promotes a modal shift. Furthermore, through the identification of best practices in various locations, several insights and inferences are drawn, providing useful guidance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000207/pdfft?md5=2f485dfdb0db375feff676df9f857c0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000207-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141325126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge is power: Electric vehicle calculator for cold climates","authors":"Michelle M. Wilber ,&nbsp;Jennifer I. Schmidt","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We used crowdsourced data in Alaska and the literature to develop a light-duty electric vehicle model to help policymakers, researchers, and consumers understand the trade-offs between internal combustion and electric vehicles. This model forms the engine of a calculator, which was developed in partnership with residents from three partner Alaskan communities. This calculator uses a typical hourly temperature profile for any chosen community in Alaska along with a relationship of energy use vs. temperature while driving or while parked to determine the annual cost and emissions for an electric vehicle. Other user inputs include miles driven per day, electricity rate, and whether the vehicle is parked in a heated space. A database of community power plant emissions per unit of electricity is used to determine emissions based on electricity consumption. This tool was updated according to community input on ease of use, relevance, and usefulness. It could easily be adapted to other regions of the world. The incorporation of climate, social, and economic inputs allow us to holistically capture real world situations and adjust as the physical and social environment changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"20 ","pages":"Article 100124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000190/pdfft?md5=7f501805072cd9bb5e2b1471c89df337&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000190-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141090921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and modeling of a co-flow reactor for turquoise hydrogen production","authors":"Francesco Cenvinzo ,&nbsp;Emanuele Alberto Scelzo ,&nbsp;Giancarlo Sorrentino ,&nbsp;Mario Commodo ,&nbsp;Andrea D'Anna","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work focuses on the design of a reactor for producing clean hydrogen from methane pyrolysis in the form of the so-called “turquoise hydrogen”. In addition to its simple geometry, the fundamental concept and the main novelty of the proposed method rely on using part of the methane to produce the required heat needed for the thermal decomposition of methane (TDM). The reactor configuration for hydrogen production is shown to produce significant advantages in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A reactive flow CFD model incorporating also soot formation mechanism has been first developed and validated with experimental results available in the literature and then used to design and characterize the performances of proposed reactor configuration. 3D CFD simulations have been carried out to predict the behavior of the reactor configuration; a sensitivity analysis is used for clearing the aspect related to key environmental parameters, e.g., the global warming impact (GWI). The real potential of the proposed design resides in the low emissions and high efficiency with which hydrogen is produced at the various operating conditions (very flexible reactor), albeit subject to the presence of carbon by-product. This suggests that this type of methane conversion system could be a good substitute for the most common hydrogen production technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000189/pdfft?md5=8fa46a43d3c49b337b4f89ad5b8cbcac&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000189-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141035389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel property evaluation of unique fatty acid methyl esters containing β-hydroxy esters from engineered microorganisms","authors":"Robert L. McCormick ,&nbsp;Gina M. Fioroni ,&nbsp;Samah Y. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Nimal Naser ,&nbsp;Teresa L. Alleman ,&nbsp;Seonah Kim ,&nbsp;Ziyu Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Lin ,&nbsp;Yiguang Ju ,&nbsp;Kenneth Kar","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Unique fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) containing β‑hydroxy esters were produced using an engineered microorganism by glucose fermentation. This study investigated the properties of the unique FAME mixture both neat and in blends with conventional diesel, as well as properties of β‑hydroxy esters. The unique FAME blend contained relatively shorter-chain FAME (average fatty acid chain carbon number 14.6) with 58 % monounsaturated fatty acids and 9 % saturated and monounsaturated β‑hydroxy acid chains. The unique FAME had significantly lower distillation T90 (321 °C versus 352 °C) and higher cetane number (56.7 versus 52) compared to soy biodiesel. Cloud points were within method repeatability. Unexpectedly (because of the lack of methylene-interrupted double bonds), the unique FAME had low oxidation stability (1.5 h) as determined by Rancimat induction period. Stability could be improved through addition of commonly used antioxidants. We speculate that monounsaturated β‑hydroxy FAME may be the source of this instability. Blends with conventional diesel up to 50 vol% showed similar kinematic viscosity (within method repeatability) as blends of conventional FAME. The unique FAME had no effect on distillation T90 even at the 80 % blend level. A 30 vol% blend into conventional diesel had a Rancimat induction period of only 2 h, very nearly the same as the neat unique FAME sample. The addition of antioxidants produced blends of acceptable stability. Based on an assessment of the properties of individual β‑hydroxy FAME molecules, they have higher boiling point, higher cloud point, lower cetane number, and potentially lower storage stability than analogous FAME not having the β‑hydroxy group. Removing them from the fuel product in the production process may result in a biodiesel product with superior properties to what is on the market today.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000153/pdfft?md5=4e6763623931a0f048ab599f214a3f7e&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000153-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140951073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Ghana's current energy types to meet tomorrow's needs","authors":"Michael Aboah ,&nbsp;Iqra Atif ,&nbsp;Michael Miyittah ,&nbsp;Christian Julien Isac Gnimadi ,&nbsp;Christiana Odumah Hood ,&nbsp;Georgina Sarquah","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ghana is currently facing challenges in aligning its energy options with future energy demands and reducing its dependency on fossil fuels. This study assessed Ghana's current energy types and their potential to meet future energy needs. A structured questionnaire with a cross-sectional survey and random sampling technique was employed to gather information on energy choices, drivers and challenges from 868 respondents. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate the impact of energy drivers on preferences in Ghana. Results showed that 82 % of Ghanaians are ready to transition to cleaner energy sources, with preferences for hydropower/grid electricity (45.70 %) and natural gas/LPG (32.90 %) and biofuels (12.00 %). Economic (16.20%) and population (15.50%) growth are the main drivers of energy transitions, while challenges include high initial costs (11.20%) and limited awareness (4.90%). Strategies such as financial support, education, renewable energy promotion, technological advancement and international collaboration should be promoted to actualise Ghana's transition to future renewable energy usage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266605202400013X/pdfft?md5=3845876a3b25845a9c065cc592637d84&pid=1-s2.0-S266605202400013X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140880532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of porous carbon from Cogongrass leaves as raw material for batteries (electrical energy)","authors":"Sri Haryati ,&nbsp;Candra Ayu Purnawati ,&nbsp;Nurul Eka Fadhila ,&nbsp;Muhammad Djoni Bustan ,&nbsp;Diah Kusuma Pratiwi ,&nbsp;Restu Juniah","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) can be processed into a positive electrode as a battery component to generate electricity by utilizing its carbon element. This study used various activators, KOH and H₃PO_4, and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX and electrical tests with electric conductivity analysis. The analysis results using XRD diffraction showed that when using both KOH and H₃PO₄ activators, Cogongrass carbon has graphite (C) and silicon (Si) crystals but at different peaks. The carbon has the same functional groups for both activators: OH-bending, C=C-bending, C-O-bending, and C=C-bending. Cogongrass carbon with KOH activator has a pore size of 235-980 nm with a percentage of carbon atoms of 71.29%, while with H₃PO₄ activator has a pore size of 110-960 nm with a higher percentage of carbon atoms of 75.04%. The elements contained in carbon are the same for both activators, namely carbon, oxygen, silicon, indium, potassium, calcium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium. EC analysis showed that carbon from Cogongrasss showed electric conductivity reaching 140 µs/cm at 60 minutes pyrolysis time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000177/pdfft?md5=681bc3dc3b0b42d634902e12015fb9cf&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000177-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140901749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calibrating the Livengood–Wu integral knock model for differently sized methanol engines","authors":"Ward Suijs ,&nbsp;Jeroen Dierickx ,&nbsp;Yi-Hao Pu ,&nbsp;Yuanfeng Wang ,&nbsp;Sebastian Verhelst","doi":"10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2024.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experimental test campaigns have begun to demonstrate the potential of methanol as an alternative fuel for heavy-duty spark-ignited engines. However, there is no consensus yet on the scope of this solution in terms of maximum power and engine size. A zero-dimensional combustion model is therefore being developed outside the scope of this work. Its main objective will be to predict key performance parameters such as power and efficiency as function of engine size. Due to the high loads typically encountered in heavy-duty engines, knock will be the main constraint to maximize the engine's potential. This work therefore aims to find an accurate knock model that can be implemented in the modelling framework. The Livengood–Wu knock integral model is being considered as a good candidate, as it is computationally inexpensive and thus allows for a large number of engine configurations to be modelled within a reasonable time. Due to a lack of autoignition delay times of methanol at conditions relevant to heavy-duty engines, a large database was created using chemical kinetics calculations. A neural network model was trained with the tabulated data for fast data retrieval. To validate whether the knock integral approach is robust enough to be applied to a wide range of engine sizes, a calibration constant was added to match the knock predictions to experimental data. Its value was calculated for three different engines, a light and heavy-duty SI engine and a large-bore dual-fuel engine. They highlight a remarkable difference in calibration constant across the different engines investigated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100556,"journal":{"name":"Fuel Communications","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666052024000165/pdfft?md5=044feba9689d1512e6f980bb2de91fb0&pid=1-s2.0-S2666052024000165-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140825682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}