FlexMat最新文献

{"title":"Stretchable organic transistors for bioinspired electronics: Materials, devices and applications","authors":"Yili Wang,&nbsp;Yunqi Liu,&nbsp;Yunlong Guo","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid development of human-computer interaction and Internet of Things technologies, bioinspired electronics have attracted significant attention due to their excellent compatibility, portability and mechanical flexibility. Over the past few decades, advancements in stretchable organic semiconductor materials and devices have established stretchable organic transistors as versatile platforms for bioinspired electronic systems, owing to their exceptional mechanical stretchability, high biocompatibility, and tunable optoelectronic properties. These devices, with their multifunctionality to simultaneously process and store information, effectively circumvent the von Neumann bottleneck, thereby driving the development of next-generation bionic intelligence, artificial sensory systems, and neuroprosthetics. In this review, we first provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in design strategies for stretchable organic transistors, encompassing design of intrinsically stretchable materials and structural engineering approaches. Next, we summarize their applications in bioinspired electronics, particularly in neuromorphic devices and skin-like sensors. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of stretchable organic transistor-based bioinspired electronics, ranging from the design of intrinsically stretchable organic materials to their practical implementation, thereby laying a solid foundation for next-generation prosthetic skins, human-machine interfaces, and neurorobotics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 3","pages":"312-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D interlocking triggers intramolecular interactions to achieve an efficient deep-blue multiple resonance thermal activation delayed fluorescence material","authors":"Xu-Feng Luo,&nbsp;Jun-Yi Wang,&nbsp;Cong Wang,&nbsp;Chao Deng,&nbsp;Xunwen Xiao,&nbsp;You-Xuan Zheng","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters have shown promise for achieving full-color emission with a high efficiency and a narrow band. However, the development of MR-TADF materials with both high efficiency and deep-blue emission for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) remains a significant challenge. Herein, a B/N-based MR core and a indolocarbazole group are interlocked in 3D mode to induce intramolecular interaction between both, culminating in the development of the target emitter, DPABN-ICz. Notably, DPABN-ICz demonstrates a remarkable deep-blue emission, peaking at 445 nm, with a small full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 19 nm and a Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE)<i>y</i> coordinate of 0.06. Interestingly, DPABN-ICz exhibits an enhanced oscillator strength of 0.2975, resulting in an impressive photoluminescence quantum yield of 94%. Furthermore, the sensitized OLED achieves a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 31.4%, and a narrow electroluminescence with a small FWHM of 27 nm and the CIE coordinates of (0.153, 0.055), closely aligning with the BT.2020 deep-blue emission standard.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 3","pages":"303-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabric to energy storage via oxygen-tuned graphene engineered by laser crafting","authors":"Soon Poh Lee,&nbsp;Kwok Feng Chong,&nbsp;Eng Hock Lim,&nbsp;Chun Hui Tan,&nbsp;Cao Guan,&nbsp;Pei Song Chee","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fabric-based energy storage devices are essential for next-generation wearable electronics, requiring materials that combine lightweight structure, high conductivity, and mechanical durability. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a promising candidate due to its tunable surface chemistry, excellent electrical properties, and compatibility with textile substrates. However, improving its electrochemical performance often involves chemical modifications with metal oxides or polymers, complicating processing and limiting scalability. Traditional synthesis methods for oxygen-rich graphene rely on hazardous chemicals and labor-intensive procedures. In this work, we present an eco-friendly, one-step laser-scribing technique to fabricate oxygen-functionalized LIG directly on Kevlar textiles, enabling the creation of flexible, fabric-based energy storage devices without the need for chemical treatments. By carefully controlling the laser power (P) and scan speed (S), we achieve a precise balance between graphitization and oxygen functionalization. Density functional theory analysis reveals that specific oxygen groups—carboxyl, hydroxyl, epoxy, and carbonyl—play a key role in enhancing potassium-ion adsorption. The optimized LIG-P3S1 sample (laser power level 3, scan speed level 1) exhibits a high carbon content of 89.12 At%, with 67.51% of oxygen groups from C–O and C–OH bonds. This surface chemistry results in an areal capacitance of 88.92 mF cm⁻² at 0.3 mA cm⁻², along with good cycling stability, retaining 66.67% capacitance after 10 000 cycles. The device also demonstrates stable performance under bending angles of up to 120°, making it suitable for wearable applications. This work offers a scalable, sustainable approach to flexible energy storage, with potential applications in wearable and biomedical electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 3","pages":"290-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light-emitting diodes enabled by two-dimensional semiconductors: Architectures, optimization, and functional advances","authors":"Linbo Feng,&nbsp;Shuai Yang,&nbsp;Chenyang Zha,&nbsp;Yao Yin,&nbsp;Lin Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors offer unique advantages for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their atomic-scale thickness, strong excitonic effects, tunable band structures, and compatibility with Van Der Waals heterostructures. These properties enable fine control over carrier injection, exciton recombination, and light–matter interactions, facilitating functionalities not easily achieved in bulk semiconductors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of 2D material-based LEDs, with emphasis on device architectures, performance modulation, and emerging applications. Key configurations, such as p–n junctions, Schottky contacts, and quantum well heterostructures, are examined in terms of charge transport and emission behavior. Strategies to tailor emission properties are discussed, focusing on band structure engineering, interface optimization, and photonic field control. Additionally, unique electroluminescence phenomena arising from spin–valley coupling, in-plane anisotropy, and multi-exciton dynamics are highlighted, enabling polarized, valley-resolved, and dynamically tunable emission. These capabilities open up opportunities for integration into quantum light sources, neuromorphic vision, and reconfigurable photonic platforms. To advance toward practical applications, improvements are needed in spectral tunability, light-extraction efficiency, and scalable fabrication. Continued progress in materials synthesis, device engineering, and photonic integration is expected to accelerate the development of high-performance, application-oriented 2D optoelectronic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 3","pages":"420-441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145385108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Super impact‐resistant, high‐strength, scratch‐resistant, and foldable glass‐like film for the next generation of ultra‐thin flexible display","authors":"Huiyang Lu, Jianan Yuan, Yujia Chen, Shuangfei Xiang, Qinghua Lu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.50","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hard yet flexible transparent foldable cover windows (FCWs) protect flexible displays from contamination and damage. However, ultra‐thin glass (UTG) and colorless polyimide (CPI) are limited by their inherent brittleness and low hardness, respectively. Although great efforts have been made, it is difficult to overcome its inherent defects completely, so it has become the bottleneck of large‐size flexible display technology. Inspired by the distinct energy dissipation mechanisms of glass and polymers under yield stress, we report a novel transparent film material that exhibits glass‐like hardness, ceramic‐like wear resistance, plastic‐like toughness, and long‐lasting hydrophobicity. The coexistence of these eagerly anticipated properties allows it to transcend the traditional classifications of plastic film and brittle glass, facilitating the transformation of FCWs from stacked “sandwich” structures to monolayer structures. Our experimental results demonstrate that the unification of these contradictory properties in a monolayer film is attributed to the synergistic effect of the unique soft‐hard domain structure formed by silica nanoparticle and linear siloxane. This work provides an effective strategy for developing the next generation of all‐in‐one FCWs following UTG and CPI.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 2","pages":"132-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/flm2.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147902288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A switchable multifunctional artificial neuron with rate coding and time‐to‐first‐spike coding for accurate image recognition","authors":"Weiqi Liu, Chenhui Xu, Weidong Xie, Jiabin Ye, Zhiwei Zhu, Zhenyuan Lin, Huipeng Chen","doi":"10.1002/flm2.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.48","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inspired by the structure and principles of the human brain, the development of artificial neurons for spiking neural network (SNN) has been stimulated. Threshold switching memristors offer a viable pathway for the emulation of biological neurons. However, existing artificial neurons primarily rely on a singular data coding scheme, which diminishes the capacity of artificial neurons as computational units within SNN. In this study, we introduce a switchable multifunctional artificial neuron (SMAN) capable of encoding information via varying spiking frequencies (rate coding) and time‐to‐first‐spike coding. SMAN leverages the conductive filament conduction mechanism and stress characteristics of materials to achieve varying ionic dynamics by simply altering the position of the electrode contacts. Finally, an SNN based on SMAN has been designed, demonstrating effective performance in the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology image classification task under both initial and noise‐added conditions. This device‐level selective coding scheme significantly enhances the capability of SNN to recognize various types of images. We believe that our successful implementation will promote the universality of artificial neurons across various tasks, bringing innovation and development to the field of neuromorphic hardware.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 2","pages":"153-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/flm2.48","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147893988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"n-type carbon nanotube inks for high-yield printing of ultrabroadband soft photo-imager thin sheets","authors":"Leo Takai,&nbsp;Yuya Kinoshita,&nbsp;Norika Takahashi,&nbsp;Minami Yamamoto,&nbsp;Daiki Shikichi,&nbsp;Noa Izumi,&nbsp;Yuto Matsuzaki,&nbsp;Yukito Kon,&nbsp;Naoko Hagiwara,&nbsp;Yukio Kawano,&nbsp;Kou Li","doi":"10.1002/flm2.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.41","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photo-thermoelectric (PTE) conversion with soft carbon nanotube (CNT) thin-films potentially facilitates non-destructive inspections as image sensor devices through ultrabroadband optical monitoring and freely attachable 3D omni-directional views. Toward real-time and large-area measurements, printing fabrication methods are effective for multi-pixel integrations of all-solution-processable CNT film PTE sensors. However, the conventional printing method of CNT PTE sensors yields fatally low-efficient in fabricating each pixel due to insufficient diffusion of n-type liquid dopants on the pristine p-type film channels. Herein, this work demonstrates high-yield fabrications of pn-junction type PTE sensors by employing p-/n-type CNT inks. For such conceptualization, the presenting strategy first develops all-solution-processable n-type CNT inks. Specifically, this work fabricates the n-type inks by simply mixing the pristine p-type CNT source solution and chemical liquid agents (hydroxide and crown-ether) at high-yield via ultrasonic vibration. The presenting CNT solution functions stability as n-type materials on various supporting substrates by several fabrication methods in the counterpart junction with pristine p-type film channels. Available fabrication methods and formable substrates are as follows: printing (screen, air-jet dispense), coating (spin, casting), and manual application on papers, polymer sheets (parylene, polyimide, polyurethane, and polyethylene terephthalate), glass, and semiconductor wafers. Furthermore, the all-solution-processable pn-junction CNT film PTE sensor fabricated by printing of p-/n-type inks sufficiently satisfies superior inherent optical properties. Following these, the presenting uniform high-yield pn-junction fabrication, 100 % forming at an error ratio of response signal intensities within 8.54 %, potentially facilitates large-scale integrations of ultrabroadband deformable thin-film PTE sensor sheets and the associated functional non-destructive inspections.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 1","pages":"115-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological engineering for high-performance perovskite field-effect transistors","authors":"Shuanglong Wang,&nbsp;Hong Lian,&nbsp;Yongge Yang,&nbsp;Zehua Wu,&nbsp;Yi Li,&nbsp;Haifeng Ling,&nbsp;Wojciech Pisula,&nbsp;Tomasz Marszalek,&nbsp;Tao Xu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The emergence of perovskite semiconductors for field-effect transistor (FET) applications has received significant research attention due to their excellent electronic properties. The rapid development of perovskite FETs over the last few years has been driven by advances in understanding the thin-film morphologies of perovskite layers and their intriguing correlations with charge carrier transport, device performance, and stability. Here we summarize the progress in morphological engineering aimed at improving the electrical parameters of perovskite FETs. We first discuss the mechanisms of crystal nucleation and growth in solution-processed polycrystalline perovskite thin films, along with their morphological characteristics, including grain boundaries, defects, ionic and charge transport properties. We then elaborate on the impacts of these microstructures on the performance of perovskite FET devices. Representative optimization strategies are also presented, showcasing how fundamental understandings have been translated into state-of-the-art perovskite FETs. Finally, we provide a perspective on the remaining challenges and future directions of optimizing perovskite morphologies, toward an in-depth understanding of the relationships between film morphology, electrical property and device performance for the next advances in transistor.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 1","pages":"82-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing sensing technologies: A comprehensive review of flexible acceleration sensors","authors":"Bozhi Wu,&nbsp;Ke Li,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Kuibo Yin,&nbsp;Meng Nie,&nbsp;Litao Sun","doi":"10.1002/flm2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flexible sensing technologies are pivotal for achieving multidimensional spatial freedom in sensing capabilities. Within this domain, flexible acceleration sensors stand out as innovative devices capable of accurately monitoring acceleration signals, even amidst deformation scenarios such as bending, compression, or stretching. These sensors are increasingly recognized for their transformative potential across various sectors, including health monitoring, industrial machinery, soft robotics, and so on. This review delves into the recent progress in the field of flexible acceleration sensors, examining their operational mechanisms, the materials used for the sensing layers, and their performance characteristics based on different operational principles. Moreover, we explore the diverse applications of these sensors in areas such as wearable devices, infrastructure surveillance, and automotive safety, providing a comprehensive overview of their current uses. Additionally, we assess the advantages and limitations of flexible acceleration sensors and propose potential directions for their advancement. Through this review, we aim to highlight the significant role that flexible acceleration sensors play in the ongoing evolution of sensing technologies, underscoring their importance in a wide array of applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 1","pages":"55-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.38","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combinatorial discovery of small molecule-doped afterglow polymer composites for anti-counterfeiting","authors":"Yeqing Lu,&nbsp;Xue Chen,&nbsp;Yung Doug Suh,&nbsp;Xiaowang Liu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The exploration of afterglow in small molecule-doped polymer composites, rooted in a nuanced understanding of structure-properties relationships, holds paramount importance for optoelectronics. However, conventional strategies face challenges in achieving high-throughput discovery of these polymers. This study introduces a novel combinatorial approach, employing photoinitiated solvent-free polymerization, to craft afterglow aromatic boronic acid-doped polymer composites. The afterglow activation results from stabilizing the triplet states of doped small molecules through a synergy of chemical and physical fixation effects. Aromatic boronic acids emerge as crucial dopants, exhibiting versatility in afterglow development across the visible spectrum. Notably, the influence of functional groups and the number of non-fused benzene rings on afterglow wavelengths is minimal, while significantly impacting afterglow lifetimes. Besides conjugation degrees, the optimal size and doping concentrations of dopants play a pivotal role in extending afterglow lifetimes. This strategy not only facilitates exploration of small molecule-based afterglow materials but also enables the feasible fabrication of intricate, multicolor afterglow polymeric objects via a step-polymerization strategy for anti-counterfeiting.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"2 1","pages":"107-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143892847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}