Evolving Earth最新文献

{"title":"Analysis and prediction of sea level rise along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts and its socio-economic impacts on the nearby inland areas","authors":"Sharmin Majumder ,&nbsp;ANM Nafiz Abeer ,&nbsp;Musfira Rahman ,&nbsp;Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural disasters, causing severe global economic damage, yet timely and accurate warnings of flash flood impacts on ungauged locations remain challenging. Sea level rise (SLR) is a substantial factor that contributes to flooding, particularly along the coastal regions of the United States. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of historical tide gauge records from 1900 to 2021 to investigate spatio-temporal dynamics of mean sea level (MSL) along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts and develops a forecasting model to predict future MSL using these dynamics. We employed empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) with time delay embedding to analyze and forecast MSL data. SLR dynamics and trend vary across different parts the U.S. coasts. Our proposed approach aids in identifying the regions most susceptible to SLR. To assess the socio-economic impact on the coastal regions due to SLR, we propose a framework that integrates the mean sea level data from tide-gauge stations with socio-economic variables of neighboring counties through interaction structure learning techniques. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrate the implications of our proposed framework in highlighting socio-economic factors affected by SLR. In conclusion, our predictive method elucidates the spatio-temporal dynamics of mean sea level, while our interaction learning framework reveals SLR’s impact on coastal socio-economic attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closing the Loop: Circular economy solutions for long-term environmental health","authors":"Murugesan Sobanaa ,&nbsp;Ragothaman Prathiviraj ,&nbsp;Munisamy Prathaban ,&nbsp;George Seghal Kiran ,&nbsp;Joseph Selvin","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ongoing transition to a circular economy signifies an essential change in managing resources, externalities, and sustainability within economies. This framework necessitates a comprehensive approach that acknowledges accountability for each stage of economic activity and its impact on both the social and environmental structures at national and global scales. A robust legislative and policy framework that aligns economic development with waste reduction and climate action is essential for facilitating this transition effectively. This study analyzes policy strategies from an ecological economics perspective, focusing on various developmental stages and emerging economies' specific challenges. These encompass deficiencies in the infrastructure, constraints of technology, legal and regulatory barriers, and sociocultural factors. The study highlights the importance of integrated policy tools such as corporate sustainability plans, extended producer responsibility, and environmental levies in fostering low-carbon, inclusive growth. The statement emphasizes the potential of green growth enablers, such as environmental governance, bioenergy technologies, and circular carbon economy (CCE) concepts, as effective tools for balancing ecological responsibility and economic advancement. The results offer valuable insights to support a development trajectory that is more equitable, robust, and sustainable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100071"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144569930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Would the occurrence of a Maunder-like solar minimum reverse the observed climate change?","authors":"Marcio Cataldi ,&nbsp;Rafael Rangel ,&nbsp;Vitor Luiz Victalino Galves ,&nbsp;Sonia Jerez ,&nbsp;Juan Pedro Montávez ,&nbsp;Amar Halifa-Marín ,&nbsp;Luiz Landau","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines a scenario combining a prolonged solar minimum, like the historical Maunder Minimum, with the increased CO2 emissions characteristic of the industrial era. Two scenarios were developed in NCAR/CESM 2.0 implemented at LAMMOC/UFF to create simulations from 1850 to 2000, it contrasts differing radiative forcings from 1950 onward—one reflecting actual observed changes, including rising CO2 levels, and the other simulating a decrease in solar output like that during the Maunder Minimum but with continued CO2 growth. The results were validated against ERA5 data and 20th-century reanalysis. By calculating meridional averages at 30-degree latitude intervals, distinct regional impacts of the Maunder Minimum were identified. Notably the simulated Maunder Minimum reduced global warming by and even mitigated 70 % in HS in the last decade of the 20th century. However, this attenuation was lower in the HN, especially in the 30–60N region where no attenuation was observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143868900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relief inversion and denudation dynamics in a semi-arid landscape (Araripe Plateau, NE Brazil): Insights from cosmogenic nuclides and geomorphic surfaces","authors":"José Guilherme de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Lionel L. Siame ,&nbsp;Leonardo José Cordeiro Santos ,&nbsp;Lëatitia Leanni ,&nbsp;Simone Cardoso Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Frederico de Holanda Bastos ,&nbsp;ASTER Team","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100064","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Araripe Plateau, a relict landscape in the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil, provides a unique setting to investigate sediment dynamics and long-term denudation rates using &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; cosmogenic nuclides ( &lt;figure&gt;&lt;img&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; and &lt;figure&gt;&lt;img&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; ). In this study, we analyze bedrock and modern river sediment samples to determine denudation rates, evaluate sediment mixing, and assess the landscape’s response to erosional processes. Our results indicate that, while bedrock samples largely reflect a state of cosmogenic secular equilibrium, river-borne sediments exhibit significantly lower &lt;figure&gt;&lt;img&gt;&lt;/figure&gt; (Al-Be) ratios, pointing to a mixing process between freshly eroded material and recycled sediment from buried sources in the alluvial plain. Denudation rates in the Araripe region are low (&lt;span&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;mo&gt;≤&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 20 m Myr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) and show limited variability across different slopes and precipitation levels, consistent with other slow-tectonic settings like the Anti-Atlas in Morocco. However, differential denudation between the sedimentary rocks of the Araripe Basin and the crystalline basement rocks primarily controls relief evolution, driving the process of topographic inversion along the Ceará and Pernambuco slopes. In the Parnaíba basins, while this pattern holds, watersheds developed in Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks exhibit notably higher erosion rates, indicating faster landscape evolution in these areas. A speculative analysis of the geomorphic surfaces around the Araripe Plateau suggests long-term denudation rates of 3–6 m Myr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, consistent with our cosmogenic nuclide-derived rates. These findings indicate a stable landscape with low relief, where tectonic activity has minimal influence, and lithological factors play a dominant role in controlling erosional patterns. The differential denudation rates across the plateau, supported by geomorphic metrics and the spatial distribution of laterite covers, provide insights into the ongoing evolution of this relict landscape and potential future drainage rearrangements. Our study underscores the complexity of sedimentary processes and the importance of combining cosmogenic nuclide analysis with geomorphic context to understand the interplay between erosion, sediment mixing, and landscape stability. Using a two-source mixing model, we estimate that up to 84% of river sediment in some watersheds originates from previously buried material. This trend correlates with the extent of the cumulative drainage network, suggesting that longer transport pathways enhance sediment mixing. The apparent burial times inferred from Al-Be ratios also show a negative correlation with the fraction of freshly eroded material, highlighting the role of deep-seated sediment contributions in building the cosmogenic signal. This integrated approach provides a refined perspective on sediment dynamics and denudation in slowly eroding landscapes, with broade","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated geochronological and chemostratigraphic study of middle Miocene strata (Ogallala Group) at the eastern margin of the North American Great Plains","authors":"Jon J. Smith ,&nbsp;R.M. Joeckel ,&nbsp;Holly L. Field ,&nbsp;Greg A. Ludvigson ,&nbsp;Andreas Möller ,&nbsp;Anthony L. Layzell ,&nbsp;Shane T. Tucker","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global and regional shifts in climate and environmental conditions during the Miocene gradually gave rise to the grassland biomes that now dominate the modern North American Great Plains. Strata comprising the Ogallala Group provide critical information for understanding these transitions. Geologic mapping and scientific drilling at the eastern edge of the Ogallala Group in northeastern Nebraska, reveal a basal, pedogenically modified siltstone-dominated interval that was hitherto barely known and never firmly placed in a regional stratigraphic context. Herein, we distinguish this basal siltstone unit of the Ogallala Group in the eastern Niobrara River Valley from the overlying sand-dominated strata of the Valentine Formation on the basis of lithologic characteristics, trends in organic-carbon δ¹³C chemostratigraphic profiles, and U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. This siltstone unit bears some similarities to the middle Miocene Fort Randall Formation in its type area, which lies ∼75 km to the northwest in the Bijou Hills of South Dakota. Organic δ¹³C chemostratigraphic profiles generated from outcrops and cores of the basal siltstone in Nebraska indicate that the study area consistently had C₃-dominated paleofloras while it was deposited, presumably in the middle Miocene. The youngest detrital zircons from the siltstone-dominated unit were probably deposited directly onto ancient landscapes by supervolcanic airfall events originating some 1500 km to the west near the intersection of the boundaries of present Oregon, Nevada, and Idaho. These youngest zircons yield a maximum depositional age of ∼15 Ma. This age is in general agreement with the Barstovian (Ba2) mammal biostratigraphic age of the Fort Randall Formation in South Dakota. It is also significantly older than the ∼13 Ma youngest single grain zircon we recovered from sands of the overlying Valentine Formation. Thus, we propose that our integrated geochronologic and chemostratigraphic approach can date Late Cenozoic strata with constraints on the order of 1 m.y., portending broad applicability of our methods in reducing the uncertainties in dating terrigenous sediments in continental basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis, classification, tectonic setting and economic potential of global granitic pegmatites: A review","authors":"P.L. Dharmapriya ,&nbsp;D.W.M. Disanayaka ,&nbsp;H.M.T.G.A. Pitawala ,&nbsp;Sanjeewa P.K. Malaviarachchi ,&nbsp;N.D. Subasinghe","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Granitic pegmatites have attracted a significant interest of petrologists and mineralogists due to their complex genetic characteristics and substantial economic value. Although numerous reviews addressed specific aspects such as genesis, classification, economic potential, and tectonic setting, a comprehensive review integrating all these facets in a single article has been lacking. This study fills that gap by offering a holistic review that synthesizes these key dimensions. It examines prevailing theories on pegmatite genesis, traces the evolution of classification systems, and assesses the economic importance of pegmatites as sources of industrial minerals, strategic metals, and gemstones, as well as their association with different tectonic settings.</div><div>The crystallization of the majority of granitic pegmatites is widely acknowledged to occur in the presence of a viscous, volatile-rich polymerized silicate magma, concomitant with supercritical aqueous fluids. Consequently, granitic pegmatites can frequently be conceded as a hybrid rock derived through igneous and hydrothermal processes. Various criteria, such as the emplacement depth of granitic pegmatites, their association with metamorphism and granitic plutons, geochemical signatures, and their relationships with host rocks, have traditionally been employed for the classification of granitic pegmatites. However, none of the classifications has been accepted unequivocally.</div><div>Pegmatitic melt is often rich in chemical constituents (including volatiles) that are incompatible in common rock-forming minerals. In addition to rare earth elements, pegmatites are commonly enriched in rare elements such as Li, B, Be, Cs, and Ta. Because they are incompatible in common rock-forming minerals, these elements tend to create specific mineral phases that can host themselves. As a result, the concentration of trace elements such as Li, B, Cs, Ta, and Bi in these bodies are enriched to levels as high as a thousand times higher than the typical crustal abundance.</div><div>Granitic pegmatites encompass a diverse array of economic commodities, serving as repositories for industrial minerals and sources for strategic metals like Ta, Cs, Sn, Nb, Be, Sb, W, Co, and rare earth elements. Furthermore, they contribute as reservoirs of fluxing components, including Li, P, F, and B, while serving as sources of precious and semi-precious gemstones and some radioactive minerals. The global distribution of pegmatite ages suggests a linkage between the age of pegmatite formation and supercontinent assembly. The Li, Ce and Ta enriched (LCT) granitic pegmatites form part of the orogenic suites associated with crustal shortening in zones of subduction and instances of continental collision. The Nb, Y, and F-enriched (NYF) pegmatites are mainly interpreted as products of anorogenic suites and formed mainly in extensional settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100059"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charting the test carbonate content of common late Maastrichtian planktic foraminifera morphotypes","authors":"Kebenle Kesen ,&nbsp;Megh Kanvinde ,&nbsp;Anup Kumar Shahi ,&nbsp;Kumar Hemant Singh ,&nbsp;Jahnavi Punekar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First population analysis in Hadrosauroid dinosaurs (Ornithopoda: Iguanodontia: Hadrosauroidea)","authors":"Francisco Javier Jiménez-Moreno ,&nbsp;Angel Alejandro Ramírez-Velasco ,&nbsp;Patricio Ocampo-Cornejo ,&nbsp;Jorge Velázquez-Castro ,&nbsp;Rodolfo Palomino-Merino","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study of biological population densities through direct measurements is one of the pillars of modern ecology; however, it does not apply to extinct fauna without modern extant representatives, as is the case with non-avian, plant-eating dinosaurs such as the Hadrosauroidea. On the other hand, mathematical models of population dynamics have also been used to estimate population density without the need for direct measurements. These models, however, require knowledge of population shift rates that are typically obtained through diverse observations. This presents a certain limitation for the use of such models when applied to extinct populations. Still, through the use of ecological analogies, it is possible to estimate population dynamics in extinct faunas. This work, utilizing a differential equation-based population dynamics model, estimates the population density of six species and two specimens of hadrosauroids recorded in Mexican territory, employing ungulate mammals as ecological analogues. The results show that individuals with low body mass, such as Huehuecanahutlus tiquichensis, had a higher average density of 0,69 individuals per square kilometer. For hadrosauroids with higher body mass, such as <em>Magnapaulia laticaudus</em> and the specimen PASAC-1, their population density would be around 0.13 to 0.17 individuals per square kilometer. The inference shows the possible existence of temporal shifts in population density. Maximum and minimum ranges were found due to scenarios of high food productivity or alimentary stress. The former infers a negative correlation between a higher body mass/lesser population density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical studies of shales from Kopili Formation, Dima Hasao district Assam, North East India: Insights into diagenesis, deposition and provenance","authors":"Amit Tiwari ,&nbsp;S.L. Memory ,&nbsp;Joe Joseph ,&nbsp;R.R. Meshram","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Eocene Kopili Formation in the Assam foreland basin records sediment sources, tectonic activity and depositional environments following the India-Eurasia collision. Mineralogical and geochemical analysis of these shales exposed near Garampani, Assam, NE India was conducted to study the diagenesis, palaeoweathering, palaeosalinity, redox conditions, tectonic settings and provenance. The Kopili Formation is composed of mainly shale with thin beds of limestone, black shale and sandstone and these units overlie the Upper Sylhet Limestone. The presence of goethite-rich phosphatic nodules, secondary precipitation within the fissile planes of shale and the occurrence of anatase, talc, smectite and chlorite suggest diagenesis. The prevalence of kaolinite and mean Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), Al₂O₃/MgO and Rb/Sr values of 86.73, 97.26, 16.36 and 1.32, respectively indicates extensive source rock weathering in humid tropical climate. The Index of Compositional Variation (ICV) values ranging between 0.47 and 2.38 also signify high weathering and tectonically active basin. The Sr/Ba ratio 0.34 ± 0.27 (mean±2σ) suggest overall freshwater basin. The Ni/Co (2.84 ± 2.29), V/Cr (1.65 ± 0.45) and Ce/Ce∗ (0.97 ± 0.63) suggest fluctuating redox environment. The samples predominantly cluster in continental island arc domain on the Th-Sc-Zr/10, La-Th-Sc and Th-Co-Zr/10 discriminant diagrams. Elemental ratios of Th/Sc, La/Sc, Cr/Th with average 0.91, 3.18, 10.13 respectively and La/Th-Hf plot suggest a felsic source rock. The Kopili shale was deposited in freshwater, continental island arc basin with fluctuating redox conditions, receiving sediments from weathered Himalayan granites and gneisses under a warm and humid climate. Subsequently, they underwent diagenetic alteration by low-pH fluid(s).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire in the Carboniferous earth system","authors":"Andrew C. Scott","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Carboniferous is the first geological Period to experience extensive wildfire. A combination of the diversification of land vegetation and its spread into all major terrestrial settings and the rise in atmospheric oxygen paved the way for the development of significant wildfire occurrence that had a significant impact upon the global Earth system. Here the occurrence and study of Carboniferous charcoal deposits is outlined together with an assessment of the evolution of wildfire systems. The influence of fire on plant distribution is assessed. The impact that wildfire had an impact on terrestrial sedimentary systems is described with examples of post-fire erosion and deposition. The wider redistribution of phosphorous in both terrestrial and marine systems is also considered and it is suggested that such events may have played a role in the formation of black shales both in the lacustrine and the marine environment. The role of fire in relation to the evolution of several plant traits is discussed and it is concluded that at least three – the dropping of coniferous lower branches, the shedding of lycopsid leaves from the trunks of arborescent forms and the development of extensive bark and periderm in a range of plants have some merit. Equally the rise of the liana habit, especially in the pteridosperms may also have had an impact in the spread of wildfires in the Pennsylvanian. It is suggested that the role of wildfire (that today is so important and significant) be considered by geologists and palaeonotologists not only concerned with the evolution of the Carboniferous earth system but also in the Earth system from at least the early Silurian and throughout the rest of the Phanerozoic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100044"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142721859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}