FlexMat最新文献

{"title":"Design of experiments with the support of machine learning for process parameter optimization of all-small-molecule organic solar cells","authors":"Kuo Wang,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Liang,&nbsp;Zhennan Li,&nbsp;Haixin Zhou,&nbsp;Cong Nie,&nbsp;Jiahao Deng,&nbsp;Xiaojie Zhao,&nbsp;Xinyu Peng,&nbsp;Ziye Chen,&nbsp;Zhiyan Peng,&nbsp;Di Huang,&nbsp;Hun Soo Jang,&nbsp;Jaemin Kong,&nbsp;Yingping Zou","doi":"10.1002/flm2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.34","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditionally, squaraine dyes have been studied and employed in biomedical research due to their excellent optical properties, and the molecules are being adopted in different research fields such as organic solar cells. In this study, we investigate correlations between solar cell performance and processing parameters of all-small-molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells comprising squaraine (SQ) as electron donor (D) and non-fullerene small molecules (e.g., ITIC) as electron acceptor (A) with the help of machine learning (ML) and design of experiment (DoE) methods. Among the five predictive ML models tested with the selected parameters, the eXtreme gradient boosting model shows the satisfactory results with quite high coefficient of determination of 0.999 and 0.997 in training and testing sets, respectively. By measuring the contribution of each input variable to solar cell efficiency, four process parameters, that is, the total concentration, the ratio of D/A, the rotational speed of spin coating, and the annealing temperature, are found to be the key features strongly correlated to solar cell efficiency. From contour plots in DoE, the highest solar cell efficiency of approximately 5% can be predicted under the conditions of 15 mg mL⁻¹ in solution concentration, a 1:2 mix ratio of D and A, rotational speeds ranging from 800 to 900 rpm, and annealing temperatures within 100–110°C. Using the suggested parameter conditions, we fabricated solar cells, achieving a quite high efficiency of approximately 4%. Besides the global optimization conditions, we also employ the solvent vapor annealing combination to the thermal annealing to facilitate further mobilization of molecules and more optimized microstructure of bulk heterojunction films, resulting in a further enhancement in solar cell efficiency of more than 20%.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"234-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142541046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired ultrathin photonic color convertors for highly efficient micro-light-emitting diodes","authors":"Jiexin Li,&nbsp;Xinrui Ding,&nbsp;Yuzhi Shi,&nbsp;Jiasheng Li,&nbsp;Zihao Deng,&nbsp;Jiayong Qiu,&nbsp;Jinhui Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Luo,&nbsp;Guanwei Liang,&nbsp;Long Zhao,&nbsp;Yong Tang,&nbsp;Ai Qun Liu,&nbsp;Zongtao Li","doi":"10.1002/flm2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.33","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pixelated color convertor plays an immensely important role in next-generation display technologies. However, the inherent randomness of light propagation within the convertor presents a formidable challenge to reconcile the huge contradiction between excitation and outcoupling. Here, we demonstrate a bioinspired photonic waveguide pixelated color convertor (BPW-PCC) to realize directional excitation and outcoupling, which is inspired by an insect visual system. The lens array of BPW-PCC enables a focusing photonic waveguide that guides the excitation light and converges it on colloidal quantum dots; the directional channel provides a splitting photonic waveguide to enhance the outcoupling of photoluminescence light. Consequently, the excitation and outcoupling efficiency can be simultaneously improved at this judiciously designed pixelated color convertor with a thickness of 50 μm. By this strategy, ultrathin BPW-PCCs with 4.4-fold enhanced photoluminescence intensity have been demonstrated in micro-light-emitting diode devices and achieved a record-high luminous efficacy of 1600 lm W⁻¹ mm⁻¹, opening a new avenue for efficient miniaturized displays.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"258-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.33","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimetallic ions modified 2-methylimidazolium functionalized polypyrrole/graphene oxide for the improved supercapacitor","authors":"Hui Mao,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang,&nbsp;Jinchi Liu,&nbsp;Shuyao Wu,&nbsp;Daliang Liu,&nbsp;Hui Li,&nbsp;Lei Zhang,&nbsp;Yusheng Zhang,&nbsp;Qiong Wu,&nbsp;Tianyi Ma","doi":"10.1002/flm2.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.32","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thin films with two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures possess good environmental stability, thinner thickness and large surface area, which are widely used as a promising modified electrode material in the field of energy storage, supercapacitors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Herein, unique bimetallic ions modified polypyrrole/graphene oxide (PPy/GO) nanosheets, including Co²⁺-Zr⁴⁺/(2-MeIm)_<i>x</i>@PPy/GO and Co²⁺-Ruⁿ⁺/(2-MeIm)_<i>x</i>@PPy/GO (<i>n</i> = 0, 4), are prepared by using 2-methylimidazolium (2-MeIm) as the linkers between PPy/GO and metal ions. The obtained electrodes constructed by Co²⁺-Ruⁿ⁺/(2-MeIm)_<i>x</i>@PPy/GO (<i>n</i> = 0, 4) and Co²⁺-Zr⁴⁺/(2-MeIm)_<i>x</i>@PPy/GO exhibit improved capacitor electrochemical properties due to the reversible redox reaction, the large specific surface area and the high theoretical specific capacitance value of the metal ions compared to the unmodified PPy/GO. Especially, the specific capacitance value of Co²⁺-Ruⁿ⁺/(2-MeIm)_<i>x</i>@PPy/GO (<i>n</i> = 0, 4) electrode reaches 321.78 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹ and the capacitance retention rate is achieved to 100% in the long cycle charge/discharge test after 10 000 cycles (10 A g⁻¹). It will provide a practical experience for the design and preparation of supercapacitors based on bimetallic ions modified PPy/GO.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"302-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroconductive hydrogels for bioelectronics: Challenges and opportunities","authors":"Nian Liu,&nbsp;Huifang Ma,&nbsp;Maorui Li,&nbsp;Rongrong Qin,&nbsp;Peng Li","doi":"10.1002/flm2.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.31","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electroconductive hydrogels (ECHs) have been extensively explored as promising flexible materials for bioelectronics because of their tunable conductivity and tissue-like biological and mechanical properties. ECHs can interact intimately with biosystems, transmit physiological signals, and are expected to revolutionize the convergence between organisms and electronics. However, there are still some challenges in utilizing ECHs as flexible materials for bioelectronics, such as mismatched stretchability with tissues, a lack of environmental adaptability, susceptibility to mechanical damage, inferior interface compatibility, and vulnerability to bacterial contamination. This review categorizes these challenges encountered in the bioelectronic applications of ECHs and elaborates on the strategies and theories for improving their performance. Furthermore, we present an overview of the recent advancements in ECHs for bioelectronic applications, specifically focusing on their contributions to healthcare monitoring, treatment of diseases, and human–machine interfaces. The scope of future research on ECHs in bioelectronics is also proposed. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive exposition of difficult issues and potential opportunities for ECHs in bioelectronics, offering valuable insights for the design and fabrication of ECH-based bioelectronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"269-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142541091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Realizing record efficiencies for ultra-thin organic photovoltaics through step-by-step optimizations of silver nanowire transparent electrodes","authors":"Xiangjun Zheng,&nbsp;Yiming Wang,&nbsp;Tianyi Chen,&nbsp;Yibo Kong,&nbsp;Xiaoling Wu,&nbsp;Cun Zhou,&nbsp;Qun Luo,&nbsp;Chang-Qi Ma,&nbsp;Lijian Zuo,&nbsp;Minmin Shi,&nbsp;Hongzheng Chen","doi":"10.1002/flm2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.30","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultra-thin (also known as ultra-flexible) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) represent a strong contender among emerging photovoltaic technologies. However, due to the imbalance between the optical and electrical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO)-free transparent electrodes, the ultra-thin OPVs often exhibit lower efficiency compared to the brittle yet more balanced rigid ITO counterparts. Here, we design and fabricate an advanced ultra-thin OPV, which involves a thoroughly optimized silver nanowires (AgNWs) transparent electrode (named AZAT) with excellent optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Specifically, the high-kinetic energy spray-coating method successfully yields a curve-shaped, tightly connected and uniformly distributed AgNWs film, complemented by a capping layer of zinc oxide:aluminum-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:AZO) to improve charge collection capability. Simultaneously, the transparency of the electrode is enhanced through precise optical optimization. Thus, we implant the AZAT-based devices on 1.3 μm polyimide substrates and demonstrate ultra-thin OPVs with a record efficiency of 18.46% and a power density of 40.31 W g⁻¹, which is the highest value for PV technologies. Encouragingly, the AZAT electrode also enables the 10.0 cm² device to exhibit a high efficiency of 15.67%. These results provide valuable insights for the development of ultra-thin OPVs with high efficiency, low cost, superior flexibility, and up-scaling capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"221-233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142540926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfigurable flexible thermoelectric generators based on all-inorganic MXene/Bi2Te3 composite films","authors":"Yunhe Xu,&nbsp;Bo Wu,&nbsp;Chengyi Hou,&nbsp;Yaogang Li,&nbsp;Hongzhi Wang,&nbsp;Qinghong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.28","DOIUrl":"10.1002/flm2.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flexible thermoelectric generators (FTEGs) represent an excellent solution for energizing wearable electronics, capitalizing on their ability to transform body heat into electrical energy. Nevertheless, their use in the wearable industry is limited by the insufficient thermoelectric (TE) efficiency of materials and the minimal temperature variation among the devices. In this study, we have developed a Lego-like reconfigurable FTEG by combining flexible TE chips, rheological liquid-metal electrical wiring, and a stretchable substrate in a mechanical plug-in configuration. The flexible TE chips are constructed from n-type all-inorganic MXene/Bi₂Te₃ composite films, which have their TE properties further enhanced through heat treatment. A demonstration of the FTEG illustrates its capability to convert heat into vertical temperature difference (Δ<i>T</i>), leading to a substantial Δ<i>T</i> at the cold end in contact with the environment, resulting in a power output of 7.1 μW with a Δ<i>T</i> of 45 K from only 5 TE chips. The reconfigurable FTEG presents significant potential for wearable devices to harness low-grade heat.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 3","pages":"248-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141657765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A deformation mismatch strategy enables over 120% stretchability of encapsulated serpentine silicon strips for stretchable electronics","authors":"Yihao Shi,&nbsp;Bingchang Zhang,&nbsp;Jianzhong Zhao,&nbsp;Jiahao Qin,&nbsp;Ke Bai,&nbsp;Jia Yu,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.27","DOIUrl":"10.1002/flm2.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is significant to develop stretchable electronics based on silicon materials for practical applications. Although various stretchable silicon structures have been reported, electronic systems based on them exhibit limited stretchability due to the constraints between them and polymer substrates. Here, an innovative strategy of deformation mismatch is proposed to break the constraints between silicon structures and polymers and effectively reduce the strain concentration in silicon structures. As a result, encapsulated serpentine silicon strips (S-Si strips) achieve unprecedented stretchability, exceeding 120%. The encapsulated S-Si strip also exhibits remarkable mechanical stability and durability, enduring 100 000 cycles of 100% stretch without fracture. The effect of key parameters, including the central angle, thickness, and width of the S-Si strip, on the deformation mismatch is revealed through combing experiments and theoretical analysis, which will guide the rational implementation of the deformation mismatch strategy. Electrical testing showcases the strain-insensitive nature and good electrical stability of encapsulated S-Si strips, benefiting practical applications. This work provides a new paradigm of silicon materials with excellent stretchability and will facilitate the development of stretchable electronics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 2","pages":"150-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141676635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principles, fabrication, and applications of halide perovskites-based memristors","authors":"Xiaozhe Cheng,&nbsp;Zhitao Dou,&nbsp;Hong Lian,&nbsp;Zhitao Qin,&nbsp;Hongen Guo,&nbsp;Xifeng Li,&nbsp;Wai-Yeung Wong,&nbsp;Qingchen Dong","doi":"10.1002/flm2.25","DOIUrl":"10.1002/flm2.25","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent decades, the microelectronics industry has developed rapidly based on the von Neumann architecture and under the guidance of Moore's law. However, as the size of electronic devices approaches the limit and power consumption increases, traditional microelectronic materials and devices are facing more and more challenges. As a new type of semiconductor material, halide perovskites (HPs) have excellent photoelectric characteristics, such as high carrier mobility, controllable band structure, etc., which have been widely used in solar cells, light emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, memristors, and in other fields. Among them, the memristor, as a new type of electronic device, is very promising for in-memory computing with low power consumption by breaking the limit of von Neumann architecture. Especially, HPs-based memristors show outstanding photoelectric response performance, low power consumption, and flexible wearability, allowing them to hold great application potential in logical operation, polymorphic storage, and neuromorphic computing, etc. In this review, we first briefly introduce the basic characteristics and preparation methods of HPs. Secondly, the development history, device structure, and performance parameters of memristors are depicted in detail. Thirdly, the resistance mechanism and application of HPs-based memristors are discussed. Finally, the research status and development prospects of HPs-based memristors are outlined.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 2","pages":"127-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in covalent organic frameworks for flexible electronic devices","authors":"Jinghang Wu,&nbsp;Shiwei Zhang,&nbsp;Qianfeng Gu,&nbsp;Qichun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous materials with good crystallinity, highly ordered stacking, tunable channels, and diverse functional groups that have been demonstrated to show great potential applications in flexible electronic devices, including flexible energy storage devices (batteries and supercapacitors), memristors and sensors. Although great research progress on the usage of COFs as active elements in flexible electronics has been witnessed, the summary in this direction is rare. Thus, it is the right time to write a review on COFs-based flexible electronics. In this review, we will first discuss the different synthesis strategies to prepare COF materials. Then, the applications of COFs in flexible electronic devices are summarized. Finally, the future performance improvement and development directions of COFs in the field of flexible electronic devices are briefly outlined. This review could provide basic concepts and some guidelines to stimulate novel applications of COFs in diverse flexible electronic devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 2","pages":"160-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purely organic room temperature phosphorescent materials toward organic light-emitting diodes","authors":"Hui Li,&nbsp;Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Zongji Ye,&nbsp;Kai Feng,&nbsp;Jiani Huang,&nbsp;Gaozhan Xie,&nbsp;Ye Tao","doi":"10.1002/flm2.23","DOIUrl":"10.1002/flm2.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Purely organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have shown broad application prospects in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their theoretical 100% exciton utilization, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility. In recent years, with the deepening of research, various luminescent mechanisms have been proposed, and RTP materials have made significant progress, which have been effectively applied to OLEDs. This article comprehensively reviews the research progress of RTP materials in OLEDs and introduces the development of a series of high-efficiency RTP materials from the perspective of molecular design strategies and photophysical properties. These conclusions draw a roadmap to address the inherent challenges in utilizing organic RTP materials to specifically advance the investigation of OLEDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"1 2","pages":"173-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}