Energy Conversion最新文献

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Electrostatic contribution to the thermodynamic properties of air 静电对空气热力学性质的贡献
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90062-6
Jesse C. Denton
{"title":"Electrostatic contribution to the thermodynamic properties of air","authors":"Jesse C. Denton","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90062-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90062-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A general method is developed and applied to investigate, theoretically and numerically, the effect of interparticle electrostatic forces on the thermodynamic properties and equilibrium composition of air over temperatures from 400 to 100,000 K and log (<span><math><mtext>ϱ</mtext><mtext>ϱ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>SL</mn></msub></math></span>) from −6.5 to + 3.0. Standard statistical mechanics procedures, with necessary adaptations, are employed. Three results are indicated: (1) the electron concentration determined without consideration of electrostatic forces must be increased (70% maximum); (2) at <em>T</em> &gt; 35,000 K and log <span><math><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>ϱ</mtext><mtext>ϱ</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>SL</mn></msub><mtext> &gt; 2.0</mtext></math></span>, an unstable thermodynamic state is indicated; and (3) the change in thermodynamic properties for stable states, as a result of electrostatic force effects is small.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 153-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90062-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85194055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contents of volume 16 第16卷内容
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90002-X
{"title":"Contents of volume 16","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90002-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90002-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 ","pages":"Pages iii-iv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90002-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90020772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The long term stability of magnetic liquids for energy conversion devices 用于能量转换装置的磁性液体的长期稳定性
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90037-7
J. Popplewell, S.W. Charles, R. Chantrell
{"title":"The long term stability of magnetic liquids for energy conversion devices","authors":"J. Popplewell,&nbsp;S.W. Charles,&nbsp;R. Chantrell","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90037-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90037-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A number of techniques for preparing ferromagnetic liquids containing small ferromagnetic particles dispersed in a metallic carrier are described. The fluids of this type may be used in energy conversion systems and particular emphasis is placed on factors governing stability. The effects of tin coatings on iron particles and the nature of the carrier fluid on stability is discussed together with the possibility of producing fluids with long term stability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90037-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"104780297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
The spacing of wind turbines in large arrays 大型阵列中风力涡轮机的间距
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90024-9
B.G. Newman
{"title":"The spacing of wind turbines in large arrays","authors":"B.G. Newman","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90024-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90024-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of spacing on the power output of wind turbines in large arrays has been determined theoretically. Following Templin, the effect is assessed by determining the increase in roughness of the earth's boundary layer due to the drag of the turbines. The thickness of the boundary layer is assumed to change in proportion to the square root of the skin friction, which is appropriate for a turbulent Ekman layer, and differs from the assumptions made by Templin. The loss of power for both flat-open country and rough-wooded country is determined as a function of the area density of the turbines, and it is found that quite large spacings are required to avoid a significant loss of power.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 169-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90024-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"108337725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 69
Performance analysis of a solar-electrical system with a load and storage batteries 带有负载和蓄电池的太阳能电力系统的性能分析
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90034-1
J. Appelbaum, A. Braunstein, J. Bani
{"title":"Performance analysis of a solar-electrical system with a load and storage batteries","authors":"J. Appelbaum,&nbsp;A. Braunstein,&nbsp;J. Bani","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90034-1","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90034-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A solar electrical system consisting of a solar cell array, storage batteries, and a load, connected in parallel, has been analysed. The load line partitions the area under the <em>V</em>-<em>I</em> characteristic of the solar array to charging and discharging regions. Variation in solar radiation or other factors may cause a change from charging to discharging mode in the battery operation and vice versa. Valuable information for the design and operation of the system is gained from this analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 3","pages":"Pages 105-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90034-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"97305845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Non-Boltzmann distribution of free electrons under high space charge conditions 高空间电荷条件下自由电子的非玻尔兹曼分布
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90060-2
S.G. Krapf
{"title":"Non-Boltzmann distribution of free electrons under high space charge conditions","authors":"S.G. Krapf","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90060-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90060-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The density distribution of electrons in a uniformly heated thermionic diode consisting of two electrodes with different work functions is non-Boltzmann under high space charge conditions because of the repulsive forces between the electrons leading to an electronic non-equilibrium in the diode.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 141-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90060-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137082790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Production of synthetic methanol from air and water using controlled thermonuclear reactor power—II. Capital investment and production costs 利用受控热核反应堆动力从空气和水中生产合成甲醇2。资本投资和生产成本
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90059-6
Vi Duong Dang, Meyer Steinberg
{"title":"Production of synthetic methanol from air and water using controlled thermonuclear reactor power—II. Capital investment and production costs","authors":"Vi Duong Dang,&nbsp;Meyer Steinberg","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90059-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90059-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Energy requirement and process development of methanol production from air and water using controlled thermonuclear fusion power was discussed in part I of this paper. This second part of the paper presents an economic analysis of the nine alternate processes presented for obtaining carbon dioxide recovery from the atmosphere or the sea for methanol production.</p><p>It is found that the most economical process of obtaining carbon dioxide is by stripping from sea water. The process of absorption/stripping by dilute potassium carbonate solution is found to be the most economical for the extraction of carbon dioxide from air at atmospheric pressure. The total energy required for methanol synthesis from these sources of carbon dioxide is 3.90 kWh(e)/lb methanol of which 90% is used for generation of hydrogen. The process which consumes the greatest amount of energy is the absorption/stripping of air by water at high pressure and amounts to 13.2 kWh(e)/lb methanol.</p><p>With nuclear fusion power plants of 1000 to 9000 MW(e), it is found that the cost of methanol using the extraction of carbon dioxide from air with dilute potassium carbonate solution is estimated to be in the range between $1.73 and $2.90/MMB.t.u. (energy equivalent—1974 cost) for plant capacities of 21400 to 193000 bbl/day methanol. This methanol cost is competitive with gasoline in the range of 19 ∼ 33 ¢/gallon. For the process of stripping of carbon dioxide from sea water, the cost is found to lie in the range of $1.65 to $2.71/MMB.t.u. (energy equivalent) for plant capacities of 21700 to 195000 bbl/day methanol which is competitive with gasoline in the range of 18 ∼ 30 ¢/gallon.</p><p>Projection of methanol demand in the year 2020 is presented based on both its conventional use as chemicals and as a liquid fuel substituting for oil and gas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90059-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74575452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
On the internal partition functions for the diatomic molecules N2, O2, NO, and their ions—I. Symmetry and spin considerations 关于双原子分子N2 O2 NO及其离子i的内配分函数。对称性和自旋考虑
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90061-4
Jesse C. Denton
{"title":"On the internal partition functions for the diatomic molecules N2, O2, NO, and their ions—I. Symmetry and spin considerations","authors":"Jesse C. Denton","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90061-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90061-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When excited vibrational states are encountered, the rotational states are dependent upon the vibrational states. When excited electronic states are encountered, the vibrational states, in turn, become dependent upon the electronic states, thereby also coupling the rotational states to the electronic states. The task of determining the internal partition functions of diatomic molecules and their ions is influenced by the restrictions imposed by symmetry and spin considerations and predissociation phenomena. A factor is derived which represents the symmetry and spin considerations necessary to calculating the internal partition functions for Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac diatomic molecules. The factor is employed computationally as a multiplier on the rotational degeneracies, 2<em>J</em> + 1. Two forms of the factor are presented, one for use at lower temperatures and the other for use at higher temperatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 4","pages":"Pages 147-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90061-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73408330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Solar power systems 太阳能发电系统
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90026-2
Jesse C. Denton
{"title":"Solar power systems","authors":"Jesse C. Denton","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90026-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90026-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A review of the principal solar power systems is presented. The nature of the solar energy source is discussed starting from the energy output of the sun and covering briefly the important atmospheric effects to characterize the available solar energy on the earth's surface. The various methods for capturing solar energy are presented: flat-plate, concentrating, photovoltaic, and other collectors. Energy storage methods are presented briefly for thermal, chemical, electrical, and mechanical storage approaches. An application of solar power systems in interaction with a conventional electrical utility system is presented in terms of mode of operation (base, intermediate, and peaking), reliability, capacity displacement, and energy displacement. An economic evaluation of selected solar power systems compared to conventional electrical generation plants is presented. Conclusions are drawn as to the conditions under which solar power systems may become economically competitive. A preliminary indication of market capture potential is discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"16 4","pages":"Pages 181-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90026-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83990664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Numerical analysis of transient behavior of thermoelectric coolers 热电冷却器瞬态特性的数值分析
Energy Conversion Pub Date : 1977-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/0013-7480(77)90053-5
G.E. Hoyos, K.R. Rao, D. Jerger
{"title":"Numerical analysis of transient behavior of thermoelectric coolers","authors":"G.E. Hoyos,&nbsp;K.R. Rao,&nbsp;D. Jerger","doi":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90053-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0013-7480(77)90053-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An electrical analog of the thermal model for the thermoelectric (TE) device is developed. The numerical techniques coupled with the computer algorithms developed in this paper allow the researcher to predict the transient and steady state behavior of TE devices. This concept is applicable to both single and multi-stage coolers. The methods are valid even when the material parameters are temperature dependent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100466,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion","volume":"17 1","pages":"Pages 23-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0013-7480(77)90053-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87555811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 35
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