Evolving Earth最新文献

{"title":"Integrated GIS-Based spatial approach for groundwater quality assessment using WQI and PCA in Nashik district, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Sonali M. Aware ,&nbsp;Rajendra B. Zolekar ,&nbsp;Hemlata Patel ,&nbsp;Snehal N. Kasar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite numerous groundwater studies in semi-arid regions of India, there is a lack of integrated approaches combining hydrogeochemical analysis with GIS-based modeling and multivariate statistics at the district scale, particularly in the Nashik region. This study aims to evaluate groundwater quality, identify controlling hydrogeochemical processes, and assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation. A total of 170 representative groundwater samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters. GIS-based Water Quality Index (WQI) mapping and multivariate statistical techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied. Hydrogeochemical facies and controlling mechanisms were interpreted using Piper, Gibbs, and Wilcox diagrams. The results indicated predominantly alkaline nature of groundwater, with most samples falling within the Bureau of Indian Standards’ permissible limits. Approximately 61% of samples were classified as Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–HCO₃⁻ type, indicating temporary hardness, while 35% represented Ca²⁺–Mg²⁺–Cl⁻–SO₄²⁻ type (permanent hardness), and 2% corresponded to Na⁺–K⁺–Cl⁻–SO₄²⁻ type. The GIS-based WQI revealed that about 80% of the sampling sites possess excellent to good water quality, whereas 20% exhibit poor quality unsuitable for drinking. Wilcox analysis demonstrated that 88% of samples are suitable for irrigation, with 12% showing elevated sodium risk. PCA results identified hardness (PC1: 53.17%), agricultural nitrate contamination (PC2: 15.68%), and localized fluoride enrichment (PC3: 9.71%), as the primary determinants of spatial heterogeneity. The integrated GIS-PCA approach provides a comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality and its controlling processes. The results support groundwater management and agricultural planning by helping prioritize areas for monitoring and sustainable water use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148241073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological and sedimentary controls on microplastic distribution in an urban wetland, Spruce Bluff Preserve, Florida","authors":"Juana Baudrix,&nbsp;Erik N. Johanson,&nbsp;Julie A. Buchanich","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plastic pollution is an escalating threat to environmental and human health, yet the controls on microplastic (MP) accumulation in freshwater wetlands remain poorly resolved. We assessed MP distribution in Spruce Bluff Preserve, a 39-ha (97-acre) freshwater wetland on the eastern bank of the St. Lucie River in Port St. Lucie, Florida. Forty surface sediment samples were collected in December 2024 along eight transects (15–25 m) at 5 m intervals across five vegetation zones. Particles were extracted by oxidative digestion, density separation, and vacuum filtration, then classified by shape, size, and color under a microscope; a subset was validated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Sediment organic matter (% OM) was determined by loss on ignition, and MP densities were related to % OM, vegetation zone, and distance to water. MPs occurred in 95% of samples. FTIR confirmed only 42% of candidate particles as synthetic polymers, with the remainder identified as cotton, cellulose, pine, or mineral grains; MP abundance is therefore bracketed between a visual upper bound of 232 particles and a conservative validated estimate of 97. Fibers were the most common morphotype, and most particles were smaller than 2.5 mm, consistent with secondary microplastics derived from larger debris. Densities were highest in open-water and outlet-canal settings (117 MP kg⁻¹) and declined with increasing % OM. Hydrological position, rather than vegetation or organic content, was the dominant control on MP distribution. These results provide a regional baseline for managed subtropical wetlands and show that visual identification alone substantially overestimates MP abundance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148729342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning & geospatial approach for analysing the groundwater quality of J&K region, NW Himalaya","authors":"Avtar Singh Jasrotia ,&nbsp;Amit Sharma ,&nbsp;Mohinder Lal Angurala ,&nbsp;Komal Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Upasna Andotra ,&nbsp;Rajesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Jammu &amp; Kashmir (J&amp;K) region were investigated using integrated machine learning and geospatial approaches. The major groundwater cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻) were analysed. The ionic dominance followed the order Na⁺ &gt; Ca²⁺ &gt; Mg²⁺ &gt; K⁺ and HCO₃⁻ &gt; SO₄²⁻ &gt; Cl⁻ &gt; NO₃⁻. Total dissolved solids ranged from 4 to 2555 mg L⁻¹ (mean: 332.74 mg L⁻¹), while electrical conductivity varied between 150 and 4820 μS cm⁻¹. Gibbs and Piper diagrams indicate that groundwater chemistry is primarily governed by carbonate and silicate weathering processes, with silicate weathering contributing significantly to Na⁺ enrichment. Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 23.11 to 429.23, classifying 85% of samples as excellent to good for drinking, while 22% were identified as poor to unsuitable. Statistical analysis revealed non-normal distribution of all variables (Shapiro–Wilk test), and Spearman's rank correlation indicated significant interrelationships among major ions. Machine learning models- Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Random Forest (RF) were applied for WQI prediction, with SVR outperforming other models (R² = 0.99, MSE = 15.51) and achieving an overall prediction accuracy of approximately 80%. The results demonstrate that coupling hydrochemical process interpretation with machine learning–based prediction provides a scalable and transferable framework for regional groundwater quality assessment across data-rich Himalayan terrains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147396954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying landscape dynamics and ecological imbalances: A geospatial study of Sonadia Island, Bangladesh","authors":"Md Muyeed Hasan,&nbsp;Md Tariqul Islam,&nbsp;Md Najmul Kabir,&nbsp;Minhaz Hasan Sujan,&nbsp;Jane Southworth,&nbsp;M. Farhad Howladar,&nbsp;Debjani Das,&nbsp;Sk Taufiqul Islam,&nbsp;Sattik Sondipon Aritro,&nbsp;Md Numan Hossain","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sonadia Island, Bangladesh, hosts diverse wildlife, avifauna, and both mangrove and non-mangrove forest ecosystems. However, persistent anthropogenic disturbances have degraded the island's ecological integrity, leading to its designation as an Ecologically Critical Area (ECA) in 1999 to protect vulnerable and endangered species. This study employs an integrated geospatial and socio-economic approach to assess land-use and land-cover (LULC) dynamics, identify associated ecological imbalances, and determine their driving factors. A semi-structured questionnaire survey involving more than 120 local residents was conducted to examine human-environment interactions and prevailing environmental pressures.</div><div>Statistical analyses, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Factor Correlation Regression (FCR), Empirical Bayesian Kriging Regression (EBKR), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were applied alongside geospatial mapping using satellite imagery from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019. The results indicate a substantial expansion of wetlands and sandy or dry soil areas over the past three decades, accompanied by an approximately 51% reduction in mudflat areas, while only 11.5% of the land remained unchanged. The findings also reveal a decline in dense vegetation cover and a corresponding increase in sparse vegetation, suggesting limited potential for vegetation regeneration in sandy or dry soil environments. A SWOT analysis suggests that factors such as limited legal enforcement, reliance on subsistence-based livelihoods, and increasing human activity may be associated with ecological degradation. Ecological imbalance modeling shows that nearly half of the island's area (5287.54 ha) falls within the moderate imbalance class, followed by very high (21.31%) and high (3.31%) categories, with vegetation cover change emerging as a dominant contributing factor. These findings highlight the need for targeted conservation strategies and improved environmental governance to support sustainable management of fragile coastal island ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148995280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streptichnus ichnofossils from the Marwar Supergroup: Tracing early Cambrian shallow-marine ecosystems","authors":"S. Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ichnogenus <em>Streptichnus</em> is a key component of Early Cambrian ichnofaunas, reflecting the increasing complexity of benthic behavior and animal substrate interactions during this evolutionary interval. In the Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup) of western India, <em>Streptichnus</em> occurs abundantly within shallow-marine siliciclastic facies, providing important evidence for the nature of the Early Cambrian biosphere in the Indian subcontinent. In this study, <em>Streptichnus</em> burrows from the Nagaur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup are described and compared with occurrences from the Shibantan Member of the Dengying Formation in South China. Their morphology, distribution, and global significance highlight the role of tracemakers in substrate destabilization and ecospace expansion during the Early Cambrian.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsidence and sea-level controls on the evolution of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate platform: the eastern margin of New Caledonia (SW Pacific)","authors":"Léa Kerouedan ,&nbsp;Pascal Le Roy ,&nbsp;Gwenael Jouet ,&nbsp;Estelle Leroux ,&nbsp;Stephan J. Jorry ,&nbsp;Elsa Tournadour ,&nbsp;Martin Patriat ,&nbsp;Axel Ehrhold ,&nbsp;Samuel Etienne ,&nbsp;Agathe Ignacio ,&nbsp;Valentin Ferelloc","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The island of Grande-Terre in New Caledonia (NC) hosts one of the world's largest lagoon complexes, and its sediment infill makes it an ideal case study to understand the evolution of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate platforms. The under-researched eastern margin of Grande-Terre provides an opportunity to examine the major changes in lagoon sedimentation since the end of the Mio-Pliocene in response to climate variation, vertical movements and anthropogenic activities. Using geomorphological and seismic interpretations constrained with dated sediment cores, this study identifies three seismic sequences separated by major channelized and erosional unconformities. The upper and last unconformity is supposed to be linked to the sea-level lowstand during the Last Glacial Maximum. The overlying sedimentary record, dated to the Holocene, contains both clastic and carbonate deposits, resulting from the reflooding of the shelf. This mixed sediment infill displays significant spatial variation. The inner lagoon concentrates terrigenous inputs whereas the median lagoon is dominated by a series of large carbonate reef flats. The outer shelf preserves a remarkable succession of falling-stages deposits that reflect 100 kyr depositional sequence cycles resting atop the Mio-Pliocene carbonate platform. Stratigraphic analysis of these Pleistocene sequences dates their deposition from 630 kyr (MIS 16) and allows us to estimate a subsidence rate of approximately 0.06 m/kyr on the outer shelf, enabling the barrier reef to keep up and the successive lowstand sediment wedges to stack.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147709601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater potential zonation in a tropical hard-rock basin, South India: An evidence-based approach","authors":"M.C. Raicy ,&nbsp;C.D. Aju ,&nbsp;A.L. Achu ,&nbsp;P. Mohammed Maharoof ,&nbsp;A. Ashwin","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater potential zonation is a crucial tool for identifying regions with varying groundwater availability, and for integrating geological, hydrological, and environmental factors. This study evaluates the groundwater potential of Kadalundi River Basin (KRB) in northern Kerala, India, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, and validates the results with subsurface geophysical signatures and well-yield data. Key geo-environmental variables, including geology, geomorphology, groundwater level fluctuations (GWLF), lineament density, land use/land cover (LU/LC), slope, soil texture, rainfall, topographic wetness index (TWI), terrain curvature, and topographic position index (TPI), were analyzed for their influence on groundwater occurrence. Based on the study, the groundwater potential zones in KRB were classified as very poor, poor, moderate, high, and very high, covering approximately 20.0%, 19.7%, 19.8%, 20.3%, and 20.2% of the basin, respectively, with high and very high zones concentrated mainly in the southeastern and western areas. Lithology emerged as the most influential controlling factor, followed by geomorphology. The reliability of the zonation was assessed using a two-fold validation based on VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding) and observed well-yield data. The predicted index showed strong agreement with well yield (R² = 0.877). The spatial variability of groundwater potential across KRB provides valuable insights for sustainable groundwater management. The study provides a reliable background for groundwater potential assessment in similar hydrogeological settings and supports informed decision-making for water resource planning in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147709612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi–parametric approach using SAR data for Siachen glacier dynamics in the Karakoram Himalaya","authors":"Ajay Kumar Taloor ,&nbsp;Akash Basotra ,&nbsp;Shiwalika Sambyal ,&nbsp;Gurnam Parsad ,&nbsp;Kanika Sharma ,&nbsp;Purushottam Kumar Garg ,&nbsp;Sushil Kumar Singh ,&nbsp;Ashutosh Tiwari ,&nbsp;Meenakshi Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study focuses on the Siachen Glacier and uses Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data between 2017 and 2024 to explore glacier dynamics, i.e., glacier mass balance (GMb), equilibrium line altitude (ELA), facies classification, and surface velocity. High-level SAR pre-processing techniques, e.g., application of orbit files, thermal noise removal, calibration, and terrain correction, were carried out by using the Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP). Four zones—Frozen Percolation Zone (FPZ), Wet Snow Zone (WSZ), Bare Ice Zone (BIZ), and Debris-Covered Ice Zone (DCIZ)—were inferred for glacier facies using backscatter thresholds derived from VV and VH polarizations. Dynamic distribution of facies is captured in the results with significant fluctuation in the WSZ, general decrease in the BIZ, changing debris coverage in the DCIZ, and a constant FPZ. The average ELA was 5612.48 ± 203.2 m, and the average GMb was −0.668 ± 0.2 meter water equivalent ( m w.e. y⁻¹), showing sustained loss of ice mass dominated by climatic variability, a pattern observed in most Himalayan glaciers. Glacier retreat and variation in GMb have been linked to variation in climatic conditions, which has resulted in sustained loss of ice over the years. Surface velocity analysis revealed values ranging from 5.04 to 133.64 ± 2.3 m y⁻¹, with maximum velocities observed in the year 2023, indicating periods of dynamically enhanced glacier flow. Overall, the study demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-temporal SAR data for long-term, weather-independent monitoring of glacier facies, GMb, and flow dynamics in the Karakoram Himalaya.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147538869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial assessment of ecosystem services trade-offs under land use change in Tal, Diara and Barind regions of Malda district, eastern India","authors":"Arijit Das,&nbsp;Ashis Mandal,&nbsp;Ketan Das,&nbsp;Prajukta Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exploring the effects of land use change (LUC) on ecosystem services (ES) is important for regional environmental planning, management and sustainable development. However, limited studies have comprehensively assessed the dynamics across diverse physiographic regions within a single district in eastern India. This study aims to assess the impact of LUC on ES, as well as the trade-offs and synergies between ES. Four key ES such as food production (FP), carbon storage (CS), habitat quality (HQ) and cultural services (CSs) were assessed using InVEST and other quantitative approaches. The difference-in-difference method was used to quantify trade-offs and synergies between ES pairs. Moran's I autocorrelation was used to quantify spatial clustering in geographic space. In addition, hotspots and cold spots were identified using the Getis-Ord Gi method to visualise spatially significant villages. This research also demonstrates how food production, carbon storage, habitat quality and cultural ecosystem services contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The results shows that built-up area and vegetation cover increased by 310% and 22% respectively between 1991 and 2021. While, water bodies declined by 32%. In the meantime, the value of FP (21269696.83 in 1991 to 21631689.13 in 2021), CS (33378009.88 in 1991 to 35565436.17 in 2021) and CSs (226.18 in 1991 to 434.14 in 2021) increased, but HQ (0.68 in 1991 to 0.61 in 2021) decreased. The spatial distribution of trade-offs and synergies between ES was highly heterogeneous. Among them, FP-HQ, FP-CS and HQ-CS were shows most prominent trade-off relationships in the villages, while the remaining one ES pairs was shows synergetic relationships. The spatial hotspots and cold spots analysis shows that most hotspots of ES trade-offs and synergies are in the Tal and Diara regions. This study provides novel methods for investigating sustainable environmental development in regions of Southeast Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147951491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface–subsurface integration for hydrogen prospectivity mapping in the northern São Francisco basin, Brazil","authors":"Geraldo Marcelo Lima ,&nbsp;Milton Porsani ,&nbsp;Alanna Costa Dutra ,&nbsp;Luiz César Côrrea Gomes ,&nbsp;Alexandre Barreto Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2026.100133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147858434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}