FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-06-21 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70034

Tianfu Zheng, Chongling Cheng, Dayang Wang

{"title":"Electronic jelly: Engineering the mechanics of hydrogels for flexible electronics","authors":"Tianfu Zheng, Chongling Cheng, Dayang Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70034","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels—soft, water-rich polymer networks—are rapidly evolving from traditional biomedical auxiliaries into core functional materials for flexible and biointegrated electronics. However, their practical deployment remains limited by low strength, inadequate toughness, cyclic fatigue, and instability under complex environmental conditions. This review systematically synthesizes mechanics-oriented design strategies and highlights three major reinforcement routes that have addressed these intrinsic limitations: double-network architectures, ordered structural motifs, and the regulation of reversible physical interactions. Through these approaches, hydrogels have achieved MPa-level strength, MJ·m−3-level toughness, and long-cycle fatigue resistance, enabling reliable operation in stretchable sensors, hydrogel electrolytes, soft actuators, and encapsulation systems. Furthermore, the emerging concept of “intelligent hydrogels” is introduced, wherein physics-informed constitutive modeling and data-driven design converge to establish quantitative structure–property–function relationships. Such developments are expected to yield hydrogel systems that combine high water content with enduring mechanical robustness, forming sustainable and biocompatible platforms for next-generation bioelectronics and soft robotics.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"263-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wearable biofluids colorimetric biosensors 可穿戴生物流体比色生物传感器

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-06-21 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70106

Zhaoyuan Lyu, Zhiqiang Xiao, Wenhao Shen, Cheng Liu, Te Gu, Ruchuan Cao, Fangyu Zhang, Chuizhou Meng, Shichao Ding

引用次数: 0

Light-stimulated synaptic transistor based on photo-induced oxidation of organic semiconductors 基于有机半导体光诱导氧化的光刺激突触晶体管

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-06-21 Epub Date: 2026-05-04 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70085

Jinghai Li, Qilin Wei, Dan Huang, Raphael Pfattner, Yanyan Gong, Xiao Long, William W. Yu

{"title":"Light-stimulated synaptic transistor based on photo-induced oxidation of organic semiconductors","authors":"Jinghai Li, Qilin Wei, Dan Huang, Raphael Pfattner, Yanyan Gong, Xiao Long, William W. Yu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70085","url":null,"abstract":"Light-stimulated synaptic transistors offer a promising platform for neuromorphic computing and artificial vision by emulating biological synaptic behaviors with optical control. In this study, we demonstrate a photonic synaptic transistor based on an organic semiconductor system, exhibiting tunable excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and synaptic weight modulation under varying light intensities and pulse durations. The underlying mechanism is attributed to oxygen-induced charge trapping, as confirmed by electronic structure analysis and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Furthermore, the device is integrated into an artificial neural network for delay reservoir computing, achieving high recognition accuracy in Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology digit classification. These findings highlight the potential of light-driven neuromorphic hardware for energy-efficient, high-speed, and flexible artificial intelligence applications, paving the way for the development of next-generation optical neuromorphic processors.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"210-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Flexible organic room-temperature phosphorescent materials 柔性有机室温磷光材料

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-06-21 Epub Date: 2026-03-10 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70049

Bolun Zhang, Xiaokang Shao, Wenjie Yin, Jiahui Xu, Beishen Wu, Zhongfu An, Huifang Shi

引用次数: 0

Quasi-digital memristor with self-rectifying and synaptic functions in crossbar array architectures 具有自整流和突触功能的准数字忆阻器

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-06-21 Epub Date: 2026-04-18 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70073

Tianyu Liu, Qingqing Wang, Qiuyu Liu, Jinze Li, Zhongjing Xia, Hongcheng Yang, Zilong Mao, Siyu Gou, Zhe Li, Chao Zhu, Xuefen Song, Lin Wang

{"title":"Quasi-digital memristor with self-rectifying and synaptic functions in crossbar array architectures","authors":"Tianyu Liu, Qingqing Wang, Qiuyu Liu, Jinze Li, Zhongjing Xia, Hongcheng Yang, Zilong Mao, Siyu Gou, Zhe Li, Chao Zhu, Xuefen Song, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70073","url":null,"abstract":"The advancement of edge neuromorphic computing hinges on developing memory devices that combine high integration density with intelligent functionality. However, high-density crossbar arrays, a conventional architecture for such systems, are often plagued by inherent sneak-path currents. Furthermore, achieving multifunctional integration of analog and digital bipolar resistive switching (RS) within a single device remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a quasi-digital memristor (QDM) based on an Ag/AgI/PbI2/ITO architecture, which integrates tri-functional attributes: diode-like rectification, digital switching, and analog synaptic modulation. High self-rectifying ratio and selectivity are achieved through the strategic design of a p-n junction at the AgI/PbI2 Interface. The switching mechanism is governed by the field-driven migration of dopant ions (e.g., Ag+, iodine vacancies) within the functional layers. In the analog mode, a synaptic array constructed from QDMs demonstrates a recognition accuracy of 97.2% for 8 × 8-pixel letter images (A–Z) after only six training epochs. In the digital mode, the QDM exhibits a high ON/OFF ratio, robust data retention, and excellent cycling endurance. Notably, the device also features a record-low set voltage, enabling superior system-level energy efficiency. This work presents a novel and effective pathway toward precise, high-density information processing in neuromorphic computing systems.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 2","pages":"331-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Wearable fabric electronics for sensing, memory and neuromorphic computing applications 用于传感、记忆和神经形态计算应用的可穿戴织物电子产品

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-03-27 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70035

Bo Sun, Lin Lu, Jialin Meng, Tianyu Wang

引用次数: 0

Amino-functionalized lanthanide metal-organic frameworks encapsulating boron-doped graphene quantum dots: A paper based fluorescent sensor to visual detection of salicylic acid 包覆掺杂硼的石墨烯量子点的氨基功能化镧系金属有机框架：用于水杨酸视觉检测的纸质荧光传感器

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-03-27 Epub Date: 2026-01-04 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70031

Wenkai Yu, Hui Jiang, Aoyun Li, Zhanchuang Lu, Shanchao Song, Fanghai Liu, Lei Chen, Bingyan Qu

{"title":"Amino-functionalized lanthanide metal-organic frameworks encapsulating boron-doped graphene quantum dots: A paper based fluorescent sensor to visual detection of salicylic acid","authors":"Wenkai Yu, Hui Jiang, Aoyun Li, Zhanchuang Lu, Shanchao Song, Fanghai Liu, Lei Chen, Bingyan Qu","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"Salicylic acid (SA), a widely distributed environmental pollutant, requires accurate detection for effective water quality monitoring and ecological protection. In this work, we developed a highly sensitive fluorescent sensor by encapsulating boron-doped graphene quantum dots (B-GQDs) within amino-functionalized lanthanum-based metal-organic frameworks (NH2-La-MOFs). Upon 365 nm excitation, the composite exhibits strong blue emission peaking at 430 nm, which is significantly quenched and red-shifted to 560 nm as the SA concentration increases to 50 μM. This spectral shift is accompanied by a distinct color change visible to the naked eye, enabling intuitive visual detection. The quenching mechanism is attributed to static interactions and a reduction in the excited-state bandgap. Spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (Cs-STEM) confirms the uniform distribution of B-GQDs within the NH2-La-MOFs matrix. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking greatly enhance SA adsorption, which is consistent with the observed Zeta potential shift from −2.90 mV to −17.6 mV, indicating enhanced surface charge density and improved SA binding affinity. Selectivity tests demonstrate that the quenching efficiency (I50/I40 ≈ 0.15) remains stable even in the presence of 10 μM common interfering species such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, glucose, and alanine, indicating excellent anti-interference performance. By adopting the strategy of metal-organic frameworks coupled with boron-doped graphene quantum dots, this work provides a robust, portable, paper-based, flexible fluorescent sensor for efficient visual detection of salicylic acid in environmental applications.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 1","pages":"55-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ordered modulation of electronic structure for efficient alkaline hydrogen oxidation 高效碱性氢氧化电子结构的有序调制

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-03-27 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70025

Ziang Shang, Guanzhen Chen, Zhibo Cui, Wensheng Jiao, Yunhu Han

{"title":"Ordered modulation of electronic structure for efficient alkaline hydrogen oxidation","authors":"Ziang Shang, Guanzhen Chen, Zhibo Cui, Wensheng Jiao, Yunhu Han","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"The slow kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline media requires higher loadings of noble metal catalysts to achieve satisfactory kinetic activity, which greatly undermines the cost competitiveness of anion-exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we prepared an atomically ordered RuGa intermetallic nanocatalyst (imc-RuGa/hp-hCN) anchored on hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon. The ordered arrangement of the oxygenophilic Ga atoms and Ru atoms directionally modulates Ru electronic structure, synergistically optimizing *H and *OH adsorption energies for enhanced HOR catalysis. The mass activity of the catalyst reaches up to 9.93 A mgRu−1, which is 13 times higher than that of commercial PtRu/C. Importantly, the catalyst is stabilized for 600 h with a decay rate of only 10.5%. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the atomic-scale ordered structure confers a homogeneous electron environment for the Ru active sites, enabling the catalyst to simultaneously maintain high activity, stability, and CO tolerance.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 1","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147614960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A trade-off between efficiency and stability in a class of sky-blue organic light-emitting diodes 一类天蓝色有机发光二极管在效率和稳定性之间的权衡

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-03-27 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70036

Eglė Tankelevičiūtė, Sandra Jenatsch, Beat Ruhstaller, Eli Zysman-Colman, Ifor D. W. Samuel

{"title":"A trade-off between efficiency and stability in a class of sky-blue organic light-emitting diodes","authors":"Eglė Tankelevičiūtė, Sandra Jenatsch, Beat Ruhstaller, Eli Zysman-Colman, Ifor D. W. Samuel","doi":"10.1002/flm2.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/flm2.70036","url":null,"abstract":"The stability of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is a key requirement for their use in commercial displays. One approach to increase the performance of the blue subpixel is to use thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which combine a small singlet-triplet gap, ΔEST, and non-trivial spin-orbit coupling to enable the harvesting of both singlet and triplet excitons to produce light; however, device stability is compromised due to long triplet lifetimes that increase the probability of the degradation of materials by biexcitonic and polaron events. In this work, we correlate the efficiency and stability of the device with the device structure, identifying possible origins for the trade-off between device efficiency and stability. By comparing a set of sky-blue emissive devices and fitting drift-diffusion simulations to intermittent optoelectronic measurements during stress-testing, the layers most affected by degradation can be determined. By coupling electrical simulations to an excitonic model, the contributions from biexcitonic and polaronic events to efficiency roll-off can be distinguished. We find that efficient but less stable devices suffer mainly from exciton-exciton annihilation, while stable but less efficient devices have excitons predominantly quenched by polarons. This implies that the device structure is responsible for determining non-radiative exciton pathways, and an efficient and stable OLED structure should aim to minimize exciton accumulation at high brightness.","PeriodicalId":100533,"journal":{"name":"FlexMat","volume":"3 1","pages":"20-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/flm2.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147615403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ideal building blocks for flexible electronics: Strong, ductile, and conductive metallic nanowires via coherent twinning 柔性电子器件的理想构建模块：通过相干孪晶，坚固，延展性和导电的金属纳米线

FlexMat Pub Date : 2026-03-27 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1002/flm2.70038

Yuxin Zhao

引用次数: 0

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