e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy最新文献

{"title":"Multi-class imbalanced learning for short-term voltage stability assessment","authors":"Amir Hossein Babaali,&nbsp;Mohammad Taghi Ameli","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imbalanced databases tend to bias machine learning models toward the majority class, compromising the accuracy of network state assessment and leading to suboptimal or erroneous decision-making. This study addresses the issue of data imbalance by proposing a synthetic data generation approach based on a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The proposed model employs a conditional Wasserstein GAN with a gradient penalty. A Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network integrated with an attention mechanism is utilized to generate diverse, high-quality, and realistic data. The experiments are conducted on the IEEE 118-bus and a real-world network. The findings show that the proposed method can effectively produce realistic, high-quality samples for minority classes. In addition to accuracy, performance is evaluated using metrics such as Misdetection (Mis), False Alarm (FA), and G-mean. The model’s robustness is validated under topology changes and varying imbalance ratios. Findings from the real-world network demonstrate resilient performance and promising results in STVS assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsurface Object Detection Method using Blind Source Separation Algorithm","authors":"Jose B. Lazaro Jr ,&nbsp;Jet F. Tipay ,&nbsp;Ren Royce G. Toledana ,&nbsp;Christian Andrei R. Ubaldo","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate detection of underground anomalies such as voids, sinkholes, and buried cavities is critical for mitigating geohazards and protecting infrastructure. Traditional imaging techniques often suffer from resolution degradation and signal contamination in heterogeneous soil environments. This study presents a novel acoustic-based object-truthing framework that integrates Blind Source Separation (BSS) using Fast Independent Component Analysis (FastICA) to isolate target-relevant signals from noisy mixtures. A custom-built sensing platform was deployed across three terrain types such as soil, rice husk, and sand—to capture subsurface acoustic responses. Key spectral features, including Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Chroma Vectors, and Mel Spectrogram Coefficients, were extracted to characterize frequency content, harmonic structure, and perceptual energy distribution. Controlled trials revealed consistent spectral shifts due to buried hollow spheres, with MFCC means increasing from –298.77 to –223.70, Chroma means decreasing from 0.5782 to 0.1296, and Mel coefficients inverting from –51.45 to 6.435, confirming strong object-induced resonance effects. The integrated classification model achieved an accuracy of 91.67 %, with F1 scores ranging from 0.90 to 0.93 across all classes. Additional metrics, including Matthews Correlation Coefficient (0.8761) and Cohen’s Kappa (0.8750), validated the model’s reliability. Post-separation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improved by up to 18 dB, enabling robust detection even in acoustically challenging conditions. These findings demonstrate that the proposed BSS–ML pipeline offers a cost-efficient, interpretable, and terrain-resilient solution for subsurface anomaly detection in geophysical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies of corrugated antipodal vivaldi wideband antenna with notched band and rectenna integration","authors":"Nurhayati Nurhayati ,&nbsp;Mohammad Iyo Agus Setyono ,&nbsp;Ahmed J.A. Al-Gburi ,&nbsp;Lilik Anifah ,&nbsp;Lusia Rakhmawati ,&nbsp;Fitri Adi Iskandarianto ,&nbsp;Usman Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A wideband rectenna based on a Corrugated Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) with a notched band is proposed for energy harvesting applications. The antenna performance is studied parametrically by varying the corrugated and rectangular spiral slot (RSS) structures and also by integrating the antenna with a rectenna for energy harvesting applications. The AVA rectenna achieves an <em>S</em>₁₁ of less than -10 dB from 2.38 GHz to beyond 20 GHz. An AVA with two corrugations at the lower position of the radiator increases the bandwidth by 300 MHz compared to an AVA without corrugation. At 2 GHz, AVAs with three and four corrugations exhibit a directivity of 5.73 dBi, compared to 2.9 dBi for an AVA without corrugation. Increasing the corrugation depth enhances the gain, ranging from 3.05 dBi to 9 dBi. The notched band shifts to lower frequencies as the spiral strip slot lengthens, so we can set the desired notched band by adjusting the length and position of the RSS. Furthermore, Integration of a rectangular spiral slot (RSS) enables tunable notched bands, providing flexibility to reject interference from unwanted frequency ranges. The agreement between simulation and measurement confirms that the proposed AVA rectenna is also a strong candidate for wideband energy harvesting applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Bridging complexity and accessibility: A novel model for PV and BESS capacity estimation in rural microgrids near the equatorial region\"","authors":"Hironobu Matsuo ,&nbsp;Yash Pandey ,&nbsp;Md Imtiaz Kabir ,&nbsp;Sourasis Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a straightforward and effective methodology for determining the optimal capacities of photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) in microgrids integrated with backup power sources. Utilizing load profiles and global horizontal irradiance (GHI) data, the method focuses on rural electrification scenarios. Simulation analyses were conducted using HOMER software, incorporating load profile data from Katurukila village and meteorological data from the Morogoro region of Tanzania. A microgrid configuration including PV systems, BESS, and diesel generators (DG) was modeled to systematically evaluate various scenarios and variations in both load profiles and GHI parameters. The study resulted in the derivation of equations capable of estimating optimal PV and BESS capacities based on differentiated daytime and nighttime electricity consumption patterns, specifically tailored to enhance cost optimization under sufficient resilience. Moreover, this research develops and validates a simplified numerical model that effectively integrates load profiles with GHI data, providing practical insights and solutions for designing cost-effective microgrids, particularly beneficial in rural electrification. A key contribution is the development of simple empirical equations for rapid capacity estimation, enabling technically sound decisions in resource-limited settings without the need for complex simulation tools. The model demonstrated strong predictive performance with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.4% &amp; 2.3% across PV and BESS estimations respectively compared to HOMER results. Validated over daily energy consumption ranging from 100 to 2500 kWh and GHI values between 3 and 8 kWh/m²/day, the method applies to diverse load profiles, including total load (TL), residential load (RL), and commercial load (CML). The derived linear regression equations enable instantaneous capacity estimation with minimal input data. The approach is positioned as a bridge between accessibility and technical rigor for early stage microgrid planning. The outcomes of this research hold relevance for both on-grid and off-grid microgrid applications for the region near the equator, where seasonal variations in load and temperature are not significant, emphasizing their practical utility in rural settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A quadratic approximation of AC power flows in transformed polar coordinates","authors":"Wilson González-Vanegas,&nbsp;Carlos E. Murillo-Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mathematical model is the backbone of any computer-aided simulation. In electrical power systems, the well-known AC power flow equations provide the foundation for deriving various mathematical models. Depending on the representation space for the state variables and the quantity used for computing the nodal balances, the model exhibits distinct characteristics and showcases different nonlinearities. A voluminous amount of literature exists regarding alternative models to the AC power flow equations. Nevertheless, a proposal with an explicit closed quadratic form that operates in a polar voltage-based setting has not been proposed yet. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel quadratic approximation in transformed polar coordinates that applies to both single-phase and unbalanced three-phase networks with radial and meshed topologies. Importantly, the power flow problem is expressed as a set of quadratic forms of the same size as the set of nonlinear AC power flow equations, such that there is no need for additional equations to include operational set points. Furthermore, the approximate optimal power flow problem is formulated as a quadratically-constrained quadratic programming problem. The formulation is packaged and publicly released as part of the widely used tool for power systems research and education, <span>Matpower</span>, along with several contributions related to unbalanced three-phase modeling and features for handling quadratic equations from the simulation and optimization standpoints. Results obtained from fifty test cases with different topologies and numbers of buses demonstrate the proposed formulation is a low-error approximation to AC power flows, which is robust to varying the reactance-to-resistance ratios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145221937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytic and simulation results of a Gaussian analog random constant based on resistance dispersion","authors":"Riccardo Bernardini","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101121","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Physically Unclonable Constants (PUCs) are a special type of Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and they can be used to embed secret bit-strings in chips. Most PUCs are an array of <em>cells</em> where each cell is a digital circuit that evolve spontaneously toward one of two states, the chosen state being function of random manufacturing process variations. In this paper we propose a building block for new PUF/PUC that we call Analog Random Constant (ARC). The output of an ARC is an analog value randomly selected at manufacturing time. An ARC can be used to build a PUF/PUC by digitizing its output and suitably processing the digital value. The ratio behind this approach is that the ARC output has the potential of providing several random bits, reducing the required footprint. Preliminary theoretical analysis and simulation results are presented. The proposed APUC has interesting performances (e.g., it can provide up to 5 bits per cell) that grant for further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency regulation of an interconnected renewable rich power system with electric vehicles using tilt multistage PIDF controller approach","authors":"Anil Annamraju","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In modern power systems, the integration of uncertain and sporadic renewable sources, along with uncertainties in load disturbances and inertia, causes rapid power imbalances. This power imbalance, combined with delays in the communication channel and system uncertainties, led to significant frequency deviations in the power system. These deviations affect the other areas and lead to instability in the power system. PID controllers have a solid foundation and are relatively easy to implement; however, they may not fully address the dynamic needs of today’s power grids. Exploring advanced control strategies could enhance their effectiveness and better accommodate the complexities of modern power systems. In response, this paper introduces the Tilt Multistage PID controller with filter (TMSPIDF), designed explicitly for frequency regulation in renewable-integrated power systems. The controller combines the merits of multistage, tilt, and PID controllers within a single controller framework. This controller aims to handle uncertainties associated with power systems more effectively and precisely across various operating scenarios. The performance of the proposed TMSPIDF controller relies on optimal tuning, where the controller's parameters are fine-tuned using the Electric Eel Foraging Optimization (EEO) algorithm. In tests conducted with up to 40 % renewable penetration, the TMSPIDF controller reduced frequency error by 62 % and 39 % and settling times by 75 % and 40 % compared to TPIDF and PIDF controllers. Moreover, the proposed controller demonstrates superiority over TPIDF and PIDF controllers in the face of parametric and system uncertainties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic dispatch of diesel generators considering photovoltaic energy and thermal congestion in distribution networks in isolated areas","authors":"Carlos Arturo Páez ,&nbsp;Didier Sierra ,&nbsp;Isaac Dyner","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increase in extreme temperatures significantly affects electrical distribution networks, reducing both their transmission capacity and the efficiency of photovoltaic generation, thereby compromising operational security. In this context, the present study develops a computational model to evaluate the impact of ambient temperature on thermal congestion in power lines and on the efficiency of photovoltaic generation within the economic dispatch process of thermal generators. The model is formulated as a convex quadratic programming problem and implemented in Python using the IPOPT (Interior Point Optimizer) solver. It was applied to a case study in the city of Inírida, Colombia. The results indicate that the integration of distributed generation (DG) helps to mitigate thermal congestion in distribution networks by 6.91% and 12.10%, depending on the thermal conditions evaluated according to the IEEE 738 standard. Moreover, the efficiency of solar modules was found to decrease by 16.8% under elevated temperatures. Furthermore, operating costs were reduced by 36.7%, decreasing from USD 17,719.1 in the base scenario to USD 11,210.42 with the incorporation of distributed generation. Solar generation also contributed 7.9% of the total demand coverage, directly impacting the reduction of technical losses, which decreased from 553 kW to 362 kW. Similarly, a daily reduction in fuel consumption of 4,400.4 gallons and a reduction in CO₂ emissions of 43,641.4 kg were achieved. These findings demonstrate that the joint incorporation of climatic variables and renewable energy sources into the economic dispatch process enhances operational efficiency, improves the thermal resilience of the system, and promotes a more sustainable energy transition in isolated areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145268226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel combined KCL-KVL based zero bus distribution load flow with pre-defined energy contract scenarios and different load types","authors":"Anagha Rajendran K.P. ,&nbsp;Soumyabrata Barik ,&nbsp;Sudarshan Swain ,&nbsp;Bikash Das","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing integration of distributed generation (DG) and the transition toward decentralized power systems, conventional load flow techniques face increasing difficulty in accurately representing modern distribution networks (DNs). These challenges become even more pronounced when operating under predefined power exchange constraints. To address this limitation, this paper presents a novel zero-bus load flow method for radial distribution networks (RDNs) using a KCL-KVL-based approach integrated with matrix algebra. The proposed method effectively models and manages predefined power exchanges between the grid and the RDN. It utilizes simple KCL and KVL equations, which makes it well-suited for RDNs with high R/X ratios. It eliminates the need for matrix inversion or admittance matrix formation, thereby addressing the drawbacks of the existing Newton–Raphson (N-R) load flow method and Voltage-Sensitivity (V-S) load flow method with zero bus. A distinctive aspect of the proposed approach lies in converting the topology matrix into a conversion matrix through a logical OR operation. The current injection at the zero bus is calculated to ensure that the predefined power exchange with the main grid is maintained. The proposed method is tested on 33, 69, and 118-bus DNs with different load types to analyze their performance. For a 33-bus system, the proposed method achieves 64.8% and 87.7% faster convergence than the N-R and V-S methods, respectively. For a 69-bus system, the improvement of the proposed method is 83% and 92.4% compared to N-R and V-S methods, respectively. While in a 118-bus system, the enhancement of the proposed method reaches 89.9% and 97.2% compared to N-R and V-S methods, respectively. These results reveal that the proposed method is both robust and time-efficient when compared to existing zero-bus load flow methodologies in the literature. This demonstrates its effectiveness and potential to significantly improve load flow analysis in distribution networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145121008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of pico-scale Turgo turbines for rural electrification: Design, performance, and applications in decentralized energy systems","authors":"Dendy Adanta ,&nbsp;Dewi Puspita Sari ,&nbsp;Imam Syofii ,&nbsp;Muhammat Risky Ramadan ,&nbsp;Amir Arifin ,&nbsp;Ahmad Fudholi","doi":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prime.2025.101127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indonesia’s energy transition necessitates decentralized solutions to address the electrification gap and reduce fossil fuel dependence. This study optimizes a pico-scale Turgo turbine for low-head hydropower generation by revising the traditional design ratio derived from Pelton turbine. Experimental testing of a 3D-printed prototype under controlled conditions (3 m head, 44 L per minute flow) combines velocity triangle analysis with response surface methodology to evaluate runner and blade geometries. Results derived from that adjusting the conventional size ratio improves efficiency, with a 23 cm runner and 4 cm blade achieving a peak efficiency of 19.95 % at optimal rotation. A predictive polynomial model shows diminishing returns with larger components. This optimized design offers a practical solution for remote communities, potentially replacing diesel generators while reducing costs and environmental impact. Although material and scalability limitations require further investigation, this study provides actionable guidance for small-scale hydropower systems, supporting Indonesia's renewable energy goals and global sustainable electrification efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100488,"journal":{"name":"e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 101127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}