Evolving Earth最新文献

{"title":"Chaotic behaviour of the Earth System in the Anthropocene","authors":"A.E. Bernardini ,&nbsp;O. Bertolami ,&nbsp;F. Francisco","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is shown that the Earth System (ES) can, due to the impact of human activities, behave in a chaotic fashion. Our arguments are based on the assumption that the ES can be described by a Landau–Ginzburg model, which on its own allows for predicting that the ES evolves, through regular trajectories in the phase space, towards a Hothouse Earth scenario for a finite amount of human-driven impact. Furthermore, we find that the equilibrium point for temperature fluctuations can exhibit bifurcations and a chaotic pattern if the human impact follows a logistic map. Our final analysis includes interactions between different terms of the planetary boundaries (PB) in order to gauge the predictability of our model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the potential of hard rock terrain to store groundwater using AHP techniques in the Vedavathi River Basin, India","authors":"Krishna Kumar S ,&nbsp;S.A. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Jyothika Karkala ,&nbsp;Sanjay Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100057","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100057","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, human activities and uneven development have significantly reduced groundwater recharge, which is a crucial resource. Understanding the potential for groundwater is essential for managing and extending research areas. Designing and implementing structures to correct groundwater replenishment requires this knowledge. The Vedavathi River basin shows that groundwater availability varies over time and geography, necessitating a comprehensive assessment. Using a weighted overlay method, the Vedavathi River basin has been categorized into Groundwater Potential Zone (GWPZ): extremely high (1849.912 km²), high (7320.034 km²), moderate (9038.448 km²), low (4804.256 km²), and very low (283.6686 km²). The graphic illustrates that the basin's midland has significant groundwater potential, with substantial groundwater zones found in areas of heavy rainfall and significant infiltration. Our study's GWPZ were cross-validated using data from the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB) observation wells. The map's accuracy was confirmed by matching it with well-yield data. The model's performance was assessed using the Receiver-operation characteristics (ROC) curve, revealing that the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based map achieved an 89% accuracy. This result aligns well with the predicted potential zones and well-yield data. The application of GIS and AHP methods to delineate GWPZ is relevant for river basin planning and development in tropical and subtropical regions with varied geological environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100057"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Into thin air: The loss of the pliocene giant volant birds","authors":"Alan Cannell ,&nbsp;Federico J. Degrange","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Four genera of distantly phylogenetically very large volant birds existed for most of the Pliocene: Pelagornithidae seabirds; the large North American Teratornithidae, the stork <em>Leptoptilos falconeri</em> in Africa and Asia, and the gigantic vulture <em>Dryornis pampeanus</em> in Argentina. All became extinct around 2 to 3 Ma. The reasons for their demise are puzzling, as the Pelagornithidae had a world-wide evolutionary history of more than 50 Ma, smaller teratorns were still extant in the Holocene, and smaller stork and vulture species continue to be successful today. Extant large birds have a common critical takeoff airspeed suggesting biomechanical constraints in terms of power, risk and launch speed. Atmospheric mass is not constant over time and estimates for Late Pliocene atmospheric density, based on the difference between marine and terrestrial derived pCO₂ and isotopes in amber, suggest a value equivalent to about 1.2 bar that dropped to the present level over the period from ∼3.3 to 2.0 Ma. Simulations of the flight of these extinct species suggest that in the present atmosphere at sea level (∼1) bar their takeoff airspeeds would have exceeded critical values; however, at 1.2 bar all the extinct species present takeoff airspeeds similar to those of large extant volant birds and which are within their muscle power and kinetic energy limits. A loss in atmospheric density may therefore have caused biomechanical and ecological stress contributing to their extinction and/or evolution of smaller forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into greener Miocene biomes and globally enhanced terrestrial productivity from fossil leaves","authors":"Tammo Reichgelt ,&nbsp;Christopher K. West","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2025.100058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf megafloras represent a snapshot of local environmental conditions in Earth's history. As such, they are an important way to understand terrestrial climate analogues for future warmer climate scenarios. Here, we present paleoclimate, productivity, and biome reconstructions of 108 globally distributed Miocene leaf megafloras using a standardized method based on leaf physiognomy. Our results show that the Miocene had higher than modern zonal temperature, precipitation and net primary productivity (NPP) averages, especially for precipitation at latitudes &gt;30°N/°S, suggesting enhanced poleward moisture transport in both hemispheres and a greener biosphere. There is a dearth of Miocene data in the tropics and notably an absence of data points in equatorial localities that have high modern NPP (rainforests), which makes a direct comparison complicated. 89% of investigated sites underwent a precipitation decrease from the Miocene to modern, whereas 66% underwent a temperature decrease, and 60% underwent both a precipitation and a temperature decrease. 67% of sites had more productive biomes during the Miocene than today. Most notably, forested biomes were replaced by more open woodland/shrubland or grassland biomes. Correspondingly, the average NPP decrease from the Miocene to today of our investigated localities was conservatively ∼250 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹ or ∼450 gC m⁻² yr⁻¹ by comparison of zonal averages. Considered collectively, leaf megafloras reveal an overall greener Miocene world that appears to be largely driven by greater moisture availability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biostratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate in northeastern Patagonia during the early Paleocene based on the micropaleontological record","authors":"M. Sol González Estebenet ,&nbsp;M. Verónica Guler ,&nbsp;Edgardo L. Navarro ,&nbsp;Luis Palazzesi ,&nbsp;Viviana D. Barreda ,&nbsp;Juan P. Pérez Panera ,&nbsp;Andrea Caramés","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Península Valdés es-1 well exhibits the most complete stratigraphic record of an important Danian Atlantic marine event in Patagonia, Argentina. Biostratigraphic analysis of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) along with sporomorphs, calcareous nannofossils and foraminiferal complementary data allowed the identification of three stratigraphic intervals of earliest Danian, early to middle Danian and late Danian ages. Diagnostic palynomorph events were recognized including the highest occurrences of the dinocysts <em>Danea californica</em> and <em>Senoniasphaera inornata</em>; the highest common occurrences of <em>Trithyrodinium evittii</em> and <em>Trithyridinium verrucosum</em>. A basal spike of the Cheirolepidiaceae pollen <em>Classopollis</em> provides further evidence of the flourishing of this opportunistic taxon in disturbed ecosystems related to the K/P mass extinction event. The nannofossil zones NP1 to NP4 were identified throughout the section, as well as the foraminifera zones P1b–P1c in the middle and upper part. The microfossil composition reveals fluctuating proximal and neritic environments, as well as a maximum flooding episode; the latter, indicated by the outer neritic <em>Spiniferites</em>, the oceanic taxa <em>Impagidinium</em>r, along with a glauconitic level. Two warm-sea surface temperature episodes were identified; the oldest, in the early Danian, indicated by the thermophilic dinocysts <em>Trithyrodinium</em>, <em>Hafniasphera</em> and <em>Cordospheridium</em>; and the youngest, in the late Danian, marked by <em>Glaphyrocysta</em>, <em>Hafniasphaera</em>, <em>Tectatodinium pellitum</em> and <em>Pierceites</em> spp. together with frost-intolerant sporomorph taxa and the warm-water foraminifer <em>Boltovskoyella paleocenica.</em> This study contributes to the Argentina paleogeography, achieving a refined marine reconstruction model for the early Paleocene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100052"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of fossil concentrations in foreland basins: A case study of the middle Eocene Man Aike Formation, Magallanes Basin, Chilean Patagonia","authors":"Eduardo Guareschi Müller ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Scalise Horodyski ,&nbsp;Karlos Guilherme Diemer Kochhann ,&nbsp;Gerson Fauth ,&nbsp;Leslie Marcela Elizabeth Manríquez ,&nbsp;Rodrigo do Monte Guerra ,&nbsp;Hugo Schimidt Neto ,&nbsp;Cristine Trevisan ,&nbsp;Marcelo Adrian Leppe Cartes","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foreland basins are tectonically active, and the accommodation for sediment deposition in shallow marine environments is continuously altered due to rapid variations in the proximal area, influencing fossil concentration. The middle Eocene Man Aike Formation in the northwest region of the retroarc foreland Magallanes/Austral Basin, Chilean Patagonia, is represented by coarse siliciclastic deposits interbedded with dense fossil concentrations. To better understand the depositional and paleoenvironmental context recorded by these strata and fossil concentrations, this study presents a multi-proxy characterization, based on facies analysis, taphonomy and geochemical analysis of bulk sediments. In the study area, the base of the sedimentary succession is interpreted as stacked transgressive facies deposits of the shoreface zone. Taphonomic features as articulation, fragmentation, orientation and bioincrustation suggests that shell concentrations were influenced by fair weather and storm waves (mass flows started by gravitational effects) in three types. The fossil concentrations that characterize episodic deposits, we interpreted as proximal and distal tempestites. The Lowest shell fossil concentrations are interpreted as fossiliferous lags, suggesting the onset of a transgression in the Magallanes Basin. The fossil concentrations composed of closed and articulated bivalves, observed in the middle portion of succession, were interpreted as event concentrations. Results of geochemical analyses (terrigenous elements/Ca, Al/Ca, Ti/Al and Sr/Ca ratios) support the occurrence of a deepening trend towards the top of the sedimentary succession. Taphonomic control related to the low accommodation of the foreland basin, combined with relatively high sea-level, was a determining factor in the genesis of the middle Eocene fossil concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100053"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variscan Gornjane granitoid as an alternative cold-water reservoir in the ore-baring and mining area of eastern Serbia: Quantitative-qualitative characterization (Carpathian-Balkan belt, Getic unit)","authors":"Goran Marinković ,&nbsp;Marina Magazinović ,&nbsp;Darko Spahić ,&nbsp;Nataša Obradović ,&nbsp;Maja Poznanović Spahić ,&nbsp;Ivana Jovanić ,&nbsp;Bogdan Kuzmanović","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diminishing high-quality groundwater reservoirs have sparked significant interest in hard-rock aquifers, especially in active mining and raw material exploration areas. This paper aims to forecast the quantity and quality of alternative water resources in the area, thus facilitating the planning and design of the existing water resource systems. The focal point is the groundwater accommodated within basement-type alternative igneous aquifers nestled within an active mining and exploration province belonging to the Carpathian-Balkan fold-and-thrust belt (Banat-Timok Province/Banatitic Belt, sector in eastern Serbia). Despite their lower water-bearing capacity, we underscore the significant hydrogeological potential of natural water igneous-type aquifers, such as the Variscan Gornjane massif.</div><div>For the first time, this research identifies different reservoirs across the granite massif, providing a fresh perspective on the regional water resource systems. By categorizing reservoirs based on porosity type, flow rates, depth of reservoir rocks (in the depth range of 50 m), and distribution, this study significantly enhances the forecasting of the new water resource system, underlining the importance of this research in the field of water resources and mining. In addition to faulted sections of granite, aquifers are formed in the area characterized by weathered and decomposed granite fragments, often referred to as gruss deposits. The gruss layer has a flow rate reaching up to 0.01 l/s. In terms of the water quality, the groundwaters of the Gornjane granite massif mostly do not contain elements that are above the maximum permitted concentrations for drinking water. However, the occurrence of the elements Fe Mn in some water samples and the presence of Al Pb in one sample, as well as Se, As, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Ga, and Bi, suggest the contact of water with sulfide mineralization detected in granite rocks of Rudna Glava-Tanda-Luka area, raising concerns about potential water quality issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and prediction of sea level rise along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts and its socio-economic impacts on the nearby inland areas","authors":"Sharmin Majumder ,&nbsp;ANM Nafiz Abeer ,&nbsp;Musfira Rahman ,&nbsp;Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floods are among the most frequent and devastating natural disasters, causing severe global economic damage, yet timely and accurate warnings of flash flood impacts on ungauged locations remain challenging. Sea level rise (SLR) is a substantial factor that contributes to flooding, particularly along the coastal regions of the United States. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of historical tide gauge records from 1900 to 2021 to investigate spatio-temporal dynamics of mean sea level (MSL) along the U.S. East and Gulf coasts and develops a forecasting model to predict future MSL using these dynamics. We employed empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) analysis and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) with time delay embedding to analyze and forecast MSL data. SLR dynamics and trend vary across different parts the U.S. coasts. Our proposed approach aids in identifying the regions most susceptible to SLR. To assess the socio-economic impact on the coastal regions due to SLR, we propose a framework that integrates the mean sea level data from tide-gauge stations with socio-economic variables of neighboring counties through interaction structure learning techniques. Furthermore, we empirically demonstrate the implications of our proposed framework in highlighting socio-economic factors affected by SLR. In conclusion, our predictive method elucidates the spatio-temporal dynamics of mean sea level, while our interaction learning framework reveals SLR’s impact on coastal socio-economic attributes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100051"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated geochronological and chemostratigraphic study of middle Miocene strata (Ogallala Group) at the eastern margin of the North American Great Plains","authors":"Jon J. Smith ,&nbsp;R.M. Joeckel ,&nbsp;Holly L. Field ,&nbsp;Greg A. Ludvigson ,&nbsp;Andreas Möller ,&nbsp;Anthony L. Layzell ,&nbsp;Shane T. Tucker","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global and regional shifts in climate and environmental conditions during the Miocene gradually gave rise to the grassland biomes that now dominate the modern North American Great Plains. Strata comprising the Ogallala Group provide critical information for understanding these transitions. Geologic mapping and scientific drilling at the eastern edge of the Ogallala Group in northeastern Nebraska, reveal a basal, pedogenically modified siltstone-dominated interval that was hitherto barely known and never firmly placed in a regional stratigraphic context. Herein, we distinguish this basal siltstone unit of the Ogallala Group in the eastern Niobrara River Valley from the overlying sand-dominated strata of the Valentine Formation on the basis of lithologic characteristics, trends in organic-carbon δ¹³C chemostratigraphic profiles, and U-Pb dating of detrital zircons. This siltstone unit bears some similarities to the middle Miocene Fort Randall Formation in its type area, which lies ∼75 km to the northwest in the Bijou Hills of South Dakota. Organic δ¹³C chemostratigraphic profiles generated from outcrops and cores of the basal siltstone in Nebraska indicate that the study area consistently had C₃-dominated paleofloras while it was deposited, presumably in the middle Miocene. The youngest detrital zircons from the siltstone-dominated unit were probably deposited directly onto ancient landscapes by supervolcanic airfall events originating some 1500 km to the west near the intersection of the boundaries of present Oregon, Nevada, and Idaho. These youngest zircons yield a maximum depositional age of ∼15 Ma. This age is in general agreement with the Barstovian (Ba2) mammal biostratigraphic age of the Fort Randall Formation in South Dakota. It is also significantly older than the ∼13 Ma youngest single grain zircon we recovered from sands of the overlying Valentine Formation. Thus, we propose that our integrated geochronologic and chemostratigraphic approach can date Late Cenozoic strata with constraints on the order of 1 m.y., portending broad applicability of our methods in reducing the uncertainties in dating terrigenous sediments in continental basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100050"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143097469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean acidification signals through deep time: A review of proxies","authors":"Subham Patra,&nbsp;Jahnavi Punekar","doi":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eve.2024.100056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic CO₂ levels have increased by nearly 40% from preindustrial levels, with about 30% absorbed by the ocean leading to ocean acidification (OA). The associated carbonate undersaturation can critically affect marine calcifying communities. Major disruptions in the marine carbonate cycling are common throughout the Phanerozoic stratigraphic record, and often coincide with major mass extinctions and faunal turnover events. The anthropogenic OA is progressing at a rate nearly ten times faster than similar events of the past 300 million years. This makes OA research of high priority, and entails a rigorous evaluation of OA events from deep time for perspective. Such efforts are contingent upon reliable proxies. This review compiles geochemical and foraminifera-based proxies, offering a critical assessment of their fidelity, ease of use, and application scope.</div><div>This study evaluates the scope and utility of documented observational and analytical proxies based on factors like the nature of data, and the time, effort and advanced analytical facilities involved. Foraminifera-based observational proxies like morphological and community responses to OA are effective but demand taxonomic expertise. They are further complicated by vital effects, metabolic trade-offs, the influence of stressors other than ocean acidification, and paleogeographic variability in both the magnitude of stress and the organisms' response to it. Well-calibrated analytical (geochemical) proxies offer the potential for rapid, high-resolution records across various sites. All proxies face challenges from diagenetic alterations, which can affect their reliability. However, this review offers the pros/cons and practical recommendations for proxy utility, emphasing the need for a multi-proxy approach to enhance accuracy and cross-verification. Future research must urgently address plankton community responses, OA-tolerant taxa, and localized calcification environments to grasp the full impact of acidification. It is critical to refine lesser-known proxies (e.g., S/Ca) and to rapidly expand datasets on carbonate system parameters across Phanerozoic OA events to advance our understanding and mitigation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100516,"journal":{"name":"Evolving Earth","volume":"3 ","pages":"Article 100056"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143140566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}