{"title":"Heteroatom location- and orientation mode-dependent reverse intersystem crossing rate in multiple resonance emitters","authors":"Tingting Huang, Yincai Xu, Yupei Qu, Xinliang Cai, Jinbei Wei, Yue Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Constructing multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters with fast reverse intersystem crossing rate constant (<i>k</i><sub>RISC</sub>) and reducing electroluminescence efficiency roll-off is an essential challenge for practical applications. Herein, two pairs of isomers, O-containing BN-TP-FH/BN-TP-FL and S-containing BN-TP-TH/BN-TP-TL, are constructed by leveraging different heteroatom anchoring positions to systematically investigate the relationship between heteroatom location and orientation mode in MR emitters and <i>k</i><sub>RISC</sub>. All emitters exhibit yellow-green emission (537–546 nm) with narrow full-widths at half-maximum of ≤38 nm in toluene solution. By manipulating the heteroatom location and orientation, the reduced singlet–triplet energy splitting (Δ<i>E</i><sub>ST</sub>) and enhanced spin-orbit coupling matrix element (<S|<i>Ĥ</i><sub>SOC</sub>|T>) synergistically contribute to fast <i>k</i><sub>RISC</sub>. The <i>k</i><sub>RISC</sub>s increases from 1.23 × 10<sup>4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> (BN-TP-FH), 4.05 × 10<sup>4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>(BN-TP-TH) to 6.32 × 10<sup>4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> (BN-TP-FL) and 14.8 × 10<sup>4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> (BN-TP-TL). As a result, BN-TP-TL-based single-host device demonstrates the best electroluminescence performances, achieving a maximum external quantum efficiency of 31.1% and effectively suppressing the efficiency roll-off.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 3","pages":"368-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149014688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlexMatPub Date : 2026-09-23Epub Date: 2026-03-14DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70050
Jing Wu, Qichong Zhang
{"title":"NeuroWorm: Toward movable and long-term implantable bioelectronic fiber","authors":"Jing Wu, Qichong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bioelectronics establishes a critical bridge between the nervous system and electronic devices, with long-term implantable bioelectronic devices offering powerful tools for assessing neural functions. Inspired by earthworms, this research employs a coiling strategy to transform two-dimensional bioelectronic devices into one-dimensional microfiber sensors, obtaining a stretchable, mobile NeuroWorm capable of simultaneously monitoring bioelectrical and biomechanical signals. Specifically, this device incorporates over 60 discrete electrode channels and capacitive stretch sensors, enabling minimally invasive implantation and sustained monitoring of bioelectrical and mechanical signals within rats (over 43 weeks). Furthermore, the NeuroWorm can navigate flexibly within the brain or on muscle surfaces, enabling dynamic positioning and movement toward target sites for real-time observation. This work marks a transition in bioelectronic devices from static probes to active, intelligent, and adaptive systems, opening new pathways for long-term, minimally invasive and mobile neurological assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 3","pages":"580-584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149014652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlexMatPub Date : 2026-09-23Epub Date: 2026-03-20DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70047
Bowei Cao, Junlei Zhang, Wanglei Wang
{"title":"Rational design of Ni-based catalysts for methane dry reforming: Recent advances and future perspectives","authors":"Bowei Cao, Junlei Zhang, Wanglei Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Amid intensifying global warming and mounting pressure to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, the efficient valorization of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) has emerged as a critical technological imperative. Among various approaches, methane dry reforming (DRM) uniquely enables these primary contributors to global warming to be transformed concurrently into syngas. Such a composition is exceptionally well-matched for subsequent methanol synthesis as well as the Fischer-Tropsch route. Nickel-based catalysts have garnered particular attention owing to their economic accessibility and robust catalytic properties that rival those of precious metals. However, realizing their full potential requires a delicate balance between activity, coke resistance, and long-term stability, which can be finely tuned through precise control over metal dispersion, particle morphology, strong metal-support interactions, and judicious incorporation of promoters. In this comprehensive review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments concerning the strategic engineering of Ni-based catalytic materials for DRM. Finally, we highlight emerging challenges and future opportunities, including the integration of DRM with flexible energy technologies, because DRM also can be driven by renewable and spatially distributed heat/electricity inputs, which offers a pathway toward localized carbon recycling and decentralized, carbon-lean syngas production from CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 3","pages":"428-451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149014667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlexMatPub Date : 2026-06-21Epub Date: 2026-03-13DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70056
Xiang-Chun Li, Qian Xue, Fang Liu, Wen-Yong Lai
{"title":"Chiral supramolecular electronics for high-efficiency circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes","authors":"Xiang-Chun Li, Qian Xue, Fang Liu, Wen-Yong Lai","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The integration of chirality into organic semiconductors has long been pursued due to its potential to facilitate circularly polarized light emission, with significant implications for advanced displays, quantum information processing, and spintronics. However, the simultaneous attainment of a high dissymmetry factor and elevated efficiency in circularly polarized organic light-emitting diodes presents a fundamental challenge. In the recent work, Chowdhury et al. introduce a paradigm-shifting approach through the supramolecular engineering of chiral electronic structures (<i>Science</i>, 2025, 387, 1175–1181). This was achieved through in situ chiral crystallization of triazatruxene derivatives, driven by thermally activated nanophase segregation in vacuum-deposited thin films. The resulting films deliver notable electroluminescence (EL), characterized by a high EL dissymmetry factor (<i>g</i><sub>EL</sub> ≈ 0.12) and an external quantum efficiency (<i>EQE</i> ≈ 16%). This research establishes a novel platform for chiral optoelectronics by generating band-level chirality through effective supramolecular organization.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"327-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overcoming contact issues in bottom-contact, short-channel organic transistors with van der Waals conformal contacts","authors":"Yuan Tan, Wei Deng, Yongji Wang, Haoyu Jiang, Xinghan Meng, Xiujuan Zhang, Xiaohong Zhang, Jiansheng Jie","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Miniaturization and high integration of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have long served as a pivotal driving force behind the advancement of organic electronics. Bottom-contact (BC) OFET device architecture offers an ideal platform for enabling high-density integration of organic devices. However, its performance exhibits significant degradation under short-channel conditions, primarily due to metal-semiconductor contact issues. Herein, we report a conformal contact transfer (CCT) strategy designed to address the contact-related issues in the BC OFETs, thereby sustaining high device performance under short-channel conditions. By functionalizing electrode surfaces and leveraging the compressive effect of interfacial water permeation, this approach significantly enhances van der Waals forces between organic semiconductor and metal electrodes while effectively eliminating trapped interfacial bubbles. This process ultimately yields a wrinkle-free, bubble-free, and conformal contact interface. Construction of this high-quality contact markedly improves carrier injection efficiency, which is accompanied by a reduction in the Schottky barrier height and a 6.5-fold decrease in contact resistance relative to traditional direct-contact configurations. The resulting BC OFETs with short-channel lengths demonstrate a high mobility of 9.43 cm<sup>2</sup>·V<sup>−1</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> with the largest channel-length-normalized mobility (<i>μ</i>/<i>L</i>) among previously reported devices based on identical material systems. This CCT strategy effectively addresses the performance degradation arising from interfacial contact constraints during OFET miniaturization, thus providing a novel pathway for advancing organic electronics toward higher integration density.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"228-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced flexible brain computer interface materials: From development to application","authors":"Renquan Guan, Xueying Cheng, Hao Xu, Zheng Lou, Zhao Zhao, Lili Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the continuous advancement of technology, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has demonstrated tremendous potential in various fields, including entertainment, healthcare, education, and human-computer interaction, thereby bringing revolutionary changes to human life. BCI is an emerging technology that enables direct communication and control of external devices by the human brain through the analysis of brain waves or neural signals. Despite the rapid development of BCI technology over the past decade, it still faces several bottleneck issues, such as the accurate acquisition and decoupling of signals, biocompatibility, and the cost of equipment. Considering the performance, size, and durability requirements of BCI, the development of new low-cost materials that offer excellent sensing capabilities, electrical performance, and biocompatibility is crucial for promoting the large-scale commercial application of BCI materials and facilitating the rapid advancement of BCI technology. This paper summarizes the development processes of new BCI materials, including hydrogel, graphene, and novel electrode coatings, and systematically introduces the progress in BCI technology brought about by these materials, along with their advanced applications in medical and entertainment fields. Furthermore, the development trends of new BCI devices and their positive impact on future human life are discussed in detail, providing systematic recommendations for the advancement of new BCI materials and BCI technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"185-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FlexMatPub Date : 2026-06-21Epub Date: 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70057
Sida Peng, Shengzhi Sun, Jian Li, Yi Zhu
{"title":"Multi-material and dual-stimulus coupled actuation micro-gears for shape–rotation control in intelligent micro-electro-mechanical systems","authors":"Sida Peng, Shengzhi Sun, Jian Li, Yi Zhu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multi-stimulus responsive micro-actuators are crucial for intelligent micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) capable of adaptive operations in complex microenvironments. However, achieving reliable integration of multiple sensing and actuation mechanisms within a single microscale device remains highly challenging due to constraints in microscale fabrication, complex stimulus coupling, and the lack of scalable strategies for integrating autonomous sensing with remote actuation. In this work, a multi-material and dual-stimulus coupled actuation micro-gear (MDCAMG) fabricated via femtosecond-laser three-dimensional printing combined with post-processing magnetic nanoparticle absorption is proposed. The micro-gear is integrated with two functional modules: a pH-responsive hydrogel body and a magnetically driven surface layer. The hydrogel matrix enables autonomous swelling and shrinking under varying pH conditions, providing reversible size modulation and environmental sensing capabilities. The magnetic coating endows the structure with remotely controlled rotation behaviors, including speed regulation and directional switching. The two responding modules of the micro-gear are fabricated independently, and can collaborate with each other to achieve the angular locking as the swelling of the micro-gear in a slight alkaline environment (pH > 7) brings it into contact with a limiting structure located at a larger radius. This strategy is expected to be used to microfluidic chips, smart drug delivery and intelligent MEMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"252-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blue-hazard-free single-emissive-layer white organic LEDs based on an anti-quenching narrowband blue emitter","authors":"Xiao-Long Liu, Wei-Le Wu, Ru-Jia Wang, Xin-Lu Li, Jia-Ming Jin, Ji-Hua Tan, Hong-Ji Tan, Yanping Huo, Hao-Li Zhang, Wen-Cheng Chen","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Blue photons below 450 nm pose risks to visual health, while conventional lighting devices unavoidably emit in this region. Existing solutions often involve intricate emissive-layer designs or suffer from low efficiency. Here, we present blue-hazard-free single-emissive-layer white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) employing a newly developed multiple-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitter, BNCT, as an anti-quenching blue emitter and efficient energy donor. BNCT integrates a sky-blue MR-TADF core with a sterically hindered, electron-rich arylamine donor, effectively suppressing π–π stacking and aggregation-induced quenching while maintaining narrowband emission (486 nm, bandwidth = 26 nm) entirely above 450 nm. The finely tuned donor–acceptor interaction enables controlled charge-transfer characteristics and accelerates reverse intersystem crossing, ensuring efficient exciton utilization. When co-doped with yellow and red phosphorescent dopants in a single emissive layer, the resulting devices deliver balanced warm-white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.44)–(0.40, 0.43), correlated color temperatures of 6013–4734 K, and negligible blue-hazard photon ratios (<0.2%). Remarkably, the devices achieve high efficiencies up to 27.8% external quantum efficiency. This work establishes a robust molecular design paradigm for anti-quenching MR-TADF emitters and advances the development of high-efficiency, eye-safe WOLEDs for next-generation healthy lighting and display technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"219-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solution processed optical modulated silver nanowire top electrode for high performance semi-transparent organic solar cells","authors":"Shaoming Sun, Wuyue Liu, Fengling Zhang, Xiaozhang Zhu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silver nanowire (AgNW) top electrodes are pivotal candidates for solution-processed, semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OPVs). However, their light utilization efficiency (LUE) typically lags behind that of devices using evaporated metal electrodes, primarily due to the lack of effective optical modulation strategies compatible with solution processing. Guided by rigorous three-dimensional optical simulations, we developed a fully solution-processed optical coupling layer (OCL) strategy to bridge this gap. By integrating a spin-coated polymethyl methacrylate layer atop a sandwich-structured AgNW composite electrode, we constructed a high-low refractive index interface that redistributes the optical field. This architecture enhanced the average visible transmittance from 52.2% to 54.8% while simultaneously boosting the short-circuit current density (<i>J</i><sub>SC</sub>) from 18.1 to 19.6 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> by mitigating reflection losses and parasitic absorption in the near-infrared region. Consequently, the optimized device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.15% and an LUE of 4.47%. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest performance reported for all-solution-processed ST-OPVs. Furthermore, this method demonstrates excellent mechanical compatibility with flexible substrates, paving the way for the scalable fabrication of high-performance, fully solution-processed flexible photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"240-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wearable biofluids colorimetric biosensors","authors":"Zhaoyuan Lyu, Zhiqiang Xiao, Wenhao Shen, Cheng Liu, Te Gu, Ruchuan Cao, Fangyu Zhang, Chuizhou Meng, Shichao Ding","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wearable and flexible colorimetric biosensors are emerging as powerful platforms for real-time, non-invasive health monitoring and point-of-care or potential continuous diagnostics. These systems rely on visible color changes to signal the presence of target analytes, enabling intuitive, instrument-free readouts that can be interpreted visually. Advances in sensing materials, including noble metal nanoparticles, enzymes, enzyme mimics, organic dyes, and responsive polymers, have greatly expanded the range of detectable biomarkers. The developments in platform technologies such as paper-based microfluidics, polymer films and textiles can provide versatility, comfort, and seamless wearable devices into daily life to achieve personal health management. Despite this rapid progress, challenges remain as sensitivity and specificity improvement in complex biofluids, stable and scalable manufacturing. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art wearable colorimetric biosensors (WCBs), highlights recent innovations in materials and device engineering, and discusses future directions, particularly the integration of artificial intelligence-assisted data analysis for enhanced quantitative accuracy and microfluidic system design for precise fluid handling and multiplexed detection. Addressing these challenges and advancing intelligent system integration will be essential to translate WCBs into clinically reliable and socially impactful healthcare solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"299-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70081","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}